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37-558: The most divergent variant is that of Tarama Island , the farthest island away. The other variants cluster as Ikema – Irabu and Central Miyako. Given the low degree of mutual intelligibility, Tarama language is sometimes considered a distinct language in its own right. An illustrative lexeme is the name of the plant Alocasia (evidently an Austronesian loan: Tagalog /biːɡaʔ/ ). This varies as Central Miyako (Hirara, Ōgami) /biʋkasːa/ , Ikema /bɯbɯːɡamː/ , Irabu (Nagahama) /bɭ̆bɭːɡasːa/ , Tarama /bivːuɭ̆ɡasːa/ . A short description of

74-476: A geminate consonant . For example, the Japanese name for Japan , 日本 , has two different pronunciations, one with three morae ( Nihon ) and one with four ( Nippon ). In the hiragana spelling, the three morae of Ni-ho-n are represented by three characters ( にほん ), and the four morae of Ni-p-po-n need four characters to be written out as にっぽん . The latter can also be analysed as Ni-Q-po-n , with

111-501: A + i , or one long and one short vowel, ā + i ) is assigned a value of two mātrā s. In addition, there is pluta (trimoraic) and dīrgha pluta ('long pluta ' = quadrimoraic). Sanskrit prosody and metrics have a deep history of taking into account moraic weight, as it were, rather than straight syllables, divided into laghu ( लघु , 'light') and dīrgha / guru ( दीर्घ / गुरु , 'heavy') feet based on how many morae can be isolated in each word. Thus, for example,

148-538: A couple of extreme examples, namely コーン茶 and チェーン店 ), the drop in pitch of a word (so-called "downstep") cannot come after any of these "special mora," a useful tidbit for language learners trying to learn word pitch accents. In Luganda , a short vowel constitutes one mora while a long vowel constitutes two morae. A simple consonant has no morae, and a doubled or prenasalised consonant has one. No syllable may contain more than three morae. The tone system in Luganda

185-450: A devoiced nasal after s ). There is a contrast between ff꞊mɑi 'comb꞊ INCL ' and ffu꞊mɑi 'shit꞊ INCL '. With tongue twisters, speakers do not insert schwas or other voiced sounds to aid in pronunciation: The minimal word is either VV, VC, or CC (consisting of a single geminate), as in aa 'millet', ui 'over', is 'rock', ff 'comb'. There are no V or CV words; however, CCV and CVV words are found, as shown above. Syllabification

222-437: A dozen words with optionally voiced initial consonants, such as babe ~ pape (a sp. of fish) and gakspstu ~ kakspstu 'glutton', but Pellard suggests they may be loans ( babe is found in other variants, and gaks- is a Chinese loan; only a single word gama ~ kama 'grotto, cave' is not an apparent loan). /k/ may be spirantized before /ɑ/ : kaina 'arm' [kɑinɑ ~ xɑinɑ] , a꞊ka 'I (nominative)' [ɑkɑ ~ ɑxɑ ~ ɑɣɑ] . /n/

259-411: A moraic system of writing. For example, in the two-syllable word mōra , the ō is a long vowel and counts as two morae. The word is written in three symbols, モーラ , corresponding here to mo-o-ra , each containing one mora. Therefore, the 5/7/5 pattern of the haiku in modern Japanese is of morae rather than syllables. The Japanese syllable-final n is also moraic, as is the first part of

296-505: A short vowel or the last mora of a long vowel ( é , eé ). A circumflex ( ῆ ) represents high pitch on the first mora of a long vowel ( ée ). Gilbertese , an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Kiribati , is a trimoraic language. The typical foot in Gilbertese contains three morae. These trimoraic constituents are units of stress in Gilbertese. These "ternary metrical constituents of

333-399: A single morpheme, the quotative particle tta . There are a few words with no voiced sounds at all (compare Nuxálk language § Syllables ): The contrast between a voiceless syllable and a voiced vowel between voiceless consonants can be seen in kff puskam [k͡f̩ːpuskɑm] 'I want to make (it)', ff꞊nkɑi [f̩ːŋɡɑi] 'to꞊the.comb', and paks꞊nu꞊tu [pɑksn̥udu] 'bee꞊ NOM ꞊ FOC ' (with

370-526: A syllable would have more than four otherwise. In the Old English period, all content words (as well as stressed monosyllables) had to be at least two morae long. In Sanskrit , the mora is expressed as the mātrā . For example, the short vowel a (pronounced like a schwa ) is assigned a value of one mātrā , the long vowel ā is assigned a value of two mātrā s, and the compound vowel (diphthong) ai (which has either two simple short vowels,

407-412: Is [ŋ] at the end of a word, and assimilates to succeeding consonants ( [m~n~ŋ] ) before another consonant. When final [ŋ] geminates, it becomes [nn] ; compare tin [tiŋ] 'silver' with tinnu [tinnu] 'silver (accusative)'. It tends to devoice after /s/ and /f/ . /m/ , on the other hand, does not assimilate and appears finally unchanged, as in mku 'right', mta 'earth', and im 'sea'. /f/

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444-642: Is based on morae. See Luganda tones and Luganda grammar . In Old English, short diphthongs and monophthongs were monomoraic, long diphthongs and monophthongs were bimoraic, consonants ending a syllable were each one mora, and geminate consonants added a mora to the preceding syllable. If Modern English is analyzed in terms of morae at all, which is contentious, the rules would be similar, except that all diphthongs would be considered bimoraic. Probably in Old English, like in Modern English, syllables could not have more than four morae, with loss of sounds occurring if

481-422: Is close to the alveolar ridge, and this feature has been inaccurately described as "apical" (it is actually laminal). In certain environments /ɨ/ rises beyond vowel space to syllabic [s̩] after /p/ and /k/ (especially before another voiced consonant) and, in variants that have voiced stops, to [z̩] after /b/ and /ɡ/ : Ōgami vowels other than /ɨ/ are not subject to devoicing next to unvoiced consonants

518-599: Is difficult to analyze, especially in words such as usnkai (us-nkai) 'cow- DIR ' and saiafn (saiaf-n) 'carpenter- DAT '. There are 15-16 consonants in Irabu, which do have a voicing contrast. Tarama Island Tarama ( 多良間村 , Tarama-son , Miyako & Okinawan : Tarama) is a village located in Miyako District , Okinawa Prefecture , Japan . The village consists of Tarama Island and Minna Island between Ishigaki Island and Miyako Island . As of 2020 ,

555-411: Is divided in three wards. Tarama has tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa ). Tarama has seen population decline since the beginning of the 20th century. In the period prior to World War II typhoon damage and drought caused many residents to leave the island, mostly to Osaka and areas of

592-513: Is labiodental, not bilabial, and /s/ palatalizes to [ɕ] before the front vowels /i ɛ/ : pssi [pɕɕi] 'cold'. Some speakers insert an epenthetic [t] between /n/ and /s/ in what would otherwise be a sequence thereof, as in ansi [ɑnɕi ~ ɑntɕi] 'thus'. /ʋ/ is clearly labiodental as well and tends to become a fricative [v] when emphasized or when geminated, as in /kuʋʋɑ/ [kuvvɑ] 'calf'. It can be syllabic, as can all sonorants in Ōgami: vv [v̩ː] 'to sell'. Final /ʋ/ contrasts with

629-405: Is not always equal to the number of graphemes when written in kana; for example, even though it has four morae, the Japanese name for Tōkyō ( とうきょう ) is written with five graphemes, because one of these graphemes ( ょ ) represents a yōon , a feature of the Japanese writing system that indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized . The "contracted sound" ( 拗音 ) is represented by

666-465: Is said to have the property of quantity sensitivity. For the purpose of determining accent in Ancient Greek , short vowels have one mora, and long vowels and diphthongs have two morae. Thus long ē ( eta : η ) can be understood as a sequence of two short vowels: ee . Ancient Greek pitch accent is placed on only one mora in a word. An acute ( έ , ή ) represents high pitch on the only mora of

703-416: Is truly unrounded, unlike the compressed Japanese u . It is centralized after /s/ . /u/ is rounded normally, but varies as [ʊ] . /ɛ/ varies from [e] to [æ] . Numerous vowel sequences occur, and long vowels are treated as sequences of identical vowels, keeping the inventory at five. Historical *i and *u centralized and merged to /ɨ/ as *e and *o rose to /i/ and /u/. The blade of the tongue in /ɨ/

740-785: The Latin word for 'linger, delay', which was also used to translate the Greek word χρόνος  : chrónos ('time') in its metrical sense. The general principles for assigning moras to segments are as follows (see Hayes 1989 and Hyman 1985 for detailed discussion): In general, monomoraic syllables are called "light syllables", bimoraic syllables are called "heavy syllables", and trimoraic syllables (in languages that have them) are called "superheavy syllables". Some languages, such as Old English and potentially present-day English, can have syllables with up to four morae. A prosodic stress system in which moraically heavy syllables are assigned stress

777-678: The Aragusuku dialect (spoken in the southeastern area of Miyako Island and not to be confused with the Yaeyama dialect of the same name) was published in 2022 by Wang Danning. The description here is mostly based on the Ōgami variant, the Central Miyakoan variant of the smallest of the Miyako islands, from Pellard (2009). There is additional description based on the Irabu variant, the Ikema-Irabu variant of

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814-400: The Q representing a full mora of silence. In this analysis, っ (the sokuon ) indicates a one-mora period of silence. Similarly, the names Tōkyō ( To-u-kyo-u , とうきょう ), Ōsaka ( O-o-sa-ka , おおさか ), and Nagasaki ( Na-ga-sa-ki , ながさき ) all have four morae, even though, on this analysis, they have two, three and four syllables, respectively. The number of morae in a word

851-480: The first syllable, Ō , is pronounced with a long vowel (the others being short). Thus, a short vowel contains one mora and is called monomoraic , while a long vowel contains two and is called bimoraic . Extra-long syllables with three morae ( trimoraic ) are relatively rare. Such metrics based on syllables are also referred to as syllable weight . In Japanese, certain consonants also stand on their own as individual morae and thus are monomoraic. The term comes from

888-428: The first, a restriction not found with other vowel sequences such as io. That is, there is a distinction between oi, a bimoraic syllable, and io, which is two syllables. Most dialects of Japanese , including the standard, use morae, known in Japanese as haku ( 拍 ) or mōra ( モーラ ), rather than syllables, as the basis of the sound system. Writing Japanese in kana ( hiragana and katakana ) demonstrates

925-542: The high back vowels: /paʋ/ 'snake', /pau/ 'stick', /paɯ/ 'fly' are accusative [pɑvvu, pɑuju, pɑɯu] with the clitic -u . [j] is mainly heard in complementary distribution with /i/ , only occurring before vowels /u, a/ . Various sequences of consonants occur ( mna 'shell', sta 'under', fta 'lid'), and long consonants are bi moraic ( sta [s̩.tɑ] fta [f̩.tɑ] , pstu [ps̩.tu] ), so they are analyzed as consonant sequences as well. These can be typologically unusual: Geminate plosives do not occur, apart from

962-401: The kana for n ( ん ), the "geminate consonant" ( 促音 ) represented by the small tsu ( っ ), the "long sound" ( 長音 ) represented by the long vowel symbol ( ー ) or a single vowel which extends the sound of the previous mōra ( びょ「う」いん ) and the "diphthong" ( 二重母音 ) represented by the second vowel of two consecutive vowels ( ばあ「い」 ). This set also has the peculiarity that, (barring only

999-556: The national, prefectural or municipal level. Mora (linguistics) A mora (plural morae or moras ; often symbolized μ ) is a theoretical or perceptual smallest unit of timing , equal to or shorter than a syllable , that exists in some spoken languages in which phonetic length (such as vowel length ) matters significantly. For example, in the Japanese language , the name of the city Ōsaka ( おおさか ) consists of three syllables ( O-sa-ka ) but four morae ( O-o-sa-ka ), since

1036-529: The newly formed Okinawa Prefecture . In 1896 the village became part of Miyako District. In 1908, with the abolishment of the magiri system in Okinawa, the three districts of present-day village, Nakasuzu, Shiyugaa, and Minna, became part of the village of Hirara. They were separated from Hirara in 1913 as part of a further redistricting of Okinawa, and incorporated as the Village of Tarama. The village hall of Tarama

1073-613: The newly formed Japanese Empire. Residents of Tarama emigrated to Taiwan, the South Pacific, Korea, and Manchuria in this period. Residents of Minna completed a planned relocation to the Takano district of Hirara in 1961. At present the population of Minna Island has only one household and two people. The Village of Tarama has one preschool, one elementary school, and one junior high school, all named Tarama. The preschool and Tarama Elementary school are connected, and located directly south of

1110-438: The second largest of the Irabu islands. Central Miyakoan variants do not have pitch accent ; therefore, they are of ikkei type, except for the dialects of Ikema, Karimata, Uechi, and Yonaha, which have at most three types of pitch accent. Tarama distinguishes three types of accent on the phonological word (stem plus clitics), e.g. /juda꞊mai neen/ , /jadu꞊maiꜜ neen/ , /maduꜜ꞊mai neen/ , There are five vowels in Ōgami. /ɯ/

1147-473: The sort found in Gilbertese are quite rare cross-linguistically, and as far as we know, Gilbertese is the only language in the world reported to have a ternary constraint on prosodic word size." In Hawaiian , both syllables and morae are important. Stress falls on the penultimate mora, though in words long enough to have two stresses, only the final stress is predictable. However, although a diphthong , such as oi, consists of two morae, stress may fall only on

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1184-525: The three small kana for ya ( ゃ ), yu ( ゅ ), yo ( ょ ). These do not represent a mora by themselves and attach to other kana; all the rest of the graphemes represent a mōra on their own. Most dialects of Japanese are pitch accent languages, and these pitch accents are also based on morae. There is a unique set of mōra known as "special mora" ( 特殊拍 ) which cannot be pronounced by itself but still counts as one mora whenever present. These consist of "nasal sound" ( 撥音 ) represented by

1221-477: The village hall at the north of the island. Tarama Junior High School is located .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) south of the village hall. Minna, due to its depopulation, no longer has any educational institutions. The village has no high school; students must leave the island to attend high schools in other areas of Okinawa Prefecture. Tarama Airport serves the island. Tarama Village hosts sixty designated or registered tangible cultural properties and monuments, at

1258-461: The village has a population of 1,058 residents and 466 households. It has a density of 48.1 persons per km and the total area is 22.00 square kilometres (8.49 square miles). Under the Ryukyu Kingdom , Tarama is said to have been used as a penal colony for political prisoners. In 1879, with the abolition of the han system and creation of the prefectures of Japan , Tarama became part of

1295-457: The way Japanese high vowels are. Sequences of phonetic consonants have been analyzed by Pellard (2009) as being phonemically consonantal as well. In Irabu there are five main vowels and two rare mid vowels that occur in loanwords and some clitics. In Ōgami there are nine consonants, without a voicing contrast. (Most Miyakoan variants do distinguish voicing.) The plosives tend to be somewhat aspirated initially and voiced medially. There are maybe

1332-609: Was fully electrified in 1972. Regular ferry service to the village began in the same period, and Tarama Airport was opened in December 1971. The two islands of the village, Tarama and Minna, are located at the midpoint between Ishigaki Island and Miyako Island. The islands face the Pacific Ocean to the south and the East China Sea to the north. The two islands have historically suffered from typhoon damage and drought. The village

1369-409: Was the first modern tiled structured to be built on the islands, and the first village council consisted of eight citizens. Residents of Minna completed a planned relocation to the Takano district of Hirara in 1961. Tarama was electrified and received direct telephone service in 1964, and residents were supplied with power for five hours a day. This increased to 17 hours a day by 1969, and the village

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