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92-505: On-Line Electric Vehicle or OLEV is an electric vehicle system developed by KAIST , the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, which charges electric vehicles wirelessly while moving using inductive charging . Segments composed of coils buried in the road transfer energy to a receiver or pickup that is mounted on the underside of the electric vehicle, which powers the vehicle and charges its battery. KAIST launched

184-468: A treaty normalizing relations with Japan , which included payment of reparations and the making of soft-loans from Japan, and led to increased trade and investment between South Korea and Japan. In July 1966 South Korea and the United States signed a Status of Forces Agreement establishing a more equal relationship between the two countries. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of

276-520: A Captain Kanno Hiroshi had previously partaken in the failed February 26 incident coup in Japan, and taught an analysis of the coup that Park possibly heeded. Lee evaluated this account as convincing, and theorized that, years later, Park applied the lessons to his own coup. In March 1942, Park graduated among the top five students of the academy. After graduation, he took a three-month apprenticeship in

368-426: A KAIST professor was found guilty by an appellate court of leaking autonomous vehicle technologies to China between 2017 and 2020, leading to a two year prison sentence. Despite a lower court having sentenced the professor to two years in prison with a three-year suspended sentence in 2021, KAIST did not take any disciplinary action, instead offering only a public apology and a promise to improve its transparency KAIST

460-609: A blood oath ( 혈서 ; 血書 ; hyŏlsŏ ) in order to demonstrate his fealty to Japan and draw publicity for his cause. Park did so. On March 31, 1939, the Manchukuo newspaper Manshū Shimbun ran an article called "Blood Oath: Desire to be an Army Officer: Young Teacher from the Peninsula". On the 29th, admissions officers of the Military Government command were deeply moved by a piece of registered mail from Park Chung Hee,

552-420: A campaign to "clean up" the streets by arresting and putting the homeless to work in "welfare centers". The American historian Carter Eckert wrote that the historiography, including his work, around Park has tended to ignore the "enormous elephant in the room" namely that the way in which Park sought kündaehwa ( modernization ) of South Korea was influenced by his distinctively militaristic way of understanding

644-548: A marriage to a different woman: Kim Ho-nam  [ ko ] . The two married in 1935 while Park was still in love with Yi. While the marriage produced a daughter, Park Jae-ok , Kim was reportedly appalled at the family's poverty, and the couple avoided each other as much as possible. After their marriage, Park had a year left to go at school, so he left her at the Park household and returned. On March 20, 1937, Park graduated from Taegu, ranked 69 out of 70 in his class. As part of

736-560: A member of the Workers' Party of South Korea , the allegations concerning his involvement in a military cell were never substantiated. Nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. While working in the Army as an unpaid civilian assistant, he came across the 8th class of the Korea Military Academy (graduated in 1950), among whom was Kim Jong-pil , and this particular class would later serve as

828-582: A number of them. On Sundays, Park attended a seodang (traditional school), where he received an education in the Confucian classics . Also around this time, he attended the Presbyterian Sangmo Church in Gumi. His family teased him for this, as they did not attend church, though he stopped at the end of elementary school. Decades later, he donated money to repair the church after it was damaged during

920-624: A professor at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn . The institute's two main functions were to train advanced scientists and engineers and develop a structure of graduate education in the country. Research studies had begun by 1973 and undergraduates studied for bachelor's degrees by 1984. In 1981 the government merged the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) to form

1012-674: A series of economic reforms that eventually led to rapid and unprecedented economic growth and industrialization, a phenomenon that is now known as the Miracle on the Han River . This made South Korea one of the fastest growing economies of the 1960s and 1970s, albeit with costs to labor rights . This era also saw the formation of chaebols : family companies supported by the state similar to the Japanese zaibatsu . Examples of significant chaebols include Hyundai , LG , and Samsung . Although popular during

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1104-555: A shuttle service using the technology in 2009. The first public bus line that uses OLEV was launched on March 9, 2010; another bus line was launched in Sejong in 2015; two more bus lines were added in Gumi in 2016; all four wireless charging bus lines were shut down due to aging infrastructure. A new bus line was inaugurated in 2019 in Yuseong District . Commercialization of the technology has not been successful, leading to controversy over

1196-498: A teacher at Western Mungyeong Public School in North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Included in the mail was a passionate letter that expressed Park's desire to be an army officer, as well as an oath written in blood that read "Service Until Death" ( 一死以テ御奉公 ) ... Becoming an officer, however, is limited to those already in the army; being 23 years old, he exceeded the age limit of 19. Therefore and regretfully, his application

1288-620: A thicker variation of the W-shaped cores as a way to make up for the lesser area for the magnetic flux to flow through compared to gen 2. KAIST In 2007, KAIST partnered with international institutions and adopted dual degree programs for its students. Its partner institutions include the Technical University of Denmark , Carnegie Mellon University , the Georgia Institute of Technology , Technische Universität Berlin , and

1380-520: Is a festival held by KAIST for three days every spring semester. The festival preparation committee under the undergraduate student council will be in charge of planning and execution, various food booths and experience booths will be opened, and stage events such as club performances and a song festival will be held. Also called the Cherry Blossom Festival, students eat strawberries on the lawn. [1] Seven KAIST Institutes (KIs) have been set up:

1472-405: Is based on overall grades, grades on math and science courses, recommendation letters from teachers, study plan, personal statements, and other data, and does not rely on a standardized test conducted by the university. In 2014, the acceptance rate for local students was 14.9%, and for international students at 13.2%. Full scholarships are given to all students including international students in

1564-584: Is located ca. 4 km (2.5 mi) away from the main campus. It has two dormitories, one for undergraduate students and the other for graduate students. The Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research is located here doing particle and nuclear physics related to dark matter and the Rare Isotope Science Project has the Superconducting Radio Frequency test facility. The KAIST main library

1656-581: The Daedeok Science Town in the city of Daejeon , 150 kilometers south of the capital Seoul . Daedeok is also home to some 50 public and private research institutes, universities such as CNU and high-tech venture capital companies. Most lectures, research activities, and housing services are located in the Daejeon main campus. It has a total of 29 dormitories. Twenty-three dormitories for male students and four dormitories for female students are located on

1748-608: The Imperial Japanese Army , there was the belief that bushido would give Japanese soldiers enough "spirit" as to make them invincible in battle, as the Japanese regarded war as simply a matter of willpower with the side with the stronger will always prevailing. Reflecting his background as a man trained by Japanese officers, one of Park's favorite sayings was "we can do anything if we try" as Park argued that all problems could be overcome by sheer willpower. Eckert wrote when interviewing Park's closest friends, he always received

1840-722: The Kennedy administration . In 1963, he was elected president in his own right as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party . He appointed Park Myung-keun , the Vice Leader of the party as the chief of the President's Office. He narrowly defeated former President Yun, the candidate of the Civil Rule Party, by just over 156,000 votes—a margin of 1.5 percent. Park would be re-elected president in 1967 , defeating Yun with somewhat less difficulty. In June 1965 Park signed

1932-527: The Korean Central Intelligence Agency in order to prevent counter-coups and suppress potential enemies, both foreign and domestic. Along with being given investigative powers, the KCIA was also given the authority to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or having anti-government sentiments. Under its first director, retired Brigadier General Kim Jong-pil , a relative of Park and one of

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2024-671: The Korean Chinese historian Ryu Yŏnsan ( 류연산 ) in 2003, posits that Park may have joined the Gando Special Force as another show of fealty. The unit was meant to suppress Korean independence activism in the Jiandao region ("Gando" in Korean, "Kantō" in Japanese) of Northeast China. However, this theory is rejected by biographers Cho Gab-je and Chong-Sik Lee, who argue that the testimony that

2116-490: The Korean War . People who knew Park as a child described him as competitive and persistent. His classmates later recalled that even after he lost in competitions of strength, such as arm wrestling or ssireum (Korean wrestling), he would taunt his opponents and demand rematches until he won. Park's friends remembered him as a voracious reader of history, who frequently talked excitedly about his historical heroes. When he

2208-478: The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV), a technique of powering vehicles through cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging (a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself). In July 2009 the researchers successfully supplied up to 60% power to a bus over a gap of 12 cm (4.7 in) from a power line embedded in

2300-775: The South Korean army . His coup brought an end to the interim Second Republic of Korea . After serving for two years as chairman of the military junta , he was elected president in 1963 , ushering in the Third Republic . A firm anti-communist , he continued to maintain close ties with the United States , which had maintained a large Army garrison in the country since the end of the Korean War . He supported American military involvement in Southeast Asia , and sent South Korean troops to Vietnam soon after seizing power. Park began

2392-495: The Technical University of Munich . The institute was founded in 1971 as the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) by a loan of US$ 6 million (US$ 38 million 2019) from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and supported by President Park Chung-Hee . The institute's academic scheme was mainly designed by Frederick E. Terman , then vice president of Stanford University , and Dr. KunMo Chung,

2484-653: The constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea . The newly established South Korean government , under the leadership of Syngman Rhee , arrested Park in November 1948 on charges that he led a Communist cell in the Korean constabulary. Park was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While Park had been

2576-577: The 1960s, Park's popularity started to plateau by the 1970s, with closer than expected victories during the 1971 presidential election and the subsequent legislative elections . In 1972, Park declared martial law after carrying out a self-coup . He then introduced the highly authoritarian Yushin Constitution , ushering in the Fourth Republic . Now ruling as a dictator , he constantly repressed political opposition and dissent and completely controlled

2668-706: The 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. Park was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul . In 1960, Park became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army and

2760-631: The Asia-Pacific region. KAIST was ranked 61-70th worldwide in the THE World Reputation Rankings 2022. In the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) for Engineering & IT, the university was placed 21st in the world and 1st in Korea. In 2009, KAIST's department of industrial design has also been listed in

2852-515: The II and III Artillery Corps during the war. By the time the war ended in 1953, Park had risen to become a brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement , Park was selected for six months' training at Fort Sill in the United States . After returning to Korea, Park rose rapidly in the military hierarchy. He was the head of the Army's Artillery School and commanded

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2944-747: The KI for the BioCentury, the KI for Information Technology Convergence, the KI for the Design of Complex Systems, the KI for Entertainment Engineering, the KI for the NanoCentury, the KI for Eco-Energy, and the KI for Urban Space and Systems. Each KI is operated as an independent research center at the level of a college, receiving support in terms of finance and facilities. In terms of ownership of intellectual property rights, KAIST holds 2,694 domestic patents and 723 international patents so far. Researchers at KAIST have developed

3036-556: The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, or KAIST, under the leadership of physics professor Choochon Lee. Due to differing research philosophies, KIST and KAIST split in 1989. In the same year KAIST and the Korea Institute of Technology (KIT) combined and moved from Seoul to the Daedeok Science Town in Daejeon . The first act of President Suh upon his inauguration in July 2006

3128-641: The Kwantung Army's 30th Infantry Regiment in Harbin as a liaison. His talents as an officer were swiftly recognized and he was one of the few Koreans allowed to attend the Imperial Japanese Army Academy near Tokyo. He was subsequently posted to a Japanese Army regiment in Manchuria and served there until Japan's surrender at the end of World War II. After graduating fifth in the class of 1944, Park

3220-485: The Military Revolutionary Committee. When he found out that he was going to be retired within the next few months, he sped up the committee's plans. It led a military coup on May 16, 1961, which was nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after his defection on the day it started. On May 18, Chang Myon announced his resignation along with his cabinet. Yun accepted the coup and persuaded

3312-482: The United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various ROK army units not to interfere with the new government. Initially, a new administration was formed from among those military officers who supported Park. The reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction was nominally led by General Chang. Following Chang's arrest in July 1961, Park took overall control of the council. The coup

3404-704: The United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from North Korea seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. Throughout the 1960s, Park made speeches in which he blamed

3496-553: The academy fondly. At a state dinner in Tokyo in November 1961, Park made a point to find and thank General Nagumo Shinichirō ( 南雲慎一郎 ), the former commandant of the academy, for his time there. Nagumo revealed that Park had been sending him gifts of ginseng . At the time, Manchukuo was seen as a haven for Japanese political extremists of both the left and right, and the academy similarly had instructors who were then and later associated with significant controversy. According to one account,

3588-608: The bachelor, master and doctorate courses. Doctoral students are given military-exemption benefits from South Korea's compulsory military service . Up to 80% of courses taught in KAIST are conducted in English. Undergraduate students can join the school through an “open major system” that allows students to take classes for three terms and then choose a discipline that suits their aptitude, and undergraduates are allowed to change their major anytime. KAIST has also produced many doctorates through

3680-636: The backbone of the May 16 coup . Right after the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup , Park returned to active service as a major in the South Korean Army . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951. As a colonel, Park was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery and commanded

3772-460: The competent admiral was treated poorly by these groups during his lifetime. Lee speculated that this later influenced Park's authoritarian leadership style. In 1932, Park was admitted to Taegu Normal School  [ ko ] , a secondary school that trained elementary school teachers. Admissions were highly competitive, as it was the third such school in Korea, tuition was free, and teaching positions were historically seen as prestigious. Park

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3864-636: The conditions of his schooling, he was required to teach for at least two years, and was placed in the Mungyeong Public Normal School  [ ko ] . The school was in Mungyeong , then an isolated coal mining town. He finally began receiving a comfortable salary, which he sent part of to his family. But just as he had once done, his students walked to the school daily often from far away and struggled to afford meals. He offered assistance to several of them in order to have them keep coming to

3956-402: The continued public funding of the technology in 2019. The technology was selected as one of Time 's 50 best inventions of 2010. KAIST and Electreon have been working on a standard for dynamic wireless charging in 2021 and 2022. The On-Line Electric Vehicle system is split into two main parts: buried segments of inductive power transmitters in the road, and inductive receiver modules on

4048-485: The country (especially after 1971) and for prioritizing economic growth and social order at the expense of civil liberties and human rights . A Gallup Korea poll in October 2021 showed Park, Kim Dae-jung (an old opponent of Park whom he tried to have executed), and Roh Moo-hyun as the most highly rated presidents of South Korean history in terms of leaving a positive legacy, especially among South Korean conservatives and

4140-516: The deputy commander of the Second Army. As such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. On April 26, 1960, Syngman Rhee , the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea , was forced out of office and into exile following the April Revolution , a student-led uprising. Yun Po-sun was elected as president later that year on July 29, although the real power

4232-460: The elderly. Park's daughter Park Geun-hye later served as the 11th president of South Korea from 2013 until she was impeached and convicted of various corruption charges in 2017. Park was born around 11 am on November 14, 1917, in Sangmo-dong  [ ko ] , Gumi , Korea, Empire of Japan to father Pak Sŏngbin  [ ko ] and mother Paek Namŭi  [ ko ] . He

4324-482: The entire school participated in enshū ( 演習 ) —military training programs. According to Lee, Park enjoyed and excelled in these aspects of the school. He took up kendo and became a trumpeter. His enthusiasm caught the eye of Lt. Col. Arikawa Keiichi ( 有川圭一 , 1891–1945) of the Kwantung Army , who ran the military training programs and became fond of Park. Park became interested in quitting teaching and joining

4416-529: The family. According to Lee, Park's family was about to go through their worst economic struggles yet. Around this time, Asia was experiencing the effects of the Great Depression and Japanese colonial policies mandated that Koreans send to Japan a significant portion of their agricultural output for what was seen as inadequate compensation. Park's schooling at Taegu was militaristic, especially as Japanese military officers were involved in running it. In fall,

4508-408: The ground using power supply and pick up technology developed in-house. In 2011, a punitive tuition system was introduced to KAIST, which charged students for tuition only if their grade-point average dropped below 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. This change, along with a new system mandating English-only classes, led to 11 members of KAIST committing suicide from 2011 to 2016. The university has since reversed

4600-652: The integrated master's and doctoral program and early-completion system. Students must publish papers in internationally renowned academic journals for graduation. KAIST produced 69,388 alumni from 1975 to 2021, with 19,457 bachelor's, 35,513 master's, and 14,418 doctorate degree holders. As of Spring 2021, 10,793 students were enrolled in KAIST with 3,605 bachelor's, 3,069 master's, 1,354 joint M.S.-Ph.D.'s, and 2,765 doctoral students. More than 70 percent of KAIST undergraduates come from specialized science high schools . 817 international students from 81 countries are studying at KAIST (as of spring semester 2021), making it one of

4692-534: The military. But to his contemporaries, his chances seemed slim; entrance into the Japanese Military Academy was highly competitive for Koreans, and Park's grades were plummeting. In 1935, he was ranked last among the 73 students in his class and missed more days of school each year. Park's teachers attributed this to his dire economic situation. Lee theorizes that the absences were caused by his parents' inability to gather enough money for his expenses at

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4784-540: The military. He also had much control over the media and expressions of art . In 1979, Park was assassinated by his close friend Kim Jae-gyu , director of the KCIA , following the Busan–Masan Uprising . Whether the assassination was spontaneous or premeditated remains unclear to this day. Economic growth continued in spite of the 1979 coup d'état and considerable political turmoil in the wake of his assassination . He

4876-403: The most ethnically diverse universities in the country. KAIST is organized into 6 colleges, 2 schools and 33 departments/divisions. KAIST also has three affiliated institutes including the Korea Institute of Advanced Study (KIAS), National NanoFab Center (NNFC), and Korea Science Academy (KSA). KAIST has two campuses in Daejeon and one campus in Seoul. The university is mainly located in

4968-506: The non-Japanese students. He was fluent in Japanese, comparatively well-educated, and already accustomed to military drills and regimented dormitory life from his time at Taegu Normal School. He adopted and went by the Japanese name Takagi Masao ( 高木正雄 ) . Park was made to assist other students. Several of his Chinese and Korean classmates later described him as arrogant, and recalled that other students picked fights with him. In spite of this, according to Lee, Park remembered his time at

5060-457: The original planners of the coup, the KCIA would extend its power to economic and foreign affairs. President Yun remained in office, giving the military regime legitimacy. After Yun resigned on March 24, 1962, Lt. General Park, who remained chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, consolidated his power by becoming acting president; he was also promoted to full general. Park agreed to restore civilian rule following pressure from

5152-473: The outskirts of the campus, and two apartments for married students are located outside the campus. The Seoul campus is the home of the Business Faculty of the university. The graduate schools of finance, management and information & media management are located there. The total area of the Seoul campus is 413,346 m (4,449,220 sq ft). The Munji campus, the former campus of Information and Communications University until its merger with KAIST,

5244-414: The punitive tuition system. In February 2018, the Korea Times published an article which stated that KAIST was starting an AI weapons research project together with the Korean arms manufacturer Hanwha. The allegations were of developing lethal autonomous weapons with Hanwha. This has led to researchers from 30 countries boycotting KAIST, which has denied existence of the program. In February 2024,

5336-404: The road so that only about 5% to 15% of the road needs to be dug up and resurfaced for installation. To power the primary coils, cables are attached to the power grid through a power inverter . The inverter accepts 60 Hz 3-phase 380 or 440 voltage from the grid to generate 20 k Hz of AC electricity into the cables. The cables create a 20 kHz magnetic field that sends flux through

5428-412: The salary and benefits, is a subject of academic debate. However, the Japanese military was wary of accepting Koreans due to concerns over their loyalty, and thus only accepted a fraction of the applicants each year. If a Korean could demonstrate unshakable patriotism, they were considered to have a better chance of being accepted. In 1938, Park applied to join the Manchukuo Army Military Academy, which

5520-411: The same answer when he asked them what was the important influence on Park, namely his officer training by the Japanese in Manchukuo. All of Park's friends told Eckert that to understand him, one needed to understand his Ilbonsik sagwan kyoyuk (Japanese officer training) as they all maintained Park's values were those of an Imperial Japanese Army officer. On June 19, 1961, the military council created

5612-531: The school in time, which caused him to miss the first several weeks of each term. In addition, Park's older brother Sang Hee lost his job (and two children to disease) in 1935, making him unable to assist the rest of the family. By contrast, many of Park's classmates came from financially comfortable families. Several of them recalled that Park felt humiliated by his situation. When they pooled their money to buy snacks, Park would excuse himself and sulk alone. One classmate recalled finding Park in tears one evening. He

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5704-423: The school. While Park was remembered by his students as a caring and enthusiastic teacher, Lee speculates that, in such a small town, Park was lonely and understimulated. He and his roommate reportedly drank large amounts of makgeolli —Korean rice wine—to pass the time. Shortly after Park began teaching, Japan launched the Second Sino-Japanese War , and began making significant victories in quick succession. Park

5796-446: The secondary coil were changed a flat board shape. This design allows the vertical misalignment to be about 20 cm with a 50% power efficiency. However, the U-shaped cores also require return cables, which bumps up the cost of production. The third-generation OLEV uses ultra-slim W-shaped ferrite cores in the primary coil to reduce the amount of ferrite used to 1/5 of gen 2 and to remove the need of return cables. The secondary coil uses

5888-408: The slim ferrite cores to the pick-ups on the OLEV. Attached beneath the vehicle are receivers or pick-up modules, known as secondary inductive coils. The flux from the transmitters, or primary coils, transfers energy to the receivers, or secondary coils, and each pick-up gains about 17 kW of power from the induced current. A regulator distributes the power to the engine and the battery, charging

5980-420: The theory is based on does not align with the chronology of widely accepted events in Park's life. The schooling environment at the Manchukuo Academy was tense, in part due to its significant ethnic, linguistic, and political diversity. Its student body was composed of around 10 Korean, 223 Chinese, and 107 Japanese people. According to Chong-sik Lee, Park excelled at the academy, especially in comparison to

6072-615: The top 30 Design Schools by Business Week. Times Higher Education ranked KAIST the 3rd best university in the world under the age of 50 years in its 2015 league table. KAIST graduates ranked 67th worldwide in the Times Higher Education's Global University Employability Ranking 2022, and 77th worldwide in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2022. Kanghyeon Kim, computer scientist 36°22′19″N 127°21′47″E  /  36.372°N 127.363°E  / 36.372; 127.363 Park Chung-Hee Park Chung Hee ( Korean :  박정희 ; November 14, 1917 – October 26, 1979)

6164-476: The underside of the vehicle. The use of charging while driving eliminates the need for charging stations, but its installation is costly, and current implementations are limited to 60 mph. The power transmitters in the road may be buried 30 cm underground and composed of ferrite cores (magnetic cores used in induction) with coils wrapped around them, arranged on both sides of a central column. The primary coils are placed in segments across certain spans of

6256-405: The vehicle wirelessly while driving. For the Generation 1 OLEV, if the primary and secondary coils are vertically misaligned by a distance over 3mm, the power efficiency drops greatly. In Generation 2 OLEV, the current in the primary coil was doubled to create a stronger magnetic field that allows for a larger air gap. The ferrite cores in the primary coils were changed to a U shape and the cores in

6348-411: The world, and the degree in which the Japanophile Park was influenced by Japanese militarism as he created what South Korean historians call a "developmental dictatorship". Eckert called South Korea under Park's leadership one of the most militarized states in the entire world, writing that Park sought to militarize South Korean society in a way that no other South Korean leader has ever attempted. In

6440-452: Was 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) away from his home. The long daily walk and his hunger took a toll on his body. Park wrote of this in his memoirs: [Class started at 8 a.m...] If I suspected I was late, I'd run the [6 km] to school... During the winter, food in my school lunch box would freeze. If I ate it anyway, my stomach would become upset, and I'd sometimes vomit. During these times, I'd sometimes go [without eating for days]... Park

6532-416: Was a South Korean politician and army officer who served as the third president of South Korea from 1962 until his assassination in 1979, after he seized power in the May 16 coup of 1961. He is regarded as one of the most consequential leaders in Korean history, although his legacy as a military dictator continues to cause controversy. Before his presidency, Park was the second-highest-ranking officer in

6624-413: Was accepted from among 1,070 applicants into a class of 10 Japanese and 90 Korean students; he was ranked 50th at time of admission. Despite the prestige and free tuition, his mother had hoped that he would not be accepted. The living expenses his education incurred (at a time when currency was scarce and bartering was the norm), as well as the loss of his help on the farm, created a significant burden for

6716-503: Was around 13, Park became an admirer of the French leader Napoleon . Around this time, he also came to idolize the famed Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin (who fought the Japanese during the Imjin War ). Park read a biography about the admiral by Yi Gwangsu which moved him deeply. According to Lee, a significant part of the biography is disparaging toward politicians and even Koreans in general, as

6808-405: Was around 43 at the time of Park's birth. Due to her advanced age and disastrous economic situation, she tried to abort the pregnancy on a number of occasions. When her son was eventually born, however, she was reportedly deeply affectionate toward him. Park had a number of health concerns in his youth. For much of his early life, he did not eat well and was often described as sickly. When he

6900-518: Was being sent home to collect money for his living expenses, despite knowing that his family would not have it. Lee speculates that Park became more pragmatic and calculating during this time, as they were traits that were needed for not only staying enrolled, but also to avoid starving. In 1934, Park began secretly dating Yi Chŏngok ( 이정옥 ), who was attending a girls school in the same city. Park's father wished to see Park married as soon as possible, and not knowing about his son's relationship, arranged

6992-487: Was commissioned as a lieutenant into the army of Manchukuo , a Japanese puppet-state , and served during the final stages of World War II as aide-de-camp to a regimental commander. Park returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy . He graduated in the second class of 1946 (one of his classmates was Kim Jae-gyu , his close friend and later assassin) and became an officer in

7084-481: Was consistently among the shortest students at each school he attended, and was often described as sickly in his school records. In sixth grade, he was 135.8 cm (4 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) tall and weighed 30 kg (66 lb). In spite of his physical challenges, he was a diligent student who got good grades. Park was made class leader for several years; his classmates later recalled that he could be overbearing in enforcing discipline, even slapping

7176-565: Was established in 1971 as KAIS library, and it went through a merge and separation process with KIST library. It merged with KIT in March 1990. A contemporary 5 story building was constructed as the main library, and it is being operated with an annex library. The library uses the American LC Classification Schedule. The library underwent expansion and remodeling, which finished in 2018, to include conference rooms, collaboration rooms, and media rooms. KAIST's Seokrim Taeulje

7268-429: Was given a small plot of land. According to later interviews, he did not work the land with his wife and instead drank alcohol and wandered around. Biographer of Park Chong-Sik Lee speculates that the elder Park did not wish to be seen working to avoid showing acceptance of his lost yangban status. Park's mother was seen by her contemporaries as diligent and focused. She managed both the household and farming. She

7360-468: Was held by Prime Minister Chang Myon . Problems arose immediately because neither man could command loyalty from any majority of the Democratic Party or reach agreement on the composition of the cabinet. Prime Minister Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months. Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that

7452-485: Was inspired by the success of the Japanese. He even wrote a stageplay that his students acted out, entitled [The Korean] Volunteer Soldiers Go to War ( 『지원병출정』 ). The play reflected contemporary events, as around February 1938, the colonial government had instituted the Special Volunteer Enlistment System. Thousands of Korean youths applied, although whether most applied willingly, or even just for

7544-401: Was largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Soon after the coup, Park was promoted to Lieutenant General . The South Korean historian Hwang Moon Kyung described Park's rule as very "militaristic", noting right from the start Park aimed to mobilize South Korean society along "militaristically disciplined lines". One of Park's very first acts upon coming to power was

7636-429: Was otherwise fairly happy. According to Cho, Park had many close friends, his parents got along well, and his family was affectionate toward him. Park was the second person in his family, after his older brother Park Sang Hee  [ ko ] , to attend elementary school. He enrolled on April 1, 1927, at age 9 and eventually graduated on March 25, 1932. His school, Gumi Elementary School  [ ko ] ,

7728-409: Was politely rejected. In spite of this second rejection, Park was somehow eventually accepted to the academy. The circumstances surrounding his acceptance are not known with certainty, and are a source of controversy. The leading theory is that Arikawa, then a colonel in the Kwantung Army, personally asked the commandant of the academy Major General Nagumo to let Park in. Another theory, proposed by

7820-740: Was ranked 56th worldwide in the QS WUR 2024, 91st worldwide in the THE WUR 2023, 282nd in the USNWR Rankings 2022-2023, and 201-300th in ARWU 2022. KAIST was the 111th best-ranked university worldwide in 2022 in terms of aggregate performance across THE, QS, and ARWU, as reported by ARTU . Before THE and QS started publishing separate rankings in 2010, the jointly published THE–QS World University Rankings ranked KAIST globally at 160th (2004), 143rd (2005), 198th (2006), 132nd (2007), 95th (2008), and 69th (2009). KAIST

7912-557: Was ranked as the best university in Republic of Korea and the 7th university in Asia in the Top 100 Asian Universities list, the first regional ranking issued by THE-QS World Rankings. KAIST was again recognized as a number one University in Korea by JoongAng Ilbo Review. In 2019 Thomson Reuters named KAIST the 34th most innovative university in the world and the 2nd most innovative university in

8004-611: Was soon afterwards succeeded by Choi Kyu-hah , who ruled for only a year before being deposed by career army officer Chun Doo-Hwan . The country eventually democratized with the June Democratic Struggle in 1987. Park remains a controversial figure in modern South Korean political discourse and among the South Korean populace in general, making a detached evaluation of his tenure difficult. While some credit him for sustaining economic growth, which reshaped and modernized South Korea, others criticize his authoritarian way of ruling

8096-605: Was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption under the Rhee presidency and the students who had instigated Rhee's ousting. Protesters regularly filled the streets making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Public security had deteriorated while the public had distrusted the police, which was long under the control of the Rhee government, and the ruling Democratic Party lost public support after long factional fighting. Against this backdrop of social instability and division, Major General Park formed

8188-517: Was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters. He was of the Goryeong Park clan  [ ko ] . Park's family was extremely poor and consistently lacked food. According to Park, his father was upper-class ( yangban ) and set to inherit the family's moderate holdings, but the clan banished him after he participated in the 1894–95 Donghak Peasant Revolution . In 1916, the elder Park moved to his wife's village of Sangmo-dong, where he

8280-553: Was to lay out the KAIST Development Plan. The ‘KAIST Development Five-Year Plan’ was finalized on February 5, 2007, by KAIST Steering Committee. The goals of KAIST set by Suh were to become one of the best science and technology universities in the world, and to become one of the top-10 universities by 2011. In January 2008, the university dropped its full name, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , and changed its official name to only KAIST . Admission to KAIST

8372-466: Was to open the following year. However, he was three years over the maximum age limit of 19 for candidates; he wrote a request for the admissions office to overlook his age, but was rejected. Park sought out Kang Chaeho, an ethnic Korean captain in the Manchukuo Army and a native of Daegu, for advice. Kang offered to use his connections to try and get an exception for Park. He also advised Park to swear

8464-404: Was two years old, he crawled off a raised floor and landed in a smouldering fire pit. He was quickly rescued from the pit, but his forearms were significantly burned. For the rest of his life, he reportedly intentionally wore shirts with long sleeves to hide his scars. A significant biographer of Park, Cho Gab-je , interviewed many people who knew him and got the impression that Park's childhood

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