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106-466: Located in Pizzofalcone in via Generale Parisi, 16, it was a place of high military and civilian training since its foundation, and had among its teachers and students the likes of Francesco de Sanctis , Mariano d'Ayala , Carlo Pisacane , Guglielmo Pepe , Enrico Cosenz and even a king of Italy , Vittorio Emanuele III , and a Viceroy of Italian East Africa , Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta . Among

212-685: A betrayal: this component of the Neapolitan people barricaded himself in defense of the city, by requisitioning the numerous weapons found in the city deposits. Virtually all military units allocated in Naples suffered the seizure of weapons, but not the Nunziatella. Jacobin propaganda among the students, meant they sided with the republican revolutionaries during this riots. Under the command of Captain Pasquale Galluzzo, they repelled an assault of lazzari. At

318-545: A deputy in the Italian chamber. In 1871, he was made professor of comparative literature at Naples University . De Sanctis was a supporter of Darwinism , and lectured on the subject. As a literary critic, De Sanctis was highly regarded, notably with his Storia della letteratura italiana and his critical studies. These were published in several volumes, some of them posthumously, in Naples in 1883. De Sanctis had many faithful disciples, among whom Benedetto Croce achieved

424-483: A gold medal, the other ones a silver one. Although the scheme of studies was thick from the point of view of science, it was completely lacking in the humanities, and such deficiency began to be acutely felt in the educational environment, and would lead to the subsequent evolution of the Royal Military Academy. Once it was provided to the training of the officers already in service, the work of reform turned to

530-460: A paper by Basilio Puoti . This paper scandalized a princess because of his licentious character and she took the newspaper his father Ferdinand II because he intervened. Withholding the publication to become more aware of it, the kingalso read a paper by Ayala, who under the guise of a historical narrative concealed apology of Joachim Murat and his attempt to regain the Kingdom. Irritated and mindful of

636-681: A project dedicated to that end: the plan, presented May 10, 1806, proposed Nunziatella to be the only recruitment institute for the four Armies, like it was before 1799. Giuseppe Parisi himself wrote a project draft for Fonseca, proposing a "decree on the formation of the Military Academy." Under the new system they would be admitted to the Nunziatella 160 students aged 11 to 14 and 60 day students 15 years of age. The management would be guaranteed by 62 employees (24 officers, three administrative, 2 priests, 4 health, 19 professors and 10 masters), waiters, sergeants, Trabants and 10 horses. A total of 50 among

742-564: A revolt and pull the king out of his throne for building a Republic like in France. Some of the professors of the Nunziatella began to spread Jacobin ideas among the cadets. For example, Annibale Giordano , had been arrested in the past in 1784, and deprived of his post of Chemistry teacher. The Maths teacher Carlo Lauberg and his colleagues Clino Roselli (fortifications teacher), Pasquale Baffi (Hellenist), Michele Granata (philosopher and mathematician) and Giustino Fortunato senior , as members of

848-553: A system of espionage , corruption and cruelty . Although peace was made with France in 1796, the demands of the French Directory , whose troops occupied Rome, alarmed Ferdinand once more. At his wife's instigation, he took advantage of Napoleon 's absence in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria and of Horatio Nelson 's victories to go to war. Ferdinand marched with his army against

954-623: A winner of the prestigious Sonning Prize , awarded to the most important European intellectuals, have to be remembered. The flag of the school is decorated with a Gold Cross of Merit of the Carabinieri, and a bronze medal at the Valor of the Army. Its former students have earned 38 gold medals , 147 silver medals and 220 bronze medals for military valor; 2 gold medals for civil valor; and numerous other awards for valor. A total of 21 of them are decorated with

1060-426: A year, was similar to that of a university, as students went there only for classes and exams. Courses lasted four years, and attendance was mandatory for officers of artillery and engineering based in Naples. The battalions of infantry, cavalry and dragoons stationed in Naples had also to send two officers and two cadets each, while the regiments allocated elsewhere sent two cadets each. The general of brigade Luca Ricci

1166-570: The Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December enabled Napoleon to launch an invasion of the Kingdom of Naples . Ferdinand fled to Palermo on 23 January 1806, followed soon after by his wife and son, and on 14 February 1806 the French again entered Naples. Napoleon declared that the Bourbon dynasty had forfeited the crown, and proclaimed his brother Joseph King of Naples and Sicily. But Ferdinand continued to reign over

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1272-531: The Carbonari Uprisings of 1820–1821 . After completing his high school studies in nearby Naples, he was educated at the Italian language institute in Naples founded by Marquis Basilio Puoti (1782–1847). De Sanctis later opened his own private school where he soon became recognized in academic circles for his profound knowledge of Italian literature . In 1848, he held office under the revolutionary government and

1378-582: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from subjection to the Kingdom of Spain , ruled by Philip V of Spain , father of Charles, and to limit the ambitions of his mother Elisabetta Farnese . The initiative of Charles of Bourbon had its first result in the foundation of the Real Academia de los Guardias Estendartes de las Galeras (December 5, 1735), devoted to the training of naval officers: this institution, which has

1484-687: The Military Order of Italy and 56 of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic . For its role in the last three centuries "in the field of higher education, as a academic, social and economic motor for Italy and all the Mediterranean countries linked to it", on February 22, 2012 it was declared "Historical and cultural heritage of the Mediterranean countries" by the Parliamentary Assembly of

1590-530: The 6th regiment of line "Farnese" that defeated the partisans of Pilade Bronzetti during battle of the Volturno ). In September 1860 he went from Nunziatella first to Capua and then to Gaeta, where he participated in the defense of the fortress as a standard bearer of artillery; Ludovico Manzi of seventeen and nineteen Ferdinand de Liguori, son of the colonel the 9th Puglia; Alfonso Scotti Douglas eleven-year-old son of General Luigi Scotti Douglas , who participated in

1696-581: The Academy of artillery and engineering of Turin and at the School of Infantry and Cavalry of Modena. The new regulations of the renamed Military College of Naples was established by a decree of 6 April 1862 and provided for the admission of boys between thirteen and sixteen who had completed his high school studies. The total number of students was fixed at a maximum value of 250 units. Francesco de Sanctis Francesco de Sanctis (28 March 1817 – 29 December 1883)

1802-515: The Army, but also to prevent them, as usually volitional boys and sensitive to liberal propaganda, could be adversely affected by Piedmontese agents. For this reason and despite the opposition of the relatives of the students, most of whom resided in Naples, on April 27, 1855 resolved the transfer of the Nunziatella in Maddaloni , at the palace of the Dukes Carafa. This new location, in the intentions of

1908-411: The French and entered Rome (29 November). On the defeat of some of his columns, Ferdinand hurried back to Naples. On the approach of the French, Ferdinand fled on 23 December 1798 aboard Nelson's ship HMS  Vanguard to Palermo , leaving his capital in a state of anarchy. The weather was extremely stormy and the king's 6-year-old younger son Prince Alberto died of exhaustion during the voyage, in

2014-591: The Information Services need to be cited. As for the civilian alumni, three Prime Ministers, 14 Ministers, 13 senators and 11 deputies of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , the Kingdom of Italy and the Italian Republic , a President of the Constitutional Court , as well as representatives of absolute importance of the cultural, political and professional Italian and international landscape, including

2120-672: The King Ferdinand Battalion), who from the original 270 cadets split into three companies, grew to 810, divided into nine companies. The students of the new Academy were distributed among the Palace of Panatica, where younger cadets were housed, and the aforementioned convents of the Croce and the Trinità di Palazzo, who housed all the others. Even the study programs were diversified in order to take account of differences in age and preparation, and for

2226-529: The Kingdom by Napoleonic troops as part of the Austro-Neapolitan War, caused the loss of the rank and employment by Poli, who was reinstated at the end of 1810 with the rank of lieutenant and the appointment of library guardian. The captains employed to cadets' direction (Galileo Giuseppe Pasquali, Gaetano Ruiz, Andrea and Pasquale Galluzzo Colnago) maintained however rank and functions until 1812, when they were removed. The new Murat regime had resulted in

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2332-712: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies involving numerous members of the middle class and intellectuals. When in May 1848 Francesco De Sanctis took part in the riots, several students followed him; but after the failure of the revolutionary movement the professor was impeached and removed from teaching in November. Gave himself fled, was captured in Cosenza in December 1849 and sent to prison in Castel dell'Ovo , where he remained for three years. Other teachers of

2438-598: The Maddalena town district, it was founded the Academy of Artillery (1745), for whose organization was called the mathematician Nicola Antonio De Martino, who was serving in Spain as Embassy secretary. The new Academy was installed in the Palace of Panatica, in Saint Lucia town district, and provided with a solid educational program, both theoretical and practical: there were, in fact, taught mathematics, physics, design and fencing, while

2544-630: The Mediterranean . The School is also the winner of the Cypraea Prize for Science (1994) and the Mediterranean Award awarded by the Fondazione Mediterraneo (2012). The way as youth is here educated has no equal in the whole of Europe. Philosophy, patriotism, and experience would not have been able to conceive or carry more noble institution to form the temperament, reason, heart and all the knowledge required to military. The origins of

2650-514: The Navy, and later, against the inertia of the Marquis della Sambuca, also that of prime minister . Acton began a process of renewal that would allow considerably strengthen the ethical and moral uprightness of the officers, so that they could function as an example for the rest of the population. Realising also the need to update the process of formation, consistently with the evolution of military doctrine, he

2756-551: The Neapolitan Bourbon troops in the battle of Civita Castellana and forced them back to Naples. King Ferdinand fled by sea in Sicily , leaving the administration of the continental territories of the Kingdom to the regency of Francesco Pignatelli . In mid-January 1799, an armistice was signed between the French troops and representatives of the government of Naples; however, this was immediately rejected by "Lazzaroni" who found that

2862-481: The Nunziatella Military Academy should be traced back to the work of reorganization of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Naples , advocated by the statesman Bernardo Tanucci and implemented by Charles of Bourbon . Under his guidance was in fact identified for the first time the need to create ad hoc institutions for the training of officers of various specialties: this initiative was necessary to free

2968-478: The Nunziatella as a professor of literature April 19, 1841, thanks to the influence of Basilio Puoti, who was inspector to studies. At that time the letters kept private courses of grammar and literature in Vico Bisi. The influence of De Sanctis was naturally great on young cadets, but this process was neither simple nor immediate, as in the early years of teaching, as reported by his student Nicola Marselli , De Sanctis

3074-506: The Nunziatella until 1828, was called in September 1837 to hold the post of instructor of ballistic and descriptive geometry. Once in the chair in place of major Niola (later instructor Francis II of the Two Sicilies) and thanks to the protection of Carlo Filangieri , Ayala strived to transfer to cadets the ideas taught in other countries Europeans. Far from being a purely theoretical exercise,

3180-479: The Nunziatella, Enrico Alvino , Amante Fedele and Filippo Cassola , also participated in the riots of 1848. After the failure of the revolt, all three were removed from teaching. The revolutionary movements of 1848 marked a break point in the policy of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and in particular on the training of managerial staff of the army. The attempt at revolution had in fact demonstrated how necessary to provide not only an appropriate number of officers to

3286-491: The Nunziatella. Although it had proved, since its inception, to be a "seedbed of good specialist officers", the Nunziatella followed the fate of so many institutions of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and by decree of Victor Emmanuel II of 4 May 1861 it was transformed from academia to military school of the Army: this operation provided that it was intended to prepare young people for life weapons, in view of their admission to

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3392-509: The Prince of Salerno, in the Piazza del Plebiscito ) was commanded by general Francesco Pignatelli , Prince of Strongoli, and Ferdinand IV of Bourbon himself wanted to acquire the rank of colonel. Students, sons of nobles and officers of rank higher than captain, were admitted at the age of eight, and continued their studies for six years, learning subjects like mathematics and military art. Once completed

3498-575: The Società Patriottica, were accused of voicing Republican ideals. By 1798, French Republican armies had occupied the Papal States, exiling Pope Pius VI. On November 28, the Neapolitan government moved in arms against the fledgling Roman Republic, defeating opponents and coming to the reconquest of Rome in six days. However, this victory was short-lived, since by December 24, 1798, French troops commanded by General Jean Etienne Championnet defeated

3604-737: The Spanish throne in 1759, he abdicated the thrones of Naples and Sicily in Ferdinand's favour in accordance with the treaties forbidding the union of the two crowns. A regency council presided over by the Tuscan Bernardo Tanucci was set up. Tanucci, an able, ambitious man, wishing to keep the government as much as possible in his own hands, purposely neglected the young king's education, and encouraged him in his love of pleasure, his idleness and his excessive devotion to outdoor sports . Ferdinand's minority/childhood ended in 1767, and his first act

3710-559: The Two Sicilies by the Armata Sarda saw former students of the Nunziatella on both sides of the battle. Among the protagonists of the Bourbon side, Ferdinando Beneventano del Bosco was engaged in fighting in Sicily subsequent to the landing of Garibaldi 's troops. He engaged the enemy troops after the Battle of Calatafimi , forcing them to divert to Corleone before moving to Palermo . After

3816-432: The action of Ayala also expressed by building a relationship of great closeness to his students. This had a profound influence on the students of the time (which included Carlo Pisacane , Enrico Cosenz , Giuseppe Virgili and Salvatore Medina), and was the channel through which Ayala transferred to them his own ideas about the necessity of Italian unification. The methods of teaching the young officer did not fail to worry

3922-515: The arms of Emma, Lady Hamilton , Nelson's mistress. The French entered the city despite the fierce resistance of the lazzaroni , and with the aid of the nobles and bourgeoisie, established the Parthenopean Republic in January 1799. A few weeks later, when the French troops were recalled to northern Italy, Ferdinand sent a hastily assembled force under Fabrizio Cardinal Ruffo to reconquer

4028-456: The army. For the next four years, Ferdinand reigned as an absolute monarch within his domain, granting no constitutional reforms. The suppression of liberal opinion caused an alarming spread of the influence and activity of the secret society of the Carbonari , which in time affected a large part of the army. In July 1820, a military revolt broke out under General Guglielmo Pepe , and Ferdinand

4134-475: The cadets, i. e. the aspiring officers. To this end, and to establish a new unit that would serve "as a very keen tactical force in the most difficult war situations", a Corps of Cadets, called the Battaglione Real Ferdinando (King Ferdinando Battaillon), was established in 1772. The battalion, housed in two former convents of the Croce and Trinità di Palazzo (in the area now occupied by the palace of

4240-679: The city and thus end the popular revolt. This led to the proclamation of the Neapolitan Republic , where many teachers of Nunziatella had leading roles: Carlo Lauberg was head of the government, while Annibale Giordano was assigned to the Military Committee and then head of the accounting of the Navy. Also several alumni played a leading role: Leopoldo De Renzis , a distant relative of Carlo Lauberg, and Gabriele Manthoné were ministers of War and Navy, while notable roles were also Pietro Colletta , Guglielmo Pepe and Tommaso Susanna , who

4346-470: The commander Muratti, immediately switched to the side of Garibaldi, and imposed the oath of allegiance to the students who wanted to remain in the institute. Among those who refused and fled the school they are to remember the brothers Antonio and Eduardo Rossi sixteen and fourteen years old, after remembered by the French journalist Charles Garnier for their heroic behavior; the seventeen-year-old son of Eliezer Nicoletti, son of Domenico (commanding officer of

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4452-463: The commander of the Nunziatella, major Michele Nocerino, who he reported to King Ferdinand II. When asking what happened, the king faced the defense of Filangieri, who convinced him not only to let go of Ayala in his work, but to accuse and to dismiss the commander Nocerino, who was succeeded by Colonel Francesco Antonio Winspeare . The work of Ayala continued for another four years after this incident, during which, in addition to continuing to propagate

4558-616: The data, and finally the degree of invention than is necessary to be able to find in the trade". The new institution quickly proved a valuable source of officers, prompting a growingly public appreciation by the king. However, in April 1755 the General Pignatelli was obliged to inform the king, with a wealth of evidence, the existence of a Masonic lodge among the students: this discovery was a source of deep conflict between Ferdinand IV and his wife Maria Carolina of Habsburg Alsace-Lorraine, which

4664-411: The draft Parisi contained strong elements of originality, which would characterize the Nunziatella and would determine the uniqueness of the educational model. Unlike other military training institutions, it was held that the military training was strongly interconnected to the civilian one, so to lead to the formation not only of excellent officers, but also good citizens. Parisi, in his reforms, changed

4770-428: The edict for the academy's founding that, "Albeit we have with any of our other royal orders and instructions provided specifically trained to make full use of our subjects sull'onorevole militia, although not of wherein in less expedient for the preservation of our states, the shine and the glory of our arms, the body of the militia remains Yea well disciplined and taught in mathematics, science which principally depend on

4876-476: The end of the 18th century, most of the Nunziatella's professors were linked to the Freemasonry (among them: Granata and Baffi, as well as Giordano and Lauberg). The fierce resistance of lazzari, which fought fiercely against an enemy much better organized and armed, was broken only by the French acquisition, via a betrayal, of Castel Sant'Elmo . From its position overlooking Naples, the French were able to bombard

4982-564: The entire course of studies with specialized institutes for the training of officers, from the rank of cadet to graduate school, it was considered appropriate to combine the different entities in a single entity. In September 1774, the Royal Academy was eliminated, and the students were merged into corps of the Battaglione Real Ferdinando. This new institution that was called the Reale Accademia del Battaglione Real Ferdinando (Royal Academy of

5088-471: The environment of the Austrian court led him to receive even the insistent invitation from the emperor to remain as War Major. Refused the assignment, Parisi returned to his homeland in 1785, where he was promoted to the rank of major and began to roll out the plan for the foundation of the new Academy. Far from being simply the local interpretation of the organization and methods of instruction observed abroad,

5194-559: The excessive displays of joy that were planned and ordered the postponement of the transfer. As per provisions of the King, the students spent the 7th on the road, having lunch at the Bridges of the Valley and returning to the city without further celebrations. In this period were some Nunziatella alumni played an important role in the history of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In particular, Giuseppe Ghio

5300-638: The execution of a few hundred French collaborators . This stopped only when the French successes forced him to agree to a treaty which included amnesty for members of the French party. When the War of the Third Coalition broke out between France and the Austrian Empire in 1805, Ferdinand signed a treaty of neutrality with the former. A few days later, Ferdinand allied himself with Austria and allowed an Anglo-Russian force to land at Naples. The French victory at

5406-456: The explosion of the Cittadella battery, he died shortly after. In the same blast was also killed Lt. Gen. Francesco Traversa another Nunziatella alumnus. Also many students of Nunziatella left the School and participated in the fighting on the side of the Army of the Two Sicilies. Their presence on the front of the fire was a result of the events related to the departure of Francis II of Naples:

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5512-442: The first time the humanities were introduced for the younger cadets. The final exam was intended to verify that the aspirants to the rank of officer possessed "the extension of the theories of all the sciences that are necessary to know to comprehend the reason for what we do in the job for which you compete and theories of the same profession, the frankness of the intellectual faculties, which are well known for precise conduct cases in

5618-415: The following 1 September Dumas wrote to Joseph Bonaparte , King of Naples, to propose "the temporary formation of a military school with 4/500 ducats per month, being only to pay the full wages of the professors of the ancient academy that (they were already) at half wage. " Dumas motivated further its proposal, emphasizing the need to train students for the armies of genius, artillery and Bridges' service and

5724-485: The fortress Gaeta. Many years later, another alumnus, the former captain of artillery Vincenzo Scala , a protagonist of ' siege of Messina , would be among the signatories of the Act of Cannes , which marked the final renunciation of claims to the throne of Naples advanced by Prince Carlo Tancredi of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (the second son of Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , Count of Caserta) for himself and his descendants. Among

5830-557: The king to allow an Austrian army to march into Naples "to restore order". The Neapolitans, commanded by General Pepe, made no attempt to defend the difficult defiles of the Abruzzi , and were defeated at Battle of Rieti (7 March 1821). The Austrians entered Naples. Following the Austrian victory, the Parliament was dismissed and Ferdinand suppressed the Liberals and Carbonari. The victory

5936-461: The latter kingdom (becoming the first King of Sicily in centuries to actually reside there) under British protection. Parliamentary institutions of a feudal type had long existed on the island, and Lord William Bentinck , the British minister, insisted on a reform of the constitution on English and French lines. The king indeed practically abdicated his power, appointing his son Francis as regent, and

6042-646: The mainland kingdom. Ruffo, with the support of British artillery, the Church, and the pro-Bourbon aristocracy, succeeded in reaching Naples in May 1799, and the Parthenopean Republic collapsed. After some months, King Ferdinand returned to the throne. The king and the queen were anxious that no mercy should be shown to the rebels, and Maria Carolina (a sister of the executed Marie Antoinette ) made use of Lady Hamilton to induce Nelson to carry out her vengeance. The king returned to Naples soon afterwards, and ordered

6148-643: The many alumni of prestige, high degrees of the Armed Forces, including one Director of the European Union Military Committee , two Chiefs of Defence Staff, five Army Chiefs of Staff, two Navy Chiefs of Staff, one Air Chief of Staff, two Commanders General of the Guardia di Finanza (and two Vicecommanders), two Commander General of the Carabinieri (and eight Vicecommanders) and two Directors-General of

6254-421: The math and science of our rulers." The work of expansion of the educational foundation of the officers of the Army continued with the establishment of the Academy of the Corps of Military Engineers (1754), dedicated to the officers of Military Engineering. If on the one hand the foundation of the Academy added a new piece to the work to improve the preparation of military officers, on the other hand, made it clear

6360-455: The most fame. His chief contribution as a philosopher was to aesthetics and his influence upon Italian literary criticism remains strong to the present day. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand I ( Italian : Ferdinando I ; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death. Before that he had been, since 1759, King of Naples as Ferdinand IV and King of Sicily as Ferdinand III . He

6466-440: The need for a single container that organically provided to this task . The departure of Charles for Spain, to ascend the throne of that kingdom after the death of Philip V, prevented him from continuing in his harmonizer plan, and therefore it became a responsibility of Tanucci to assist the young King Ferdinand IV of Bourbon in the progressive construction of a well-trained military ruling class. To this end, in December 1769, it

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6572-411: The negotiations were under way for the surrender. Baron Roberto Pasca ex-student of the course 1838-41 and commander of the Partenope (the only warship that followed Francis II in Gaeta), the head of staff of artillery Giovanni delli Franci ex-student of the course 1840–45 and the general chief of staff Francesco Antonelli ex-student of the course 1817-23 were the signatories of the surrender of

6678-414: The occupation of the latter by the Garibaldi troops, he launched an assault on the city, and he was stopped only by the news of the truce signed by Giuseppe Garibaldi with General Lanza. Then he held the fortress of Milazzo up to the order of capitulation, and later he fought during the Siege of Gaeta and led several legitimist attempts after the fall of the Two Sicilies. The aforementioned Giuseppe Ghio

6784-439: The ongoing clashes; Ferdinando and Manfredi Lanza, fifteen and sixteen-year-old children of an officer of Engineers, the first of whom lost a foot during the last day of the siege; and finally the ensign Carlo Giordano, seventeen and orphaned a few months before of the father general, who fled from the Nunziatella on October 10, was artillery servant at battery Malpasso and was killed in the outbreak of Battery Transylvania, hit while

6890-412: The opportunity offered from the building of the Nunziatella, which already housed a library and allowed the opening four days a week for both the French officers and the Neapolitans. For Nunziatella the period of the Second Restoration was a time of great cultural fervor, thanks to the arrival of some of the most qualified teachers of the time. Mariano d'Ayala , then first lieutenant and former student of

6996-487: The practical exercises were carried out at Molosiglio, in the docks area and at Fort Vigliena . The students were officers and cadets of the Academy of Artillery, for which attendance was mandatory; officers and cadets of other specialties, and noblemen who had passed an entrance examination were also admitted to the class. In accordance with the guidelines of the time, the programs of the Academy were specifically focused on math and science. The same Charles of Bourbon stated in

7102-417: The primacy of the oldest Navy Academy in Italy, was initially housed in a building of the docks area in Naples, but then moved, after only two months, in the Palazzo Trotti, in the immediate vicinity of the royal palace of Naples and the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit, in the area later occupied by the palace of the Prefecture. After a brief and not very profitable experience of a military school, located in

7208-445: The protagonists of the Savoy side must be remembered Enrico Cosenz , which landed in Sicily with the third expedition: Cosenz was instrumental during the Battle of Milazzo , during which he rejected the attack on the Bourbon left the grid and was wounded in the neck. He landed in Calabria on August 23, 1860 led the column that allowed him to surround and force the surrender of two brigades to Bourbon Villa San Giovanni and Piale . He

7314-425: The queen, at Bentinck's insistence, was exiled to Austria, where she died in 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, Joachim Murat , who had succeeded Joseph Bonaparte as king of Naples in 1808, was dethroned in the Neapolitan War in 1815, and Ferdinand returned to Naples. By a secret treaty he had bound himself not to advance further in a constitutional direction than Austria should at any time approve; but, though on

7420-466: The reorganization of the Neapolitan armed forces and the reform also involved training institutions. Consequently, the Nunziatella suppressed as a military college; nevertheless it remained active in the building of Pizzofalcone as a school of theoretical and practical artillery, which served as a point of leverage for the reopening of the college. Interior Minister André-François Miot asked the inspector general of artillery Giuseppe Fonseca Chavez to submit

7526-429: The reverberations of the French Revolution . The Neapolitan King Ferdinand IV was a Bourbon relative of the French king Louis XVI, while his wife Maria Carolina of Austria was Marie-Antoinette's sister. The level of police awareness against Jacobins' activities sharply rose, while the latter increased their attempts to influence the Neapolitan Army's commanding personnel: their aim was, indeed, to make military to support

7632-691: The seminarians previously housed the novitiate of Nola. Along with the former seminary, they were granted an architectural jewel of the Neapolitan Baroque , the attached Church of the Nunziatella , so called to distinguish it from the larger Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata . Built in 1588, the church had been heavily remodeled in 1736 by the Ferdinando Sanfelice ; and embellished with frescoes by Francesco De Mura , Paolo De Matteis , Ludovico Mazzanti and Pacecco De Rosa , as well as

7738-542: The site from the buildings and convents of the Panatica Palace to the site of the Jesuit novitiate of Pizzofalcone . The complex was built thanks to the generous donations of noblewomen Anna Mendoza, Marchioness della Valle and Countess of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi , and Delia Sanseverino, Countess of Briatico . The donation was 19,500 ducats, divided in twelve years. The novitiate was opened on 8 September 1587, and had greeted

7844-440: The social and political system." The first commander-in-chief of the Academy was Domenico della Leonessa, Marquis of Supino , who by a decree of 28 May 1787 was appointed by Minister John Acton and promoted to Field Marshal . Traditionally, however, the real flowering of Nunziatella is traced to the appointment in 1794 of Giuseppe Parisi as commander; the street where the school is located is still named after him. La Nunziatella

7950-556: The sovereign, would ensure the greater controllability of the students, thanks to the proximity of Maddaloni to the Royal Palace of Caserta . Exile in Maddaloni lasted until Ferdinand II was alive, while the ascent to the throne of Francis II of the Two Sicilies, of a completely different temperament than his father, offered the occasion to those who advocated the return of the institute in the capital to do another attempt. Carlo Filangieri,

8056-402: The splendid altar built by Giuseppe Sammartino . The Nunziatella Military Academy was founded November 18, 1787 with the name of Royal Military Academy, by a special order of king Ferdinand IV. This document contained guidelines for the education of the students, in particular calling on officers and instructors to attend to "... the knowledge of the temperaments, inclinations and aptitudes of

8162-401: The students in order to be able to stimulate curiosity and increase the attention, talents and faculties, and finally, instilling in them a capacity for judgment". Similarly, it was felt necessary to introduce students to "mathematics ... and to firm up philosophical reasoning in young people and prepare them for the professions of science and to train them in the consciousness of their duties and

8268-402: The students would be selected for the school of application of artillery and engineering. Parisi's proposal was seconded by the one prepared by Vito Caravelli, a former professor of Nunziatella, that through Parisi transmitted it to the minister of war Mathieu Dumas , establishing school programs for science, design, Italian, French, English and practical training. Accepted all suggestions, on

8374-524: The teaching of catechism. The presence at Nunziatella of Poli, a distinguished physicist and malacologist would become the tutor of Francis I of the Two Sicilies , was also important for the strong impetus given to the endowment of the Physics Laboratory. Partly borrowed from that of the old Battaglione Real Ferdinando, it was equipped with all the latest equipment, so as to make it "(that) more complete and respectable (...) in Naples". The conquest of

8480-582: The title of Royal Military Academy thanks to the work of its Commander, Captain Giuseppe Saverio Poli . On 1 December 1802 the new name became operational and Poli was promoted to lieutenant colonel in accordance with the new assignment. Two years later Poli managed to obtain the Nunziatella to be granted the status of "university", which opened the possibility reception of external students (elementary school children) to which he taught literature and mathematics, assisted by other officers and two Priests for

8586-406: The unitaristic ideals among students, merited a note of praise for leading with skill drills to the field of Capua and published the famous "Lessons of artillery", that contained the most advanced notions of time in the field, dedicated "To the beloved students". Ayala's career was cut short in 1843 by accident. In that year was published an issue of Iris , a publication which contained among others

8692-503: The warnings of the deposed captain Nocerino, Ferdinand II summoned Carlo Filangieri and this time attacked him and to notify that would remove the teacher. Attempts defense by Filangieri came to no avail, especially as its recommendation to Ayala to make amends and ask forgiveness of the king did not produce effect, as he preferred to resign on Aug. 3, 1843. Francesco De Sanctis , one of the most important figures of Italian literature, came to

8798-554: The whole he acted in accordance with Metternich 's policy of preserving the status quo , and maintained with but slight change Murat's laws and administrative system. Ferdinand took advantage of the situation to abolish the Sicilian constitution, in violation of his oath, and to proclaim the union of the two states into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (12 December 1816). Ferdinand was now completely subservient to Austria, an Austrian, Count Nugent , being even made commander-in-chief of

8904-706: The work of the genius in the fortress of Capua; Francesco and Felice Afan de Rivera, fifteen and sixteen years of age (children of the General Gaetano Afan de Rivera , and descendants of viceroy of Naples Afán Fernando de Ribera ), they reached their older brothers in the siege of Capua ; Francesco Pons de Leon, eighteen, reached in Gaeta his father a Major of the Army, and served as artillery servant; Fernando Ruiz, seventeen, grandson of General Peter Vial and acquired grandson by Ludovico Quandel , arrived in Gaeta in early January 1861, after overcoming great difficulties for

9010-517: Was also the protagonist of the surrender of the troops of Giuseppe Ghio in Soveria Mannelli . He came to Naples with Garibaldi, assumed the post of Minister of War and took part in the organization of the plebiscite of 21 October 1860. Upon the fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with the surrender of the fortress of Civitella, 3,684 officers were on active duty in the army. Of these 341 artillery officers and 215 Engineering officers came from

9116-410: Was among the leading opponents of the transfer of the Nunziatella in Maddaloni and was in the forefront in putting pressure on the young king because it would put an end to expulsion of the institute from Naples. Arguing that attempts of troublemakers were present in both big cities, and in small towns, Filangieri was finally able to get it to be a date for the return, decided to 7 September 1859. The news

9222-442: Was an Italian literary critic, scholar and politician, leading critic and historian of Italian language and literature during the 19th century. De Sanctis was born in the southern Italian town of Morra Irpina (renamed Morra De Sanctis in his honor in 1937) to a family of middle-class landowners. His father was a doctor in law and his two paternal uncles, one a priest and the other a medic, were exiled for having participated in

9328-452: Was appointed commander, while the direction of the studies was entrusted to the famous experimental physicist and mathematician Vito Caravelli . The students sustained two exams a year and one at the end of the four-year course, at the presence of the Minister of War. The top four performers were promoted to the immediately higher rank in the units to which they belonged, the second four received

9434-457: Was appointed director of marine, won Maria Carolina's favour by supporting her scheme to free Naples from Spanish influence, securing rapprochement with the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Great Britain . He became practically and afterward actually prime minister. Although not a mere grasping adventurer, he was largely responsible for reducing the internal administration of the country to

9540-574: Was buried with a solemn ceremony in Cathedral of Saints Erasmus and Marciano and Santa Maria Assunta by order of the king Francis II. While in command of its troops and although wounded several times, he continued to give orders and to encourage his men, until, after allowing for all Bourbon forces to cross the river in the direction of Gaeta, he died in his place. During the siege of Gaeta fell Lieutenant Colonel Paolo de Sangro Prince of Sansevero, grandson of Raimondo de Sangro : seriously injured following

9646-770: Was deposed twice from the throne of Naples: once by the revolutionary Parthenopean Republic for six months in 1799, and again by a French invasion in 1806, before being restored in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars . Ferdinand was born in Naples as the third son of King Charles VII and Queen Maria Amalia . In August 1759, Charles succeeded his half-brother Ferdinand VI of Spain as King Charles III, but treaty provisions made him ineligible to hold all three crowns. On 6 October, he abdicated his Neapolitan and Sicilian titles in favour of his third son, Ferdinand, because his eldest son Philip had been excluded from succession due to intellectual disability and his second son Charles

9752-480: Was heir-apparent to the Spanish throne. Ferdinand was the founder of the cadet House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies . Ferdinand was born in Naples and grew up amidst many of the monuments erected there by his father which can be seen today; the Palaces of Portici , Caserta and Capodimonte . Ferdinand was his parents' third son; his elder brother Charles was expected to inherit Naples and Sicily. When his father ascended

9858-459: Was in command of the troops who in 1857 stopped in Padula the revolutionist Carlo Pisacane, another Nunziatella former student. The ill-fated expedition of Pisacane, that the intention was supposed to trigger the uprising of Cilento , was the inspiration for the famous poem La spigolatrice di Sapri by Luigi Mercantini. Events related to Mille expedition and the subsequent invasion of the Kingdom of

9964-510: Was issued a new ordinance, which ordered the merging of the Royal Academy of Artillery with that of the Corps of Engineers in the Royal Military Academy. The new institute (also based in the Palace of Panatica) opened its doors on 1 February 1770, after an inauguration ceremony marked by a speech by Captain Alonzo Nini. The organization of the institute, which had an initial budget of two thousand ducats

10070-512: Was later imprisoned for three years in Naples. Following his release, de Sanctis' reputation as a lecturer in Turin on Italian authors such as Dante Alighieri ( c.  1265–1321 ) led to his professorship in 1856 at ETH Zurich . De Sanctis returned to Naples as minister of public instruction in 1860, and filled the same post under the Italian monarchy in 1861, 1878 and 1879, having in 1861 become

10176-514: Was notoriously protective of the Masonic movement in Naples. Consistent with the seriousness of the facts, serious measures were taken against those who were involved. A new approach to training of officers happened after the dismissal of prime minister Tanucci . The influence of Queen Maria Carolina was decisive for the arrival of the English admiral John Acton , who first assumed the post of Secretary of

10282-519: Was part of the Government of the Republic as minister of war. In June 1799, cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo entered in Naples with his troops and Nelson ordered the execution of Francesco Caracciolo , Saverio Granata and Pasquale Baffi. On July 27, king Fedinand signed the decree of suppression. Reduced formally to male boarding school for orphans military (in fact they were really few), the Nunziatella regained

10388-607: Was particularly happy, because thanks to the detailed reports of Parisi before, and his work in person then, would be born the Nunziatella. During the period abroad, specifically in Austria , he was able to be appreciated by the Emperor Joseph II of Habsburg-Lorraine, as well as the Imperial Chancellor Anton Wenzel von Kaunitz-Rietberg , who often invited him to lunch with Pietro Metastasio . His ability to fit into

10494-414: Was quickly recognized as a major military academy, and Giuseppe Maria Galanti writes in 1792: The way youth is educated here has no equals in the whole of Europe. No philosophy, patriottism, experience could have either conceived or built a nobler institution for growing character, reason, heart and every knowledge needed by soldiers. A few years after its foundation, the Nunziatella would be impacted by

10600-454: Was received with great jubilation by students, and was even staged a comeback in solemn form, with celebratory banquets and thanksgiving masses. The news of such effusions of joy reached and upset the king, who was staying at the Royal Palace of Portici , urging him to send a telegram in the late afternoon of September 6, which canceled the transfer order. To the protests of Filangieri, Francis II replied with another telegram, in which he deplored

10706-416: Was responsible for the surrender without a fight of about 12,000 men of the Army of Two Sicilies in Soveria Mannelli . This episode, which opened the doors to Garibaldi in Naples, probably led him to be murdered there a few years later. Among the alumni on the Bourbon side which died during the invasion by Piedmont has to be remembered Brigadier Matteo Negri , which fell during the Battle of Garigliano and

10812-447: Was signed by Austria, Prussia and Russia, although an invitation to Ferdinand to attend the adjourned Congress of Laibach (1821) was issued at which he failed to distinguish himself. He had twice sworn to maintain the new constitution but was hardly out of Naples before he repudiated his oaths and, in letters addressed to all the sovereigns of Europe, declared his acts to have been null and void. Metternich had no difficulty in persuading

10918-576: Was terrorised into signing a constitution on the model of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 . On the other hand, a revolt in Sicily , in favour of the recovery of its independence, was suppressed by Neapolitan troops. The success of the military revolution at Naples seriously alarmed the powers of the Holy Alliance , who feared that it might spread to other Italian states and so lead to a general European conflagration. The Troppau Protocol of 1820

11024-435: Was the architect of a historic decision: in fact, he constituted a small group of officers, which ordered to visit the military training institutions in the different European countries, and to draw from them all organizational and practical training aspects, which served to build an academy of a new kind. Also included in this group was a young lieutenant of Military Engineering Corps by the name of Giuseppe Parisi . This choice

11130-480: Was the expulsion of the Jesuits . The following year he married Archduchess Maria Carolina , daughter of Empress Maria Theresa . By the marriage contract, the queen was to have a voice in the council of state after the birth of her first son, and she was not slow to avail herself of this means of political influence. Tanucci, who attempted to thwart her, was dismissed in 1777. The Englishman Sir John Acton , who in 1779

11236-401: Was the laughing stock of his students. However, things changed thanks to the great teaching skills of De Sanctis, to the point that when he was teaching students from other classes came to hear. 1848 was a pivotal year in the history of Europe, because, since the uprisings in Sicily in January, saw the beginning of the so-called "Spring of Nations". The revolt was soon extended to other parts of

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