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43-544: These pits are a significant Aboriginal heritage site , and the only quarry for ochre in the Central Australian region that is open to visitors and where the mining and collection of ochre by the traditional owners still occurs. The right to continue to take ochre from this site is protected by the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976 . The ochre mined here was and is very culturally significant as it

86-494: A Warlpiri morpheme have high vowels, those high vowels are almost always alike: both /u/ or both /i/. The number of Warlpiri roots with adjacent syllables having /u/ and /i/ is very small. Both progressive and regressive vowel harmony occur. In progressive vowel harmony, the second vowel changes to match the first; in regressive harmony, the first changes to match the second. The tendency to prefer adjacent high vowels to be identical also spreads across morpheme boundaries within

129-455: A consonant is usually "corrected" by appending a meaningless suffix, usually -pa . Since the 1950s, Warlpiri has been written in the Latin script using an alphabet originally devised by Lothar Jagst and later modified slightly. The Warlpiri alphabet uses only ordinary letters, with no accent marks, and has the following deviations from IPA: To those basic rules are added two adjustments to make

172-463: A nasal consonant and the next syllable begins with the corresponding stop, but other clusters like /rk/ and /lp/ also occur. Stress is not generally distinctive but is assigned by rule. Polysyllabic words receive primary stress on the first syllable, with secondary stresses tending to occur on alternate syllables thereafter; this rhythm may be broken by the structure of the word and so some three-syllable stress groups occur. If two adjacent syllables in

215-592: A permit to allow them to undertake activities which may affect such land or objects. Legislation relating to the protection and management of sacred sites and other Indigenous heritage items and places in Australia includes: Searchable online lists of sacred and Indigenous heritage sites are maintained by all states and territories under their legislation. Not all of them are publicly accessible, but logins can be obtained on application. They include: In May 2020, in order to expand an iron ore mine, Rio Tinto demolished

258-592: A phonemic length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels. As shown in the chart, Warlpiri distinguishes five positions of articulation and has oral and nasal stops at each position. The oral stops have no phonemic voice distinction, but they display voiced and unvoiced allophones . Stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. Warlpiri, like most other Australian languages, has no fricative consonants. Warlpiri syllables are quite constrained in structure. All syllables begin with

301-629: A poor reporting structure, and Indigenous relations not being properly represented at a high enough level. "Blanket approvals" under Section 18 of WA's Aboriginal Heritage Act have been granted by the Government of Western Australia to mining companies which could be a threat to the safety of many other sites in the Pilbara and Goldfields regions of Western Australia. Aboriginal people have no power to object to such approvals, which allows corporations to disturb or destroy sites across wide areas. One example

344-552: A review of the Aboriginal Heritage Act , and a government inquiry by the Joint Standing Committee on Northern Australia. On 11 September 2020, it was announced that, as a result of the destruction at Juukan Gorge, CEO Jean-Sebastien Jacques and two other Rio Tinto executives would step down. The National Native Title Council (NNTC) welcomed the move, but said that there should be an independent review into

387-653: A sacred cave in the Pilbara region of Western Australia that had evidence of 46,000 years of continual human occupation. The rock shelter known as Juukan 2 was the only inland site in Australia to show signs of continuous human occupation through the Ice Age , and had been described as one of the "top five" most significant in the whole of the Pilbara region, and of "the highest archaeological significance in Australia", being "[the only] site of this age with faunal remains in unequivocal association with stone tools ". In addition, it

430-410: A single consonant, there are no syllable-initial consonant clusters and no syllable begins with a vowel. After the consonant is a single long or short vowel, which is sometimes followed by a single closing consonant. Open syllables are much more common than closed ones. No syllable ends with a stop or with the retroflex flap /ɽ/. The most common kind of consonant cluster occurs when a syllable ends with

473-451: A single stone or plant, to an entire mountain range. The concept of "The Dreaming" or "Dreamtime" is inadequately explained by these English terms, and difficult to explain in terms of non-Indigenous cultures. Often referred to as the Warlpiri name Jukurrpa , It has been described as "an all-embracing concept that provides rules for living, a moral code, as well as rules for interacting with

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516-470: A verb (see below). For example, when the verb panti- (class 2) is placed in the past tense with the suffix -rnu , the result is panturnu , not * pantirnu . Progressive harmony occurs with most other kinds of suffixes. For example, when the ergative case suffix -ngku is attached to the noun karli 'boomerang', the result is karlingki , not * karlingku . On occasion, long chains of high vowels can assimilate, each forcing

559-458: A word. Adding a suffix to a word can place a /u/ and an /i/ in contact. When that happens, one of the vowels tends to assimilate by changing to match the other vowel. That kind of assimilation is called vowel harmony and is common in the world's languages. It is found, for example, in Finnish , Hungarian , Mongolian and Turkish . Regressive harmony occurs only when a tense suffix is attached to

602-487: Is a place deemed significant and meaningful by Aboriginal Australians based on their beliefs . It may include any feature in the landscape, and in coastal areas, these may lie underwater. The site's status is derived from an association with some aspect of social and cultural tradition , which is related to ancestral beings, collectively known as Dreamtime (or the Dreaming/s), who created both physical and social aspects of

645-447: Is followed by a tense suffix. There are five tense suffixes for each conjugation class, as shown in the following table. (Some optional variations have been omitted.) Warlpiri nouns are assembled from thousands of roots, with a rich array of derivational techniques such as compounding and derivational suffixes. Plurals are formed by reduplication of the root. Each full Warlpiri clause may contain an auxiliary word, which, together with

688-652: Is spoken by close to 3,000 of the Warlpiri people from the Tanami Desert , northwest of Alice Springs , Central Australia . It is one of the Ngarrkic languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family and is one of the largest Aboriginal languages in Australia in terms of number of speakers. One of the most well-known terms for The Dreaming (an Aboriginal spiritual belief), Jukurrpa , derives from Warlpiri. Warnayaka ( Wanayaga , Woneiga ), Wawulya ( Ngardilpa ), and Ngalia are regarded as probable dialects of Warlpiri on

731-587: Is the 148 square kilometres (57 sq mi) of Ngalia land in the Goldfields which contains seven sacred sites, and an area which includes 40 Banjima sites in the Djadjiling Range in the Pilbara. As of June 2020 , the federal government has approved plans by a developer for a residential complex near Mount Ainslie in Canberra , on a site that has been deemed of Indigenous significance by archaeologists at

774-401: Is the nonpast form of the class 3 verb 'see'. In the past tense, the auxiliary word often drops out completely. In that case, the agreement suffixes attach instead to the first or second word of the clause, as in nyangurnangku 'I saw you'. The junction at which the agreement suffixes are attached can trigger progressive vowel harmony. Thus, nyanyi kapingki '(S)he will see you' shows

817-401: Is the primary material used to create rock art in the region, as well as more contemporary art forms. The ochre, mixed with emu fat, was also used for body decorations for traditional dances and ceremonies. Ochre, mixed with eucalyptus leaves, was also used as an ointment to relieve congestion. It was also used for the ornamentation of spears and to ward off termites from damaging them; it

860-409: Is used with a few other verb roots to form other verbs of hiding or seclusion. Preverbs are sometimes reduplicated for emphasis or to change the meaning. Most preverb-verb combinations are fixed in the lexicon, and new combinations cannot be created freely. However, a few preverbs are very productive and can be combined with many different roots, and some roots accept almost any preverb. The verb root

903-580: The AUSTLANG database, although with potentially no data; while Ngardilypa is confirmed. In the following tables of the Warlpiri sound system, symbols in ⟨boldface⟩ give the practical alphabet used by the Warlpiri community. Phonemic values in IPA are shown in /slashes/ and phonetic values in [square brackets]. Warlpiri has a standard three-vowel system, similar to that of Classical Arabic , with

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946-604: The Geological Society of Australia and Geoheritage Australasia . The government has not consulted local elders or Aboriginal organisation, and a Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment spokesperson said that it had not assessed the site for its Indigenous heritage (under heritage provisions of the EPBC Act ) "as no world or national heritage sites were identified on the location". However, local Ngambri people say

989-674: The National Heritage List , which includes natural, Indigenous and historic places of outstanding heritage value to the nation. Under this Act there are penalties for anyone who takes an action that has or will have a significant impact on the Indigenous heritage values of a place that is recognised in the National Heritage List. Indigenous heritage protected to varying degrees by state and territory laws: they protect various kinds of areas and objects, but developers can apply for

1032-481: The alphabet easier to use. Warlpiri verbs are built from a few hundred verb roots, distributed among five conjugation classes. Two of the classes contain the vast majority of verb roots; the other three classes have only a few roots each. A large class of modifying prefixes, or preverbs , are used to create verbs with specific meanings. For example, the verb root parnka- means 'run' by itself, and wurulyparnka- means 'scurry into hiding'. The preverb wuruly-

1075-571: The company's procedures and culture to ensure that such an incident could never happen again. Rio Tinto admitted their error, issued an apology via media and on their website, and also committed to building relationships with the traditional owners as well as getting Indigenous people into leadership roles in the company. One analysis of what went wrong in Rio Tinto to allow the destruction to occur suggested that processes failed at several levels, but mainly due to its "segmented organisational structure",

1118-439: The events which created the site during The Dreaming". The ceremony helps the life force at the site to remain active and to keep creating new life: if not performed, new life cannot be created. The traditional custodians of the sacred sites in an area are the tribal elders. "Sacred sites give meaning to the natural landscape. They anchor values and kin-based relationships in the land. Custodians of sacred sites are concerned for

1161-487: The jurisdiction. The legislation also protects sites of archaeological , historical and cultural significance relating to Aboriginal peoples that may be unrelated to beliefs, and more commonly thought of as Aboriginal Australian heritage sites . States and territories maintain registers of sites of Indigenous significance with searchable online databases . Despite the legislation, some sites are still threatened by mining and other operations. One notable example in recent times

1204-479: The landscape that have a special significance under Aboriginal tradition. Hills, rocks, waterholes, trees, plains and other natural features may be sacred sites. In coastal and sea areas, sacred sites may include features which lie both above and below water. Sometimes sacred sites are obvious, such as ochre deposits, rock art galleries, or spectacular natural features. In other instances sacred sites may be unremarkable to an outside observer. They can range in size from

1247-568: The matter was first considered in the 1990s, and was committed to working with local communities to mitigate concerns. An impact assessment of the site had identified various artefacts and burial sites in the area. As of September 2020 , the walking track to the lookout and pools above the Gunlom Falls in Kakadu National Park is closed at the request of the Jawoyn traditional owners. It

1290-461: The natural environment... [it] provides for a total, integrated way of life... a lived daily reality". It embraces past, present and future, and some of the ancestor or spirit beings inhabiting the Dreamtime become one with parts of the landscape, such as rocks or trees. The concept of a life force is also often associated with sacred sites, and ceremonies performed at such sites "are a re-creation of

1333-432: The next. For example, when the class 2 verb kiji- is attached to the past tense suffix -rnu , the resulting word is kujurnu . No Warlpiri word begins with an alveolar consonant; the first consonant of a word must be bilabial, palatal, retroflex or velar. Exceptions include borrowings such as tala 'dollar', from English dollar . All Warlpiri words end in vowels. A word whose final meaningful component ends in

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1376-492: The safety of all people, and the protection of sacred sites is integral to ensuring the well-being of the country and the wider community." These sites are or were used for many sacred traditions and customs. Sites used for male activities, such as initiation ceremonies, may be forbidden to women; sites used for female activities, such as giving birth, may be forbidden to men. Some documented examples of Aboriginal sacred and heritage sites in Australia include: Before 1965 there

1419-835: The series Ray Mears Goes Walkabout , composed of four episodes, where Mears tours the Australian outback . An accompanying hardcover book was published in the UK by Hodder and Stoughton in March 2008. In the series, Mears meets one of his heroes, Les Hiddins (a.k.a. "The Bush Tucker Man"), and he also headed to the Kimberley region to meet the reputed Aboriginal artist and bush guide Juju Wilson . Warlpiri language The Warlpiri ( / ˈ w ɑːr l b r i / or / ˈ w ɔː l p ər i / ) ( Warlpiri : Warlpiri Warlpiri pronunciation: [waɭpiɻi] > ['waɭbɪ̆ˌɻi]) language

1462-603: The subject and object of the clause. They are similar to the familiar conjugational suffixes that agree with the subject in Indo-European languages , but in Warlpiri, they are placed on the auxiliary instead of on the verb and agree with the object as well as the subject. An example of a suffixed auxiliary word can be seen in the farewell, kapirnangku nyanyi 'I will see you.' Here, kapi indicates future tense, -rna indicates first-person singular subject 'I', -ngku indicates second-person singular object 'you' and nyanyi

1505-401: The verb suffix, serves to identify tense and to clarify the relationship between main and dependent clauses. Common auxiliaries include ka (present tense), kapi (future tense), kaji (conditional). The auxiliary word is almost always the second word of a clause. The auxiliary word also functions as the home for an elaborate family of suffixes that specify the person and number of

1548-411: The vowel of the suffix -ngku (second-person singular object) assimilating to the final vowel of kapi . In Warlpiri culture, it is considered impolite or shameful for certain family relations to converse. (For example, a woman should not converse with her son-in-law.) If such conversation is necessary, speakers use a special style of the language, the avoidance register . The avoidance register has

1591-431: The world. The site may have its access restricted based on gender , clan or other Aboriginal grouping , or other factors. The sites are protected by various state- and territory-based legislation as part of Australian heritage laws , and the federal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 can be invoked as a "last resort" if the site is not considered adequately covered by legislation in

1634-460: Was also believed to increase the success of hunting. The ochre found here ranges in colour and range from white to earthy browns as well as brighter hues of yellow, orange and red. Certain colours and kinds of ochre were considered more valuable then others. 23°43′54″S 132°52′04″E  /  23.731705°S 132.867825°E  / -23.731705; 132.867825 Aboriginal heritage site An Australian Aboriginal sacred site

1677-629: Was closed before mid-2019, due to an investigation by the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority (AAPA) into Parks Australia under the Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989 (NT). The traditional owners allege that, in the process of upgrading the track, Parks Australia may have damaged a sacred site near the track. AAPA has filed charges, which could lead to the authority being fined up to A$ 314,000 . In June 2008 BBC released

1720-715: Was no legislation protecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sites in Australia, with the exception of some regulations in the Northern Territory . In 1965, the South Australian Government was the first to introduce legislation (with the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 ), and all other states have since done so. Sacred sites are given protection under both Commonwealth and state and territory laws. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) established

1763-555: Was of great cultural significance to the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura , with a hair of one of their ancestors having been found there. Permission to destroy the site had been given in 2013 under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA), although later information about the site's significance had been given to the company. The destruction brought widespread criticism, and sparked an internal review at Rio Tinto,

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1806-490: Was the culturally and archaeologically significant rock shelter at Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara , destroyed by Rio Tinto 's blasting in the course of mining exploration in May 2020. The Aboriginal population of Australia is made up of hundreds of peoples or nations , each with their own sacred places, animal totems and other items in the geographic area known as their country, or traditional lands. Sacred sites are places within

1849-698: Was used for sacred men's business; in addition, artefacts found there in 1933 are of enough significance to be displayed in the British Museum . Rous County Council , which is the authority responsible for the water supply for most of the Ballina , Byron , Lismore and Richmond Valley council areas, published its draft water strategy in June 2020, which includes a 50-gigalitre (1.8 × 10  cu ft) dam at Dunoon , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Lismore . The council has been aware of Indigenous concerns since

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