A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock or security on a particular stock exchange . Ticker symbols are arrangements of symbols or characters (generally Latin letters or digits) which provide a shorthand for investors to refer to, purchase, and research securities. Some exchanges include ticker extensions, which encode additional information such as share class, bankruptcy status, or voting rights into the ticker.
64-706: Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the United States , Canada , and Chile . It is incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law and headquartered in Houston . The company ranked 183rd on
128-558: A demonstration project by 2025 and a commercial facility in the 2030s. The company began operations in Libya in 1965 and operated there until economic sanctions were imposed in 1986 by the United States. The company was one of the first American companies to resume negotiations in Libya after the sanctions were lifted in 2004. In 2008, the company, along with 5 other oil companies, was criticized for hiring Hogan Lovells to lobby to exempt Libya from
192-519: A law written by U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) to assist American terror victims in seizing assets of countries found culpable in terror attacks, such as the Libyan bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in 1988. and to remove a provision in the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that requires disclosure of payments to foreign governments. In early 2011,
256-483: A memorandum of understanding with TAE Technologies to explore commercial opportunities for using TAE's nuclear fusion technology to provide clean electricity and heat for Occidental's direct air capture (DAC) projects. DAC is an energy-intensive process that involves removing CO 2 from the atmosphere, and the partnership aims to address the energy needs of DAC with low-carbon power solutions. TAE Technologies, known for its advanced nuclear fusion research, plans to have
320-544: A particular trade in this case, and another identifier, typically the three- or four-letter exchange code (such as the Market Identifier Code ), will have to be specified in addition to the ISIN. While usually a stock ticker identifies a security that can be traded, stock market indices are also sometimes assigned a symbol, even though they can generally not be traded. Symbols for indices are usually distinguished by adding
384-413: A security at trading and settlement. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange (if any) on which it trades; it is, therefore, not a replacement for the ticker symbol. For instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide and is priced in five foreign currencies; it has the same ISIN on each (DE0007100000), though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify
448-465: A share. Occidental has disclosed its contributions to political action committees , lobbyists, and trade associations on its website. In 2005, the company was among 53 entities which contributed the maximum of $ 250,000 to the Second inauguration of George W. Bush . Ticker symbol The first ticker symbol was used in 1867, following the invention of the ticker tape machine by Edward Calahan . It
512-657: A stock trades; however, in July 2007, the SEC approved a rule change allowing companies moving from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq to retain their three-letter symbols; DirecTV was one of the first companies to make this move. When first implemented, the rule change did not apply to companies with one or two-letter symbols, but subsequently any stock was able to move from the NYSE to
576-621: A subsidiary of China Petrochemical Corporation , and acquired properties in South Texas and North Dakota for $ 3.2 billion. In January 2011, Occidental partnered with Abu Dhabi's state oil company in developing the Shah Field, one of the largest natural gas fields in the Middle East, through a joint venture known as Al Hosn Gas. Al Hosn Gas became operational in 2015. In September 2014, Occidental moved its headquarters to Houston, Texas. In November,
640-637: A symbol in front of the name, such as a circumflex (or 'caret') ^ or a dot. For example, Reuters lists the Nasdaq Composite index under the symbol .IXIC . In Australia the Australian Securities Exchange uses the following conventions: Three character base symbol with the first and third character being alphanumeric and the second alphabetic. ETFs and ETMFs can be either 3 or 4 characters. Exchange-traded warrants and exchange-traded options are six characters. ETOs can have numbers in
704-602: A total of 9 billion barrels (1.4 × 10 ^ m) of toxic oil by-products , such as cadmium , lead, and arsenic , in drainage basins used by the Achuar people to fish, drink, and bathe. This environmental damage was alleged to have caused premature deaths and birth defects . A 2006 study by the Ministry of Health of Peru , found that all but 2 of the 199 people tested had levels of cadmium in their blood above safe levels. The Achuar were represented by EarthRights International and
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#1732858924131768-459: Is "T"; accordingly, the company is referred to simply as "Telephone" on Wall Street (the T symbol is so well known that when SBC purchased the company, it took the AT&;T name, capitalizing on its history and keeping the desired single letter symbol). Some examples of US Stock symbols include: Formerly, a glance at a U.S. stock symbol and its appended codes would allow an investor to determine where
832-632: Is a chemical mixture of sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide . The accident contaminated the ventilation system and caused a cloud of toxic gas. Over 2,000 residents had to be evacuated for the day. The spill was caused by an auxiliary pump power supply which lacked safety interlocks to prevent tank overfilling. On 14 June 1997, an explosion at the Magurchhaqra gas field in Kamalganj Upazila, Moulvibazar District of Bangladesh destroyed large areas of Lawachara National Park and nearby areas. Occidental
896-652: Is one way it helps mitigate its high emissions. In 1982, the company acquired land in the Copper Basin in Tennessee , formerly the site of the Burra Burra Mine , where copper and sulfur had been mined in the 1800s. In 2016, Occidental agreed to spend $ 50 million to clean up the Copper Basin and restore the water quality of its creeks. Since the 1920s, several companies and the United States Armed Forces used
960-660: Is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the company name where possible. For example, US-based computer company stock Apple Inc. traded on the NASDAQ exchange has the symbol AAPL, while the motor company Ford's stock that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange has the single-letter ticker F. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes; for example, Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on
1024-546: Is the International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN). An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO 6166 . Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds , commercial paper , stocks , and warrants . The ISIN code is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform identification of
1088-420: Is the largest operator and oil producer. The company produced 435 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (2,660,000 GJ) per day from unconventional oil directional drilling via Permian Resources and 140 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (860,000 GJ) per day using a technique called enhanced oil recovery , whereby carbon dioxide and water are injected into underground formations to extract
1152-540: The Deepwater Horizon BP disaster and fines under the Clean Water Act. The deal was clinched as investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett pledged $ 10 billion to finance the deal in exchange for 100,000 shares of cumulative perpetual preferred stock with a value of $ 100,000 per share. Buffett and Berkshire also received a warrant to purchase up to 80 million more shares at an exercise price of $ 62.50
1216-568: The 1970s energy crisis . The site remained derelict; the tanks and the chimney were subsequently demolished. Only some concrete foundations and the river jetty remain extant. In 1973, Occidental negotiated a phosphate-for-natural-gas deal with the Soviet Union, in which the Hammer-controlled firms Occidental Petroleum and Tower International would export to the Soviet Union phosphate , which Occidental mined in northern Florida, in return for
1280-526: The Amazon Rainforest , forcing the company to take a $ 306 million after-tax charge. In 2016, Ecuador agreed to pay $ 980 million in restitution to the company, down from the original award of $ 1.77 billion. The agreement was based on a 2012 arbitration award from the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes . In 2007, Occidental's compensation policies came under scrutiny after it
1344-538: The Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA. In Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non- Latin scripts . For example, the bank HSBC 's stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005. Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil , Exxon used a phonetic spelling of
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#17328589241311408-664: The Bayou Corne sinkhole , along with Texas Brine Company and Vulcan Materials Company . In October 2020, Occidental sold its onshore operations in Colombia to the Carlyle Group for $ 825 million. The deal included operations and working interests in the Llanos Norte, Middle Magdalena, and Putumayo Basins. Working interest on exploration offshore in Colombia remained under ownership of Oxy in partnership with Ecopetrol , with plans to drill
1472-451: The Love Canal as a chemical disposal site. In 1942, Occidental predecessor Hooker Chemical Company began disposing of chemical waste at the site and, in 1947, it became the sole owner and user of the land. In 1952, the site was filled to capacity and closed off. The company leased the land to the local school board in 1953. Later in the 1950s, the school board requested that the company sell
1536-573: The Molson Coors Brewing Company , uses a similarly beer-related symbol, "TAP". Likewise, Southwest Airlines pays tribute to its headquarters at Love Field in Dallas through its "LUV" symbol. Cedar Fair Entertainment Company , which operates large amusement parks in the United States, uses "FUN" as its symbol. Harley-Davidson uses "HOG", an abbreviation for the corporate-sponsored Harley Owners Group . Yamana Gold uses "AUY", because on
1600-404: The United States , modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poor's (S&P) to bring a national standard to investing. Previously, a single company could have many ticker symbols as they varied between the dozens of individual stock markets. The term ticker refers to the noise made by the ticker tape machines once widely used by stock exchanges. The S&P system
1664-440: The periodic table of elements , "Au" is the symbol for gold . Sotheby's , an auction house, previously used the symbol "BID". Petco uses the symbol "WOOF". While most symbols come from the company's name, sometimes it happens the other way around. Tricon Global , owner of KFC , Pizza Hut and Taco Bell , adopted the symbol "YUM" to represent its corporate mission when the company was spun out of PepsiCo in 1997. In 2002,
1728-571: The 2021 Fortune 500 based on its 2020 revenues and 670th on the 2021 Forbes Global 2000 . Occidental Petroleum was founded in Los Angeles, CA in 1920. In 1957, Armand Hammer became the company's president and CEO after acquiring a controlling stake. The 1960s marked a period of expansion as Occidental established operations in Peru , Venezuela , Bolivia , Trinidad , and the United Kingdom . In 1961,
1792-524: The Caribbean, with plans to drill the world's deepest offshore oil well by 2024. In Peru, Anadarko Peru, a subsidiary of Oxy, completed the initial phase of a 3D marine seismic acquisition project in northern Peruvian waters in 2024. OxyChem, a wholly-owned subsidiary , manufactures polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, chlorine , and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) used in plastics, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment chemicals. Other products manufactured by
1856-570: The Congo to the Congolese government for $ 215 million. The following year, it paid $ 3.65 billion to acquire the Elk Hills Oil Field . In 1986, the company formed a joint venture with Church & Dwight , which makes Arm & Hammer products, for a potassium carbonate plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama . On July 6, 1988, an explosion and subsequent inferno on the company's Piper Alpha platform in
1920-565: The EPSA-4 auction, making both companies among the first to enter the Libyan market since the United States lifted its embargo on Libya. The company was one of the first companies to research developing oil shale . In 1983, Occidental and Ecopetrol , the Colombian state-owned oil company, discovered the giant Caño Limón oilfield in Arauca . In July 1996, the company sold its interest in 3 oilfields in
1984-544: The Nasdaq without changing its symbol. CA Technologies , which traded under the symbol CA before it was acquired in 2018, moved from the NYSE to the Nasdaq in April 2008 and kept its two-letter symbol. Unassigned letters: Unassigned letters: In countries where Arabic script is used, and in East Asia , transliterated Latin script versions of company names may be confusing to an unpracticed Western reader; stock symbols provide
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2048-509: The OxyChem plant in Ingleside, Texas , along with pipelines and storage at Markham, Texas . In May 2016, Vicki Hollub , who had worked at Occidental since 1981 and joined the board in 2015, became the chief executive officer of the company, the first female to serve as chief executive officer of a major U.S. oil and gas company. In January 2018, Occidental was found to be partially responsible for
2112-516: The Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster. In 1990, Armand Hammer died and Ray R. Irani became chairman and chief executive officer of the company. In 1991, Occidental sold its stake in IBP, Inc. In 1993, the company sold its remaining coal operations. In 2006, the government of Ecuador seized the company's interest in block 15 of
2176-490: The Soviet Union exporting from Odessa and Ventspils through Hammer's firms natural gas that would be converted into ammonia , potash , and urea . The total value of this trade was estimated at $ 20 billion. The construction of Soviet port facilities, designed by Hammer's firms, was partially financed by the Export-Import Bank as endorsed by Nixon . In August 1973, Libya nationalized 51% of Occidental's assets in
2240-561: The U.S. government in early 2011 following the Gaddafi regime's attacks on Libyan civilians. In 2016, the company ceased operations in Libya. In 2017, the company was ranked 55th on the Carbon Majors Report, a list of the Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015. The company has stated that its use of enhanced oil recovery for a portion of its production
2304-604: The area. Three employees of AirScan were flying the Skymaster plane from which they provided the Colombian military with the coordinates to drop the bombs. The operation had been planned by the CAF and AirScan at Occidental's complex in Caño Limón. In April 2003, Luis Alberto Galvis Mujica, a witness and survivor of the accident, sued Occidental. The courts ruled that Occidental was not liable for
2368-411: The company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". Symbols are sometimes reused. In the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since March of 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously been used by Vivendi which had delisted and given up the symbol. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and
2432-538: The company abandoned the project. Repsol took over the project. On December 13, 1998, 17 civilians, including 7 children, were killed when the Colombian Air Force (CAF) dropped a cluster bomb in the hamlet of Santo Domingo, Colombia, after AirScan , Occidental's security contractor, misidentified it as a hostile guerrilla target. Groups such as FARC and the National Liberation Army were active in
2496-629: The company ceased exploration activities and production operations in Libya due to the growing civil unrest in the country and U.S. sanctions. In June 2011, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and United Kingdom prosecutors requested information from the company, ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips related to the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), an investment firm controlled by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , to determine if there were any violations of international bribery laws. The Libyan Investment Authority's investments were frozen by
2560-453: The company changed its name to match its symbol, adopting the name Yum! Brands . Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Before the 1999 merger with Mobil , Exxon used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". After Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq , the new firm took on the ticker symbol "HPQ". (The former symbols were HWP and CPQ.) AT&T 's ticker symbol
2624-756: The company discovered the Lathrop Gas Field in Lathrop, California . In 1965, Occidental won exploration rights in Libya , where it operated until 1986 when United States economic sanctions led to the suspension of activities. The company diversified in 1968 by entering the chemical business with the acquisition of Hooker Chemical Company , following the Love Canal contamination incident. In 1971, Occidental received approval to build an oil refinery in Canvey Island in Essex, England , but construction ceased in 1975 due to
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2688-786: The company grew from a collection of unrelated businesses to one that focuses on oil and gas and the market capitalization of the company went from $ 5.5 billion to $ 80 billion. In December 2010, Occidental acquired shale oil properties in the Williston Basin in North Dakota for $ 1.4 billion. These assets, as well as other assets acquired by Oxy in the Williston Basin, were sold in 2015 for $ 600 million. The company also sold its proven and probable reserves of 393 million barrels of oil equivalent (2.40 × 10 GJ) in Argentina to Sinopec ,
2752-417: The company include caustic potash , chlorinated organics , sodium silicates, chlorinated cyanuric acid (isocyanurate), and calcium chloride . OxyChem has manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, and Chile. In a joint venture with Church & Dwight , OxyChem owns Armand Products Company, which sells potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate . In June 2024, Occidental Petroleum signed
2816-772: The company sold its 50% interest in BridgeTex Pipeline Company, owner of a 300,000 barrel-per-day crude oil pipeline system that extends from Colorado City, Texas to Texas City, Texas , for $ 1.075 billion. In December 2014, Occidental distributed 80.5% of its shares in California Resources Corporation , the largest producer of oil and natural gas on a gross-operated barrels of oil equivalent basis in California, to Occidental shareholders and distributed its remaining stake to shareholders in March 2016. In June 2017,
2880-506: The company sold land in the Permian Basin for $ 600 million and used the proceeds to acquire other assets in the area. In October 2015, Occidental completed the first phase of a $ 500 million carbon dioxide flooding project in Hobbs, New Mexico . In March 2017, the company and its 50/50 joint venture partner Mexichem began operations of a 1.2-billion-pound per year capacity ethylene cracker at
2944-559: The company's appeal. In March 2015, the company made a settlement for an undisclosed amount, with the funds to be used for health, education, and nutrition projects in five Achuar communities in the Corrientes River basin. In 2019, Occidental Petroleum acquired Anadarko Petroleum , inheriting a significant legacy of environmental infractions including the largest environmental contamination settlement in American history, involvement with
3008-663: The company's proved reserves in 2020. The company is the largest independent oil producer in Oman. In Qatar, the company is the second-largest oil producer offshore and is a partial owner in the Dolphin Gas Project , which delivers gas to Oman and the United Arab Emirates. In Colombia, Anadarko Colombia, a subsidiary of Oxy, and Ecopetrol entered into a joint exploration agreement in May 2022 for offshore exploration in deep waters of
3072-420: The country. In February 1974, the company announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya. 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was to go to the Libyan government, with 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum. In 1986, the company suspended operation in the country due to economic sanctions imposed by the United States. In 2005, Occidental and its partner, Liwa, won 8 out of 15 exploration spots on
3136-487: The exchange or country of listing needs to be known. On many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker. Although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks, and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes. The most prevalent of these
3200-717: The first well by 2024. In 1981, Occidental acquired IBP, Inc. , one of largest producers of beef and pork products in the United States. In 1988, the company acquired Cain Chemical for $ 2 billion. In 2005, the company acquired Vintage Petroleum for $ 3.8 billion. In 2008, it acquired a 10% stake in Plains All American Pipeline . The company also acquired assets from Plains Exploration & Production for $ 1.3 billion. In October 2009, Occidental acquired Citigroup 's controversial Phibro energy-trading business, for its net asset value of approximately $ 250 million. The unit
3264-425: The incident. On May 10, 2007, a group of 25 Achuar Peruvians , a group of Indigenous peoples , filed suit against the company, demanding environmental remediation and reparations for environmental degradation allegedly caused by the company between 1971 and 2000, when it drilled in Block 1-AB in Peru. The plaintiffs claimed that the company violated technical standards and environmental law when it dumped
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#17328589241313328-452: The land, and threatened to use eminent domain . The school board intended to build a school on an unused area of the dump. A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built on land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the 4-foot (1.2 m) clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in
3392-428: The law firm Schonbrun DeSimone Seplow Harris & Hoffman LLP. On March 3, 2010, EarthRights International argued to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that the case should be litigated in Los Angeles, where the company was headquartered. The court agreed with a trial in the United States, overturning the decision of the lower courts, and, in 2013, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear
3456-477: The oil and gas. The company also produced 293 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (1,790,000 GJ) per day in the Denver Basin . The company's oil and gas operations in the Middle East are in Oman , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates and are via production sharing agreements . The region produced 251 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (1,540,000 GJ) per day, representing approximately 19% of 2020 total production. The region also held 28% of
3520-557: The outstanding equity of the direct air capture technology company, Carbon Engineering for $ 1.1 billion. In December, the company acquired a Permian producer, CrownRock, for $ 12 billion. The acquisition was completed in August 2024. The company's oil and gas operations are concentrated in two geographic areas: the United States and the Middle East, with some ventures in South America. As of December 31, 2020, Occidental had 2.911 billion barrels of oil equivalent (1.781 × 10 GJ) of oil equivalent net proved reserves, of which 51%
3584-468: The region, including high rates of cancer and birth defects . This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and the company paid $ 129 million in restitution. On Saturday, October 11, 2008, oleum was accidentally spilled at a facility in Petrolia, Pennsylvania which belonged to Indspec, an affiliate of Occidental Chemical Corporation. Oleum
3648-683: The sixth character. In Canada the Toronto Stock Exchange TSX and the TSXV use the following special codes after the ticker symbol: In the United Kingdom , prior to 1996, stock codes were known as EPICs, named after the London Stock Exchange 's Exchange Price Information Computer (e.g.: "MKS" for Marks and Spencer ). Following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics (TIDM), but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL (Stock Exchange Daily Official List) number or their ISIN ( International Securities Identification Number ). In
3712-410: The territory of the U'wa people , in northeast Colombia . The locals resisted, concerned about environmental degradation and fears that development would bring strangers and be a target for guerrilla warfare . There also were tribal beliefs that oil is the "blood of the earth" and should not be removed. In 2002, after years of shareholder resolutions , legal battles, protests, and a failed test well,
3776-410: Was announced that Irani received $ 460 million in compensation in 2006. In May 2011, Irani retired as CEO after CalSTRS and Relational Investors, two major shareholders, objected to the company's compensation policies for top executives. President Stephen I. Chazen was named CEO to replace Irani and in 2013, shareholders ousted Irani as chairman. Despite his outlandish compensation, during Irani's tenure,
3840-403: Was drilling at the gas field which was later abandoned. The explosion damaged 28 tea gardens in the area. It was estimated to have caused 90 to 140 billion BDT in damages. The government of Bangladesh claimed compensation from Occidental but it left the country handing over the well to Unocal which later sold the interests to Chevron . From 1992 to 2001, the company tried to drill for oil in
3904-411: Was later standardized by the securities industry and modified as the years passed. Stock symbols for preferred stock have not been standardized. Some companies use a well-known product as their ticker symbol. Belgian brewer AB InBev , the brewer of Budweiser beer, uses "BUD" (symbolizing its premier product in the United States) as its three-letter ticker for American Depository Receipts. Its rival,
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#17328589241313968-429: Was managed by Andrew J. Hall , who received compensation of approximately $ 100 million per year in 2007 and 2008. After the acquisition, the division reported its first losses since the 1990s. In 2016, Phibro was wound down and sold. In August 2019, Occidental acquired Anadarko Petroleum for $ 57 billion, making the deal the world's fourth biggest oil and gas acquisition to date. In August 2023, Occidental acquired all
4032-497: Was petroleum, 19% was natural gas liquids, and 30% was natural gas. In 2020, the company had production of 1,350 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (8,300,000 GJ) per day. In 2020, the company's United States operations produced 1,037 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (6,340,000 GJ) per day, representing 77% of the company's worldwide production, including 575 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (3,520,000 GJ) per day in Permian Basin , where Occidental
4096-525: Was used to identify shares of the Union Pacific Railroad Company . Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market. A stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape , and to make it easy to recognize by traders and investors. The allocation of symbols and formatting conventions
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