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70-409: " Nuketown " is a multiplayer map in the Call of Duty series of first-person shooter video games published by Activision . Set in a nuclear test town in the deserts of Nevada , the map features two symmetrical sides that are split down the middle by a road. Each side has a two-story house with a backyard, and the road has vehicles that provide additional cover. The map is very small, and combat

140-467: A nuclear test town in the deserts of Nevada , and is based on real-world nuclear test sites constructed by the United States in the 1950s. The map's design is very small and symmetrical, split into two sides by a road that runs through the middle, with each side having a brightly colored two-story house with an astroturf backyard. On the road are numerous vehicles that provide additional cover, such as

210-435: A video game . An individual involved with the development of game levels is a level designer or mapper. In some cases, the developer of a video game includes built-in level editing tools; for example, a track editor for a racing game. Other times they may release an official level editor for the game as a separate application. Sometimes players of the game develop fan-made level editors. Developing level editors will allow

280-601: A Cold War one to one in the future, set in 2065. This version of the map was known as "Nuk3town." "Nuketown" once again returned in Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (2018), with the setting once again being changed, this time to a Russian test site set on top of an underground bunker. Additionally, the version of "Nuketown" made for the Zombies mode in Black Ops II was remade in Black Ops 4 , with

350-447: A century." Peel wrote this critique to be similar to Vault Boy 's role in the Fallout franchise. Smith viewed the usage of the nuclear bomb in the map similarly, describing it to "[make] all of the desperate head-shooting and flag-capturing seem a bit futile," before players would inevitably vote to play the map again. Writing further on "Nuketown '84" in particular, Peel pointed out that

420-495: A day prior, running on Nintendo Switch emulators . The article praised the game's performance on emulators (said to be better than on the Nintendo Switch itself), thanked " pirates , emulators , modders , and hackers ", and suggested readers emulate older or expensive games themselves. The article was criticized for promoting piracy, especially of newly released games, but was also noted to have sparked wider discussions about

490-415: A different environment. Level designers sometimes make hidden rooms and areas that usually require more effort for the player to reach or to notice. These usually give some additional rewards, such as ammo or powerups. They serve to induce players to explore. Sometimes, they serve as easter eggs , containing messages such as the level designers' names or pictures, or political or humorous messages. One of

560-554: A different person or team. The level design process may be iterated several times before achieving the desired outcome. Level designers and concept artists may also be required to provide a pre-rendered map of the level (or entire game world) for the player. Level design is necessary for two primary purposes: providing players with a goal and providing players with enjoyable play experience. Good level design strives to produce quality gameplay, provide an immersive experience, and sometimes, especially in story-based games, to advance

630-501: A game than simply adding new levels, a software development kit (SDK) is sometimes needed. In the early years of video gaming, some games came with a utility called a "construction set". This was similar in many ways to a level editor. Some games used them to make extra levels, whereas others (like the Shoot-'Em-Up Construction Kit ) used them as a means to develop a game rather than be a game in itself. Maps' design can significantly impact

700-407: A level. Sometimes, professional 3D editing software , such as 3D Studio Max , Blender , AutoCAD , Lightwave , Maya , Softimage XSI or Grome is used, usually customized with a special plugin developed for the specific game. A level editor (also known as a map , campaign or scenario editor ) is a game development tool used to design levels, maps, campaigns and virtual worlds for

770-517: A lot of the newly added graffiti to the map featured symbols of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (C.N.D.), a group primarily prominent in the early 1980s before Margaret Thatcher was re-elected, leading to the decline of the movement in 1983. Peel thought that 1984 was likely chosen as the maps setting for being what he considered "the end of hope," though also noted it could've been chosen because of George Orwell 's novel named after

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840-453: A map and these steps may vary dramatically across the many different game genres that exist as of the 2020s. General steps include: The first level of the game is usually designed to get players to explore the mechanics of the game, notably in World 1-1 of Super Mario Bros. Cut scenes may be triggered by events in a level, but require distinctly different skills, and may be produced by

910-450: A modern game typically starts with concept art, sketches, renderings, and physical models. Once completed, these concepts transform into extensive documentation, environment modeling, and the placing of game specific entities (actors), usually with the aid of a level editor. A level editor may be distributed as a complete stand-alone package, at times, rivaling commercial 3D modelling software. There are various steps involved in laying out

980-465: A nuclear blast by hiding inside of a fridge. According to designer David Vonderhaar , this scene inspired the developers to create "Nuketown". In the version of "Nuketown" featured in Black Ops , an easter egg existed that would play " Sympathy For The Devil " by the Rolling Stones if players managed to decapitate every single one of the map's mannequins in fifteen seconds. "Nuketown" reappeared in

1050-580: A position at Bloomberg News . In May 2020, senior writer Harper Jay MacIntyre departed from Kotaku , similarly citing conflicts with management, and joined Double Fine Productions as their content and community manager. Kotaku UK closed on September 9, 2020. Totilo announced he was departing as editor in chief on February 5, 2021, though will remain in games journalism elsewhere. Riley MacLeod served as interim editor in chief following Totilo's departure, before Patricia Hernandez commenced her tenure as editor in chief from June 2, 2021. Jen Glennon

1120-399: A school bus and a van that moves. Similarly to real-world test sites, the map's houses are populated with fully-clothed mannequins. At the end of each multiplayer game on "Nuketown", a nuclear bomb is dropped on top of the location, obliterating it as the results of the match are displayed. After the release of the first Black Ops title in 2010, "Nuketown" has reappeared numerous times, with

1190-411: A single programmer would develop the maps and layouts for a game, and a discipline or profession dedicated solely to level design did not exist. Early games often featured a level system of ascending difficulty as opposed to progression of storyline. An example of the former approach is the arcade shoot 'em up game Space Invaders (1978), where each level looks the same, repeating endlessly until

1260-540: A specific spot where they do not have to move to gain experience , because monsters are constantly spawned but can be easily and immediately killed. In multiplayer maps, a player may be able to reach areas of the map designed to be inaccessible; for example, reaching an advantageous rooftop position and camping other players. A player might be able to fall out-of-bounds of a map where other players cannot reach them. Invisible walls are cited to be level design bugs, and might be "left-over geometry" from an earlier version of

1330-512: A story about rumored upcoming features on the PlayStation 3 , and Sony responded by temporarily blacklisting the website. In 2015, Kotaku claimed that they had been blacklisted by major video game companies Bethesda Softworks and Ubisoft . Because of this blacklist, Kotaku opted not to be a jury member in The Game Awards when invited by Geoff Keighley in 2019. In 2023, Kotaku

1400-458: A total high data throughput can eliminate the need for any loading tunnels in a seamless world game. A level designer is a game designer who makes environments and scenarios using a level editor and other tools. Level designers will usually work on a level from pre-production to completion – working with both incomplete and complete versions of the game. Video game programmers usually produce level editors and design tools for

1470-510: Is a video game website and blog that was originally launched in 2004 as part of the Gawker Media network. Notable former contributors to the site include Luke Smith , Cecilia D'Anastasio , Tim Rogers , and Jason Schreier . Kotaku was first launched in October 2004 with Matthew Gallant as its lead writer, with an intended target audience of young men. About a month later, Brian Crecente

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1540-470: Is most often seen in platformers. Lighting and illumination, as well as distinctly-coloured objects, are often used to unambiguously guide the player towards the correct path. Similarly, clearly marked choke-points can be introduced. Another method is strategic placement of obstacles and aesthetic environment props that direct the player's attention to "clear" paths instead. This is often used in closed, "stuffed" environments. Levels may be designed to force

1610-463: Is often frantic due to its small size. At the end of each multiplayer game played on the map, a nuclear bomb is dropped on the site, obliterating it. The map was inspired by real-world nuclear test sites constructed by the United States, which featured numerous faux buildings and neighborhoods of varying distance from the blast to analyze the effects of nuclear blasts on American towns. The map has subsequently appeared in other Call of Duty titles, with

1680-578: The Australian media company Nine Entertainment , acquired Kotaku Australia . . The transition to G/O Media led to several departures from the site, as well as from other sister sites under the former Gawker Media label due to conflicts with G/O Media's management. Cecilia D'Anastasio left Kotaku in December 2019 to become a journalist for Wired . Joshua Rivera and Gita Jackson left in January 2020 stating it

1750-466: The Gamergate community. Its creator attempted to shut it down in 2018, claiming that it had become "infested with racism and sexism", but it was reinstated by a Reddit administrator due to the site's guidelines. In March 2024, the narrative development studio Sweet Baby Inc. became the target of claims from online users who said that it promoted a " woke agenda ". Kotaku editor Alyssa Mercante became

1820-527: The Japanese otaku (obsessive fan) and the prefix "ko-" (small in size). In 2009, Business Insider reported that Hearst Corporation sought to buy Kotaku from Gawker Media. Stephen Totilo replaced Brian Crecente as the editor in chief in 2012. Totilo had previously joined Kotaku in 2009 as deputy editor. In April 2014, Gawker Media partnered with Future plc to launch Kotaku UK , and with Allure Media to launch Kotaku Australia . Kotaku

1890-440: The United States constructed various buildings of varying distances from the explosion to test the impact of nuclear war on American cities. These buildings, often arranged in locations nicknamed "doom towns", included grocery stores, gas stations, and houses built of varying materials. Each building was often excessively detailed and furnished, even including food supplies. Additionally, fully clothed mannequins were placed throughout

1960-429: The air with enemies firing at the player from all sides. Level design or environment design , is a discipline of game development involving the making of video game levels—locales, stages or missions. This is commonly done using a level editor, a game development software designed for building levels; however, some games feature built-in level editing tools. In the early days of video games (1970s–2000s),

2030-564: The buildings to mimic people, partially to test the durability of clothing in extreme conditions. By the end of the tests, over 100 bombs were detonated. These nuclear tests sites inspired the creation of a scene in Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull (2008), a film that released shortly before the development of Black Ops began. In the scene, the titular character Indiana Jones ended up onto one of these nuclear test sites, and had to survive

2100-477: The challenge in a game is often to defeat some sort of character, levels are sometimes designed with a movement challenge, such as a jumping puzzle, a form of obstacle course . Players must judge the distance between platforms or ledges and safely jump between them to reach the next area. These puzzles can slow the momentum down for players of fast action games ; the first Half-Life 's penultimate chapter, "Interloper", featured multiple moving platforms high in

2170-459: The computer hardware sufficient time to load the assets for the next area. The player's speed may be reduced, while story cues are presented to draw the player's attention. The player may be required to enter areas in which their view of the world is plausibly restricted, sometimes referred to as "loading tunnels". With newer consoles, such as the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S , special SSD arrays alongside software libraries that have

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2240-428: The computer or console's memory as the player approaches the edge of one level and the start of a new one. This can effectively make the transition from one level to another level appear to be seamless and avoid the use of loading screens. This is known as level streaming or in-game streaming, and is often used for open world games to give the perception of a fully-interconnected space. There are often tricks used to give

2310-440: The designers to use. This eliminates the need for designers to access or modify game code . As opposed to the level editing tools sometimes available to the community, level designers often work with placeholders and prototypes aiming for level consistency and clear layout before required artwork is produced by game artists. Many level designers have skills as both a visual artist and game designer , although in recent years

2380-483: The first games with a 3D engine to feature hidden features was Wolfenstein 3D , where certain walls could be pushed to reveal hidden passages. Sometimes, a whole level may be designed as a secret level. A bonus stage (also known as a bonus level or bonus round) is a special level within a video game designed to reward the player or players, and typically allows the player to collect extra points or power-ups . Bonus stage either have no enemies or hazards, or replace

2450-415: The game because of their limited replay value. A minigame (also spelled mini-game or mini game, sometimes called a subgame or microgame) is a short video game often contained within another video game, and sometimes in application software or on a display of any form of hardware. A minigame contains different gameplay elements than the main game, may be optional, and is often smaller or more simplistic than

2520-407: The game creator to use the same load- and rendering routines as the game itself, and may make it easier and more pleasant to create levels. Developers of FOSS -games may argue that a game is not complete until other users easily can add new levels. One of the first 3D games which became popular partially due to level editors and fan-made maps, other game addons, and other works related to the game,

2590-428: The game in which it is contained. Minigames are sometimes also offered separately for free to promote the main game. Some minigames can also be bonus stages or secret levels. They are distinguishable from levels in that a level is an environment bound to a set of mechanics and rules that all defines all other normal levels in a game, whereas a minigame can use different rules and playstyles but may not necessarily be set in

2660-479: The game interface itself. 3D first-person shooters Doom (1993) and Doom II (1994) were two of the first games to attract focused game modding activity, and many WAD level files were made for them. One of the reasons was a clear separation between the level files and game engine itself. Half-Life , Quake 3 , and many other games have notable mapping tools and communities focusing on user-generated content . Level design for each individual level in

2730-435: The game's sequel, Call of Duty: Black Ops II (2012), and was only available as a bonus to those who pre-ordered the game. This version of the map was known as "Nuketown 2025," and the map's aesthetic was changed to be more in line with the 1960s than the 1950s. A month later, a version of the map that was playable in the game's Zombie mode was released. In January 2013, "Nuketown 2025" was made available to all players through

2800-597: The gameplay. For example, the gameplay may be shifted towards a platformer (by careful placement of platforms) or a puzzle game (by extensive use of buttons, keys, and doors). Some FPS maps may be designed to prevent sniping by not including any long hallways, while other maps may allow for a mix of sniping and closer combat. Gimmick maps are sometimes developed to explore selected features of gameplay, such as sniping or fist fighting. While they are briefly useful to level designers and interesting to experienced players, they are usually not included in final list of levels of

2870-541: The greatest multiplayer maps in video game history. Kotaku 's Patricia Hernandez wrote that maps such as "Nuketown" were ones that were best fit for the mechanics of Call of Duty as well as player reaction speed, which orients around close-quarters engagement between players. The Gameological Society 's Ryan Smith described "Nuketown" as the fairest map in the Call of Duty series based on its symmetrical layout, though also one that could "devolve into chaos" as well as where death

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2940-411: The lawsuit was dismissed the next day. In 2010, Kotaku criticized Japanese magazine Famitsu 's glowing endorsement of Konami 's PlayStation Portable game Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker as a conflict of interest. In response, Konami revoked Kotaku ' s invitation to the game's launch party. On October 9, 2021, Kotaku published an article about Metroid Dread , which had been released

3010-491: The level or an object's improperly aligned "collision box". In some cases, specific mapping tools can be designed to automatically detect problems such as falling "outside" a level, and reaching "stuck" areas. Careful level designers run these tools as the last step before releasing a new version of a level. In most cases, the best way to improve a map is by playtesting it with experienced players, and allowing them to try to exploit any problems. Kotaku Kotaku

3080-550: The location being changed to fit the setting of the game. "Nuketown" has been met with a positive response from critics, praising its fast-paced combat and small design. There have been connections made between the iconography featured in "Nuketown" and real-world themes present during the Cold War era. "Nuketown" is a multiplayer map originating from Call of Duty: Black Ops (2010), a first-person shooter game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision . The map takes place in

3150-412: The map features a large amount of real-world symbolism and iconography in the form of graffiti. A sixth version of "Nuketown" was included in Call of Duty: Black Ops 6 (2024), alongside two new, original maps inspired by "Nuketown", named "Warhead" and "Area 99", the latter of which being part of Black Ops 6 's integration into Call of Duty: Warzone . "Nuketown" has been referred to as one of

3220-465: The map was not properly designed for Team Deathmatch modes, and that it was possible to predict who would win a match within the first fifteen seconds, with the prediction always coming true. Peel believed that depictions of real-world material and the fast-paced action of "Nuketown" could be viewed as an metaphor of the Cold War and the idea of mutual-assured destruction . He believed that no matter what

3290-464: The most iconic maps in the Call of Duty series. Kotaku 's Alyssa Mercante wrote that "Nuketown" was one of the two most iconic maps in the series, with the other one being " Shipment " from the Modern Warfare sub-series. Several outlets have considered "Nuketown" to be one of the best maps in the Call of Duty series due to its fast-paced nature, with Kotaku and Red Bull considering it one of

3360-534: The normal penalties for being struck by enemies or hazards with simply being thrown out of the bonus stage. Many bonus stages need to be activated or discovered in some manner, or certain conditions must be satisfied to access them. Otherwise, they appear after the player has completed a certain number of regular stages. There are many map bugs that level designers try to avoid, but sometimes go unnoticed for some time. A player might get stuck in map geometry with no way to escape or to die. A player might be able to find

3430-442: The outcome of the supposed battle was, everybody would die in the end and no achievements of an individual would matter, both in "Nuketown" as well as the real world. He also commented that the additional ending cutscene to "Nuketown '84", where an arcade machine is obliterated by the bomb as well, could be seen as "juxtaposing the bright, chirrupy presentation of U.S. capitalism with the apocalyptic scenario that loomed over it for half

3500-524: The player completed the level, the next level would be loaded. The player would be presented with a loading screen while the game loaded level information from storage. With more advanced computing hardware with faster input/output data transfer rates, such as optical drives, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and larger amounts of memory, game developers have been able to take advantage of continuously loading new level assets – models, textures, and audio – into

3570-438: The player loses all their lives . An example of the latter approach is the arcade platform game Donkey Kong (1981), which uses multiple distinct levels to progress a storyline; as Mario (originally called Jumpman) tries to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong , each level ends with Kong fleeing with Pauline and then Mario having to complete a different level each time, until he finally confronts Kong. 1983's Lode Runner

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3640-439: The players to explore the map and advance. Most Real-Time Strategy maps give each player a starting base, but will have resource distribution and terrain features designed to draw players out of their base and engage each other. Teamplay maps can provide noticeable advantages to one team over another, when designed poorly. Commonly on older hardware, most games would load a single level and all of its assets at one time, and when

3710-502: The release of the Revolution map pack, though players on the Wii U version of the game didn't receive the map until August 2014. With the release of Call of Duty: Black Ops III (2015), "Nuketown" was once again available as a pre-order bonus. To accommodate for the game's new movement mechanics, the map received a redesign to emphasize vertical movement. The map's setting was also changed from

3780-424: The remake being titled "Alpha Omega". A fifth redesign of the map was included with Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020), named "Nuketown '84". Set during 1984, this version of the map returned the map to the desert setting in the original Black Ops , taking place in an abandoned replica of the original test site which had since fallen into disrepair and was converted into a legitimate commune. This version of

3850-505: The responsibility for visual-, structural- and gameplay-related tasks has been increasingly divided among several specialists. A wide variety of tools may be used by someone designing and making a level. Although it is faster to design models and textures with general-purpose multimedia development tools, games usually require the data to be in a unique format suited for that game's engine . For this, specific compilers and converters of models, textures, and audio data may be required to lay out

3920-462: The role of emulation in video game preservation . On October 10, Kotaku revised the article to clarify they were referring to game preservation and, after a complaint from Nintendo on a later date, removed all mentions of piracy from the article. Kotaku also issued an apology and stated that, though they believed emulation was "a vital part of the world of gaming", they did not condone using it to acquire games illegally. In 2007, Kotaku ran

3990-580: The setting being adjusted to fit theme of the respective game. "Nuketown" is based on real-world nuclear test sites that were constructed by the United States. Around five years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States established a nuclear test site in Nevada near Las Vegas after testing nuclear bombs in the Pacific Ocean became unfeasible after the Korean War . During these tests,

4060-424: The storyline. Levels are generally constructed with flow control in mind; that is, directing the player towards the goal of the level and preventing confusion and idling. This can be accomplished by various means. Often the level layouts feature power-ups and items positioned so that collecting them inevitably makes the player move in the correct direction. This is one of the basic player direction techniques and

4130-475: The year . Peel declared that the map could possibly be interpreted in two ways: as an analogy of how the decade played out based on its graffiti, or as a black comedy critique of explosives and fast-paced fighting "crapping all over foolish notions of world peace." Level (video games) In games with linear progression, levels are areas of a larger world, such as Green Hill Zone . Games may also feature interconnected levels, representing locations. Although

4200-508: Was Doom . The development of various third-party editors led to the formation of an online community trading fan-made maps. A level editor is often limited to designing levels for only a certain game engine . Developing a level editor takes a lot of time; it is more time- and cost-efficient to release multiple games using the same engine instead of developing a new engine and level editor for each game. As level editors generally allow for limited game-development work, to make larger changes to

4270-453: Was an iconic "cramped and frantic playground." Kotaku Australia 's Alex Walker stated that, while he didn't think the map was very balanced, it was one of the most replayable and "legendary" maps in video games. Play was more critical of the map, describing it as one of the worst maps in first-person shooter games based on its small size, further declaring it to possibly be one of the "most frustrating" multiplayer maps. They believed that

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4340-581: Was appointed editor of the site in October 2023, after previous editor Patricia Hernandez was reportedly fired following a "personal disagreement" in August 2023. In November 2023, G/O Media announced it was laying off 23 people across Kotaku and the company's other websites. Jen Glennon resigned her position as editor in March 2024, citing an opposition to G/O Media's desire for the site to deprioritize news and instead focus on producing game guides. In July 2024, it

4410-480: Was blacklisted by Nintendo, reportedly over articles that covered leaks of unreleased Nintendo games. Further controversy followed when then senior writer Luke Plunkett posted a picture of a fighter plane with victory markings featuring the Imperial Japanese flag. In 2014, Kotaku was part of the accusations that instigated the harassment campaign known as Gamergate when a writer from the site, Nathan Grayson,

4480-537: Was brought in to try to save the failing site. Since then, the site has launched several country-specific sites for Australia , Japan , Brazil and the UK . Crecente was named one of the 20 most influential people in the video game industry over the past 20 years by GamePro in 2009 and one of gaming's Top 50 journalists by Edge in 2006. The site has made CNET 's "Blog 100" list and was ranked 50th on PC Magazine ' s "Top 100 Classic Web Sites" list. Its name comes from

4550-400: Was falsely accused of writing a favorable review of the game Depression Quest as a result of his relationship with its developer, Zoë Quinn . After conducting an internal review, it was discovered that no review of Depression Quest existed and he had only written one article that mentioned Quinn in passing before their relationship began. The subreddit KotakuInAction became a hub for

4620-461: Was impossible to work with the new management. Jason Schreier , one of Kotaku ' s writers since 2012 known for his investigative in-depth coverage of working conditions at various studios and development histories for various video games, announced his departure from the site on April 16, 2020, citing the issues surrounding G/O Media which filtered into disruptions at their sister website Deadspin around October 2019. Schreier subsequently took

4690-501: Was inevitable. He also stated that, regardless of the player's skill, randomness would determine the map's outcomes instead of actual tactics and hand-to-eye coordination; Mercante wrote the map's small size led to "absurdly frantic gameplay," that made high death counts being inevitable no matter how skilled players were. GameRevolution 's Toby Saunders and Cian Maher described the map as having "absolute chaos imbued in its very core," and GameRadar+ 's Jeremy Peel wrote that "Nuketown"

4760-614: Was one of several websites that was purchased by Univision Communications in their acquisition of Gawker Media in August 2016; Gizmodo Media Group was subsequently founded to house the Gawker acquisitions, operating under the Fusion Media Group , a division of Univision. The Gizmodo Media Group was later acquired by the private equity firm Great Hill Partners in April 2019, and renamed G/O Media . In December 2018 Pedestrian Group , owned by

4830-599: Was one of the first titles to ship with a level editor. Its designer, Doug Smith , reputedly paid neighborhood children to design levels for the game. The same year, the multiplayer dungeon crawl Dandy was released, and it also shipped with a level editor which was documented in the manual. ZZT (1991) is a later game with user-accessible mapping and scripting. A game genre that required significant amounts of time to design areas were text-based games, such as MUDs . Often, promoted users were assigned to make new paths, new rooms, new equipment, and new actions, often using

4900-707: Was reported that Kotaku Australia would shut down as part of a cost-cutting effort from third-party publisher Pedestrian Group . In October 2024, Kotaku Australia began to redirect to Kotaku and made its article archive "publicly inaccessible". Aftermath reported that "this not only means the work of dozens of Australian writers over the course of 16 years has been lost, but also thousands of Kotaku US stories as well that, thanks to various server and ownership changes, had only survived via their reposts on Kotaku AU". In 2007, attorney Jack Thompson sued Gawker Media and site editor Brian Crecente over concerns that Kotaku declined to remove threatening user comments, but

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