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21-620: (Redirected from OR-1 ) OR1 or OR-1 may refer to: OR-1: a collection of hominid teeth and cranium fragments discovered at the Obi-Rakhmat Grotto in Uzbekistan NATO rank OR-1 Oregon's 1st congressional district Oregon Route 1, a part of the Pacific Highway (U.S.) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

42-402: A photomultiplier tube. The signal from the tube is then used to calculate the dose that the material had absorbed. The OSL dosimeter provides a new degree of sensitivity by giving an accurate reading as low as 1 mrem for x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies ranging from 5 keV to greater than 40 MeV. The OSL dosimeter's maximum equivalent dose measurement for x-ray and gamma ray photons

63-519: A relatively Neanderthal-like dentition coupled with more ambiguous cranial anatomy (e.g., its parietal size and aspects of the external surface of its temporal ) that does not conform to existing descriptions of sub-adult Neanderthals. It represents an individual of roughly 9 to 12 years of age at death, estimated from the examination of relative root development and degree of dental wear. The sub-adult bone yielded non-calibrated dates ranging from 29,990 ± 500 years BP to 37,800 ± 450 years BP. To date,

84-539: Is 1000 rem. For beta particles with energies from 150 keV to in excess of 10 MeV, dose measurement ranges from 10 mrem to 1000 rem. Neutron radiation with energies of 40 keV to greater than 35 MeV has a dose measurement range from 20 mrem to 25 rem. In diagnostic imaging, the increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers. To carry out OSL dating, mineral grains have to be extracted from

105-483: Is 9 m (30 ft) long, 20 m (66 ft) wide at the entrance and 11.8 m (38.71 ft) high and sitting at an elevation of 1,250 m (4,100 ft), The sequence of deposits has a depth of about 10 m (33 ft) and divides into 22 stratigraphic units, based on texture and archaeological content. The rich assemblages of lithic artifacts suggest prolonged Neanderthal occupation. Obi-Rakhmat's tool industry differs in only minor ways from

126-428: Is a method for measuring doses from ionizing radiation . It is used in at least two applications: The method makes use of electrons trapped between the valence and conduction bands in the crystalline structure of certain minerals (most commonly quartz and feldspar ). The trapping sites are imperfections of the lattice — impurities or defects . The ionizing radiation produces electron-hole pairs: Electrons are in

147-489: Is primarily found in the Neanderthal morphology. Studies of the pieces of cranium found are more ambiguous and harder to link to Neanderthals. The Parietal bone has a stronger likeness to anatomically modern humans, while other bones of the skull can be linked to Neanderthal craniums. Most researchers believe that this particular fossil is a Neanderthal because of the analysis of its dentition. The Obi-Rakhmat fossil expresses

168-494: Is reason to assume that the Obi-Rakhmat lithic artefacts represent a transitional Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic industry. Stratum 19 seems to represent a series of exceptionally intensive occupational episodes because of the high density of finds and the presence of charcoal, burnt bones and artefacts. ( Uranium-thorium datings of travertine sediments range between 70,000–100,000 years BP . These results are less secure due to

189-509: The conduction band and holes in the valence band . The electrons that have been excited to the conduction band may become entrapped in the electron or hole traps. Under the stimulation of light, the electrons may free themselves from the trap and get into the conduction band. From the conduction band, they may recombine with holes trapped in hole traps. If the centre with the hole is a luminescence center (radiative recombination centre), emission of light will occur. The photons are detected using

210-689: The Teshik Tash mtDNA sequence seems to be more closely related to the mtDNA sequence from Scladina in western Europe than to the sequence from Okladnikov Cave . The absence of deep mtDNA divergence shows that Central Asian, Caucasian and European Neanderthals were not separated for a long time, supporting the view that Central Asia (most of the Russian plains) was relatively recently colonized by Neanderthals, maybe not before an exceptionally warm episode 125,000 years ago. Optically stimulated luminescence In physics , optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

231-470: The best chronological estimate for the hominid remains from Obi-Rakhmat is ca. 60,000 to 90,000 years BP and 70,000 years BP. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from the Obi-Rakhmat sub-adult ( OR-1 ) and Teshik Tash child fall within the European Neanderthal mtDNA variation, showing that both individuals belonged to a population related to European and western Asian Neanderthals. However,

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252-614: The classic and elongated Levallois points of Kara-Bom . Obi-Rakhmat's finds share features of both the late Middle Paleolithic and the early Upper Paleolithic artifacts of Southwest Asia and the Altai Mountains . It appears that the Upper Paleolithic in the Altai emerged from a local Middle Paleolithic culture established in the area around 100,000 to 50,000 years ago. Based on material of the most recent excavations from 2007 to 2009 there

273-513: The high uranium content and the presence of detritus, which contaminates dated sediments. ESR analysis of tooth enamel for eight Bovidae give an age estimation of ca. 57,000 to 73,000 years BP (strata 12–14) and ca. 87,000 years BP (basal stratum 21.1). The preliminary results of OSL dating on sediments from several profile locations gave uniform ages for all cultural successions: stratum 5.1 (56,000 ± 3200 years), stratum 8.1 (60,100 ± 3000 years), and stratum 21.2 (61,400 ± 3600 years): Parts of

294-403: The identified fossils. Other faunal remains include sheep ( Ovis sp.), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) and marmot ( Marmota sp .). Carnivore remains are rare. Evidence of human modification of the bones including cut marks, conchoidal impact , scars and burning, is consistently present. The lithic artefacts and faunal remains recovered at Obi-Rakhmat suggest that the site

315-528: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OR1&oldid=977390634 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Obi-Rakhmat Grotto The Obi-Rakhmat Grotto

336-431: The sample. Most commonly these are so-called coarse grains of 100-200 μm or fine grains of 4-11 μm. Occasionally other grain sizes are used. The difference between radiocarbon dating and OSL is that the former is used to date organic materials, while the latter is used to date minerals. Events that can be dated using OSL are, for example, the mineral's last exposure to sunlight; Mungo Man , Australia's oldest human find,

357-550: The sequence is beyond the limit of sensitivity of the C dating method. However layer 9, dated to 42,100 years BP is well within the limit. Possibly, the age of layer 14.1 (48,800 years BP) may be a minimal estimate, but more study is necessary to precisely determine the age. The true age of layer 14 at Obi-Rakhmat site is still open to discussion. The faunal assemblage is dominated by the Siberian mountain goat ( Capra sibirica ) and red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), which constitute 90% of

378-418: The teeth found had complete crowns with developed roots. The varying size of the roots in each tooth make it difficult to determine if they are damaged, or the length they are because of development. It was determined that all of the pieces belonged to a 9-12-year-old juvenile. The sex of this particular fossil remains unknown. The teeth found have Neanderthal features, as some of them show Taurodontism , which

399-522: Was dated in this manner. It is also used for dating the deposition of geological sediments after they have been transported by air ( aeolian sediments) or rivers ( fluvial sediments). In archaeology, OSL dating is applied to ceramics: The dated event is the time of their last heating to a high temperature (in excess of 400 °C). Recent OSL dating of stone tools in Arabia pushed the "out-of-Africa" date hypothesis of human migration back 50,000 years and added

420-486: Was discovered in 1962 by a team from the Institute of History and Archaeology of Uzbekistan, headed by A. R. Mukhamedzhanov. Initial excavations were carried out under the supervision of M. M. Gerasimov and H. K. Nasretdinov and from 1964 to 1965 by R. H. Suleimanov. An international multidisciplinary team resumed excavations in 1998 under the direction of Anatoly Derevyanko , Andrei Krivoshapkin and Patrick Wrinn. The cave

441-458: Was repeatedly used by hominins as a short-term hunting and butchery station. In 2003, hominin remains were recovered from stratum 16. They consist of 6 isolated permanent upper teeth and 121 cranial fragments from a single juvenile. Six isolated permanent teeth were found. They consisted of an upper lateral incisor, upper third premolar, upper fourth premolar, upper first molar, and an upper second molar, as well as 121 cranial fragments. All of

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