As an act of protest , occupation is a strategy often used by social movements and other forms of collective social action in order to squat and hold public and symbolic spaces, buildings, critical infrastructure such as entrances to train stations, shopping centers, university buildings, squares, and parks. Opposed to a military occupation which attempts to subdue a conquered country, a protest occupation is a means to resist the status quo and advocate a change in public policy . Occupation attempts to use space as an instrument in order to achieve political and economic change, and to construct counter-spaces in which protesters express their desire to participate in the production and re-imagination of urban space. Often, this is connected to the right to the city , which is the right to inhabit and be in the city as well as to redefine the city in ways that challenge the demands of capitalist accumulation. That is to make public spaces more valuable to the citizens in contrast to favoring the interests of corporate and financial capital.
54-568: Occupy Central was an occupation protest that took place in Central, Hong Kong from 15 October 2011 to 11 September 2012. The camp was set up at a plaza beneath the HSBC headquarters . On 13 August 2012, the High Court granted an injunction against the continuation of the protest, and ordered the occupants to leave by 9pm on 27 August. But protesters defied the order and remained in place until 15 days after
108-466: A longer time period in more cities. This gained them worldwide attention. [REDACTED] Media related to Occupations (protests) at Wikimedia Commons Typhoon A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph). This region is referred to as
162-453: A low level feature with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific typhoons form within the monsoon trough . Even with perfect upper-level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s) between
216-602: A means of achieving change, emerged from worker struggles that sought everything from higher wages to the abolition of capitalism. Often called a sit-down strike , it is a form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases, moving production to other locations. The recovered factories in Argentina
270-475: A super typhoon has winds of at least 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h). The United States ' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least 130 knots (67 m/s; 150 mph; 241 km/h)—the equivalent of a strong Category 4 storm in the Saffir-Simpson scale —as super typhoons . However, the maximum sustained wind speed measurements that
324-526: Is an example of workplace occupations moving beyond addressing workplace grievances, to demanding a change in ownership of the means of production. Another example was when workers in Sydney, Australia occupied and ran the Harco Steel Factory in 1971 for four weeks after the owner laid off employees. With the workplace under their control they introduced the 35 hour working week. The Industrial Workers of
378-511: Is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough , a broad surface front , or an outflow boundary ,
432-412: Is defined by an extended temporality and is usually located in specific places. In many cases local governments declare occupations illegal because protesters seek to control space over a prolonged time. As such, occupations are often in conflict with political authorities and forces of established order, especially the police. These confrontations in particular attract media attention. Occupation, as
486-442: Is upgraded to a tropical storm should its sustained wind speeds exceed 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h). Tropical storms also receive official names from RSMC Tokyo. Should the storm intensify further and reach sustained wind speeds of 48 knots (55 mph; 89 km/h) then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm . Once the system's maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h),
540-551: The Arab Spring and the Indignados movement of Spain, started a global movement in which the occupation of public spaces is a key tactic. During these protests in 2011, the tactic of occupation was used in a new way as protesters wanted to remain indefinitely until they were heard, resisting police and government officials who wanted to evict them. In contrast to earlier protest encampments these occupations mobilized more people during
594-413: The HSBC headquarters in Central , an iconic landmark of the territory's central business district. The plaza is the bank's property, but was deeded during construction in 1983 as an area dedicated to serve as a public pedestrian passage. The Hong Kong encampment, aiming at creating an ideal community advocating "equality", attracted a commune of occupiers including students, young professionals, activists,
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#1732841706960648-473: The Northwestern Pacific Basin , accounting for almost one third of the world's tropical cyclones. The term hurricane refers to a tropical cyclone (again with sustained winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph)) in the north central and northeast Pacific, and the north Atlantic. In all of the preceding regions, weaker tropical cyclones are called tropical storms . For organizational purposes,
702-544: The 1660s and 1670s. The highest reliably-estimated maximum sustained winds on record for a typhoon was that of Typhoon Haiyan at 314 km/h (195 mph) shortly before its landfall in the central Philippines on November 8, 2013. The most intense storm based on minimum pressure was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of 870 hectopascals (26 inHg) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 knots (85 m/s, 190 mph, 310 km/h). The deadliest typhoon of
756-816: The 20th century was Typhoon Nina , which killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail. After Typhoon Morakot landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan ( Chiayi County / Chiayi City , Tainan County / Tainan City (now merged as Tainan), Kaohsiung County / Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County ) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6 in), breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by
810-541: The Cantonese pronunciation of 颱風 [tʰɔi fuŋ] (correspond to Mandarin [tʰaɪ fɤŋ] ), in turn the Cantonese word traced to Arabic. This claim contradicts the fact that the Cantonese term for typhoon was 風舊 [fuŋ kɐu] before the national promotion of 颱風 . 風舊 (meaning "winds which long last") was first attested in 280, being the oldest Chinese term for typhoon. Not one Chinese historical record links 颱風 to an Arabic or foreign origin. On
864-514: The JMA will designate the tropical cyclone as a typhoon —the highest category on its scale. Since 2009 the Hong Kong Observatory has divided typhoons into three different classifications: typhoon , severe typhoon and super typhoon . A typhoon has wind speed of 64–79 knots (73–91 mph; 118–149 km/h), a severe typhoon has winds of at least 80 knots (92 mph; 150 km/h), and
918-470: The JTWC uses are based on a 1-minute averaging period, akin to the U.S.'s National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center . As a result, the JTWC's wind reports are higher than JMA's measurements, as the latter is based on a 10-minute averaging interval. There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in
972-557: The Joint Typhoon Warning Center, from 1950 to 2022, the Northwest Pacific generated an average of 26.5 named tropical cyclones each year, of which an average of 16.6 reached typhoon standard or above as defined by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The etymology of typhoon is either Chinese or Persian-Hindustani origin. Typhoon may trace to 風癡 (meaning "winds which long last"), first attested in 1124 in China. It
1026-532: The Philippines, the most active season since 1945 for tropical cyclone strikes was 1993 , when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country. There was only one tropical cyclone that moved through the Philippines in 1958 . The 2004 Pacific typhoon season was the busiest for Okinawa since 1957. Within Guangdong in southern China, during the past thousand years, the most active decades for typhoon strikes were
1080-525: The RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that have territories threatened by typhoons each year. Within most of the northwestern Pacific, there are no official typhoon seasons as tropical cyclones form throughout the year. Like any tropical cyclone, there are several main requirements for typhoon formation and development. It must be in sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures , atmospheric instability, high humidity in
1134-578: The United States who have territories directly affected by typhoons. The submitted names are arranged into a list, the names on the list will be used from up to down, from left to right. When all names on the list are used, it will start again from the left-top corner. When a typhoon causes damage in a region, the affected region can request for retiring the name in the next session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. A new name will be decided by
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#17328417069601188-921: The World were the first American union to use it, while the United Auto Workers staged successful sit-down strikes in the 1930s, most famously in the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936–1937. Sit-down strikes were declared illegal by the United States Supreme Court, but are still used by unions such as the UMWA in the Pittston strike , and the workers at the Republic Windows and Doors factory in Chicago. The Occupy Wall Street movement, inspired amongst others by
1242-540: The area. In the meantime, campers confronted the officials, claiming that they did not show the court's order of clearance before their action. The bailiffs, however, ignored the complaints and continued the clearance operation. The number of protestors increased from five to a few dozen. As protestors outside the plaza forced their way into the building, scuffles broke out between them and security guards. A few guards were injured and were sent to hospital. Some occupiers zipped themselves in tents, trying to avoid being removed by
1296-430: The bailiffs. By 4pm, the last of the 11 campers was forcibly evicted from the ground. The plaza was sealed. (The gate to the plaza is not often closed, except during a typhoon strike.) Three people were arrested for assaulting security guards. However, the police did not otherwise interfere in the clearance. Occupation (protest) Unlike other forms of protest like demonstrations , marches and rallies, occupation
1350-459: The court to assign bailiffs to carry out the eviction order. On 11 September 2012, 15 days after the eviction deadline imposed by the court, court bailiffs removed the remaining campers from the HSBC plaza. The bailiffs arrived in the morning to administer their task but faced tough resistance, thus prolonging the clearance to almost eight hours. They first removed furniture and tents of the occupants in
1404-612: The court's order might be declared contempt of court , for which offenders can be sentenced to a fine at level 3 and to imprisonment for six months. Still, the protesters argued that the space was public, and that they had the right to use it freely. On 27 August 2012, defiant protesters ignored the Court's order for them to leave the HSBC headquarters. In the evening, protesters held a concert while chanting slogans "Do not leave even if we will die" and vowing to continue their 10-month movement. One supporter burned joss paper and plastic shoes at
1458-480: The date line from the central Pacific retain their original name, but the designation of hurricane becomes typhoon. The most active Western Pacific typhoon season was in 1964 , when 39 storms of tropical storm strength formed. Only 15 seasons had 30 or more storms developing since reliable records began. The least activity seen in the northwest Pacific Ocean was during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season , when only 14 tropical storms and seven typhoons formed. In
1512-410: The deadline, when court bailiffs were sent to evict the occupants. Ending on 11 September, the movement remains one of the lengthiest Occupy movements in the world. The Occupy movement is an international protest movement against social and economic inequality . Its primary goal is to make society's economic structure and power relations more fair. Each local group has its own focus, but among
1566-535: The head of meteorology of the national academy from 1929 to 1936, declared it to be the standard term. There were 29 alternative terms for typhoon recorded in a chronicle in 1762, now mostly replaced by 颱風 , although 風癡 or 風颱 continues to be used in Min Chinese - and Wu Chinese - speaking areas from Chaozhou , Guangdong to Taizhou , Zhejiang. Some English linguists proposed the English word typhoon traced to
1620-433: The lower to middle levels of the troposphere , enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are necessary for tropical cyclone formation, they do not guarantee that a tropical cyclone will form. Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through a depth of at least 50 metres (160 ft)
1674-421: The lower-to-middle levels of the troposphere , have enough Coriolis effect to develop a low pressure centre , a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and a low vertical wind shear . Although the majority of storms form between June and November, a few storms may occur between December and May (although tropical cyclone formation is very rare during that time). On average, the northwestern Pacific features
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1728-511: The most active on Earth. Pacific typhoons have formed year-round, with peak months from August to October. The peak months correspond to that of the Atlantic hurricane seasons . Along with a high storm frequency, this basin also features the most globally intense storms on record. One of the most recent busy seasons was 2013 . Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean and concentrate around June and November in
1782-438: The most numerous and intense tropical cyclones globally. Like other basins, they are steered by the subtropical ridge towards the west or northwest, with some systems recurving near and east of Japan . The Philippines receive the brunt of the landfalls, with China and Japan being less often impacted. However, some of the deadliest typhoons in history have struck China. Southern China has the longest record of typhoon impacts for
1836-638: The northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140°W ), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for tropical cyclone forecasts is in Japan , with other tropical cyclone warning centres for the northwest Pacific in Hawaii (the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ), the Philippines , and Hong Kong . Although
1890-557: The northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist. Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago . Activity falls off significantly in November, although Typhoon Haiyan ,
1944-466: The occupied area within 14 days, that is by 9pm on 27 August 2012. Mr Justice Reuder Lai stated that the activists' use of the space went beyond its role as a public passageway, and there was no legal basis for them to continue occupying the area. Following the hearing, a number of protesters said they would not contest the ruling and would continue their protest in other public areas. However, some defiantly declared 'We'll never leave! In your dreams'. One of
1998-474: The ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two jets of outflow : one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the westerlies , and a second towards the equator. In general, the westerly wind increases associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation lead to increased tropical cyclogenesis in all tropical cyclone basins . As
2052-404: The organisers, surnamed Wong, told the press that the plaza was so big that their campaign did not stop members of the public from passing through. Although there was some public support for the protesters at the height of the worldwide Occupy movement, critics said the campaigners had overstayed their welcome, and believed it was time to move on. Legal professionals warned that the action of defying
2106-419: The oscillation propagates from west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that hemisphere's summer season. On average, twice per year twin tropical cyclones will form in the western Pacific Ocean, near the 5th parallel north and the 5th parallel south , along the same meridian, or line of longitude. There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity in
2160-605: The other hand, Chinese records consistently assert foreigners refer typhoon as "black wind". "Black wind" eventually enters the vocabulary of Jin Chinese as 黑老風 [xəʔ lo fəŋ] . Alternatively, some dictionaries propose that typhoon derived from (طوفان) tūfān , meaning storm in Persian and Hindustani . The root of (طوفان) tūfān possibly traces to the Ancient Greek mythological creature Typhôn . In French typhon
2214-407: The primary concerns are the claims that large corporations and the global financial system control the world in a way that disproportionately benefits a minority, undermines democracy, and is unstable. Echoing the global Occupy movement against corporate greed and economic inequality, the 'Occupy Central' campaign of Hong Kong started on 15 October 2011, with protestors tenanting the plaza beneath
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2268-434: The region whose name was retired. Unlike tropical cyclones in other parts of the world, typhoons are not named after people. Instead, they generally refer to animals, flowers, astrological signs, and a few personal names. However, Philippines (PAGASA) retains its own naming list, which consists of both human names and other objects. Japan and some other East Asian countries also assign numbers to typhoons. Storms that cross
2322-409: The region, with a thousand-year sample via documents within their archives. Taiwan has received the wettest known typhoon on record for the northwest Pacific tropical cyclone basins . However, Vietnam recognises its typhoon season as lasting from the beginning of June through to the end of November, with an average of four to six typhoons hitting the country annually. According to the statistics of
2376-586: The responsibility for issuing warnings for land areas about tropical cyclones affecting their country, such as the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for United States agencies, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for interests in the island archipelago nation, and the Hong Kong Observatory for storms that come close enough to cause the issuance of warning signals . The list of names consists of entries from 14 southeast and east Asian nations and regions and
2430-467: The scene, attracting around 20 policemen and firemen who arrived to conduct a check. Some of the about 40 activists pledged to stay overnight even after security guards put up a board outside the building at 10pm, one hour after the clearance deadline, notifying the protesters of the High Court's prohibition order. The spokesman of HSBC announced that if the protesters did not clear out, the bank would request
2484-458: The sea surface temperature and circulation features following a near-10-year frequency. Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the westerlies . Most typhoons form in a region in the northwest Pacific known as typhoon alley, where the planet's most powerful tropical cyclones most frequently develop. When
2538-572: The strongest Philippine typhoon on record, was a November typhoon. The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central Luzon and eastern Visayas . A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones. The genesis and intensity of typhoons are also modulated by slow variation of
2592-564: The subtropical ridge position, shift westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China and greater intensity to Philippines . Those that form near the Marshall Islands find their way to Jeju Island , Korea. Typhoon paths follow three general directions. A rare few storms, like Hurricane John , were redesignated as typhoons as they originated in the Eastern/Central Pacific and moved into
2646-475: The subtropical ridge shifts due to El Niño , so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E , which would favor the Japanese archipelago. During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, and
2700-465: The unemployed and homeless. As at 11 December 2011 and August 2012, there were around 20 and 10 campers respectively, but more than 200 participants engaged in the campaign at its height. The campaign carried on for 10 months non-stop. In June 2012, HSBC brought the case to the High Court after previous requests for the activists to leave voluntarily were ignored. On 13 August 2012, the court granted an injunction and ruled that protesters must clear out
2754-525: The western Pacific basin and the North Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main reason for this appears to be the phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins at any given time. Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific. This makes this basin
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#17328417069602808-531: The western Pacific. Within the Western Pacific, RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center , part of the Japan Meteorological Agency , has had the official warning responsibility for the whole of the Western Pacific since 1989, and the naming responsibility for systems of tropical storm strength or greater since 2000. However each National Meteorological and Hydrological Service within the western Pacific has
2862-491: Was attested as storm in 1504. Portuguese traveler Fernão Mendes Pinto referred to a tufão in his memoir published in 1614. The earliest form in English was "touffon" (1588), later as touffon, tuffon, tufon, tuffin, tuffoon, tayfun, tiffoon, typhawn. A tropical depression is the lowest category that the Japan Meteorological Agency uses and is the term used for a tropical system that has wind speeds not exceeding 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h). A tropical depression
2916-401: Was pronounced as [hɔŋ tsʰi] in Min Chinese at the time, but later evolved to [hɔŋ tʰai]. New characters 風颱 were created to match the sound, no later than 1566. The word was introduced to Mandarin Chinese in the inverted Mandarin order 颱風 [tʰaɪ fɤŋ] , later picked up by foreign sailors to appear as typhoon. The usage of 颱風 was not dominant until Chu Coching ,
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