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30-586: In 1706, Metropolitan Job of Novgorod opened the Novgorod Greek-Slavonic School at his bishop's house and summoned the exiled Greek scholars brothers Joannicius and Sophronius Likhud , whom he met while living in Moscow, to lead it. At the expense of the funds of the St. Sophia Cathedral , he organized the construction of a two-story building for the school; the students, who numbered up to 153 people, were kept at

60-576: A number of bishops' schools were transformed into seminaries as a result of the introduction of the Latin curriculum. A document drawn up in the Holy Synod, apparently with the participation of Ambrose himself, approved by the Decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of May 24, 1740, reads: grammar even to rhetoric, philosophy and theology...”. By decree of October 30 (November 10), 1740, Archbishop Ambrose determined to open

90-570: A seminary in the Antoniev Monastery , closest to Novgorod. According to the staff, the activities of the Novgorod City Palace of Culture were regulated in detail from the very beginning and provided financially. 7,859 rubles 37 kopecks per year were allocated for its maintenance, which far exceeded the financial support of other seminaries. According to the funds allocated for its maintenance, it left other seminaries far behind, that is, it

120-462: A series of bilingual manuals and guidebooks on philosophy, physics, logic, grammar, and poetics. The Muscovites regarded these books as a novelty, although they essentially regurgitated the ancient Aristotelian tenets. In the dispute between the pro-Latin and pro-Greek scholars the Likhuds supported the latter. Their opponents included Symeon of Polotsk and Sylvester Medvedev . In 1688 the elder brother

150-492: A stone building. However, the construction of the building began only in 1759 and was completed in the 1780s according to the estimates of the provincial architect Vasily Polivanov. A two-storey building with two side risalits and elegant facades has been well preserved in the eastern part of the monastery; now it houses the library of the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University . The library of

180-1090: Is connected with the Neva, the Syas , and the Svir by the Ladoga Canal bypassing Lake Ladoga. The main tributaries of the Volkhov are the Vishera (right), joins the Maly Volkhovets armlet; the Kerest (left); the Oskuya (right); the Pchyovzha (right); the Tigoda (left); the Chyornaya (right); the Vloya (left); the Olomna (left). The drainage basin of the Volkhov includes

210-560: Is the second largest tributary of Lake Ladoga. It is navigable over its whole length. Discharge is highly variable depending primarily on the level of Lake Ilmen. The Volkhov is reported to reverse the direction of its flow in its upper section in exceptional circumstances. The river freezes up in late November, and breaks up in early April. The level of water is regulated by the dam of the Volkhov hydroelectric plant (the first Soviet regional hydroelectric dam opened on December 19, 1926, in

240-936: The Novgorod Institute of Public Education was opened on its basis, which ended up with the fundamental library of the seminary. In 1920, the Anthony Monastery was abolished. Likhud Brothers The Likhud Brothers ( Russian : Братья Лихуды ) were two Greek monks from Cephalonia who founded and managed the Slavic Greek Latin Academy in Moscow between 1685 and 1694. Their names were Ioannikios Leichoudes ( Greek : Ιωαννίκιος Λειχούδης ) or Ioannikii Likhud ( Russian : Иоанникий Лихуд , 1633–1717) and Sophronios Leichoudes ( Greek : Σωφρόνιος Λειχούδης ) or Sofronii Likhud ( Russian : Софроний Лихуд , 1653–1730). The brothers received their education at

270-701: The Padua University in Italy. Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem persuaded them to visit Moscow where they were given a warm welcome by Prince Vasily Galitzine (the head of Sophia 's government). On their arrival they were allowed to establish the Slavic Greek Latin Academy on the premises of Zaikonospassky Monastery in Kitay-Gorod . It was effectively the first high school in Russia. The Likhuds authored

300-708: The Caspian or Black Seas. In the mid-9th century, the Volkhov was a heavily populated trade artery of the Varangian -dominated Rus' Khaganate . It was a vital part of the most important trade route connecting Northern Europe to the Orient, by way of the Volga ( Volga trade route ) and Dnieper ( trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks ). The ancient Russian capital Staraya Ladoga and one of

330-642: The Novgorod Theological Seminary is one of the oldest Russian libraries. Money was allocated annually for the purchase of new books, this made it possible to create the richest book fund. G.I. Svetlov in the book “A Brief Essay on the History of the Novgorod Theological Seminary”, published in 1917, reports that the library of Ambrose Yushkevich “formed the basis of that rich book depository, which, having given part of its treasures, and even

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360-539: The Volkhov appears among the allegorical monuments to the four major rivers of Russia (the others are: Volga , Dnieper and Neva ) on the rostral columns in the ensemble of the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns . Its role in facilitating trade is due to its position as the only river penetrating deep into inland Russia that flows north towards the Baltic , rather than south towards

390-574: The Volkhov. A number of etymologies, none universally accepted, have been proposed for the name of the river. In his Etymological dictionary of the Russian language , Max Vasmer doubted some philologists' opinion that the river's name is related to the Finnish velho ("magician") or Russian volkhv ("pagan priest"). The Volkhov flows out of Lake Ilmen north into Lake Ladoga , the largest lake in Europe. It

420-458: The basin of the Neva , is the only outflow of Lake Ilmen , and connects it with Lake Ladoga . The length of the Volkhov is 224 kilometres (139 mi), and the area of its drainage basin is 80,200 square kilometres (31,000 sq mi). The city of Veliky Novgorod , the towns of Kirishi , Volkhov and Novaya Ladoga , and the historically important village of Staraya Ladoga are located along

450-406: The battlefront. Local birch was used for constructing shelters and hundreds of miles of corduroy road in the swampland. Buildings were on slopes to allow for drainage. "Six or eight men occupy each hut and there are also underground stables and storage places for coal and supplies." The entire Volkhov River is navigable; however, there is no passenger navigation. As with other navigable rivers,

480-586: The best, to the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, should be considered now the best and the largest of the existing theological seminaries. It also included the library of the Likhudov school. A larger number of books, according to the catalog of 1779 (the earliest known catalog of the library), in the middle of the 18th century was only in the library of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg . T In 1788–1800,

510-450: The expense of the metropolitan, who put his book collection at their disposal. The Novgorod school was an attempt to create an Orthodox educational institution based on the patristic tradition, and not intended for scholastic disputes. Latin was not taught here at all. With the appointment of Theophan Prokopovich as archbishop in Novgorod, these Novgorod schools were abolished. In the 1730s,

540-405: The fortified settlements at Novye Duboviki and Gorodishche. There was another outpost at Kholopy Gorodok, 13 km north of present-day Velikiy Novgorod, or rather Holmgard, which was founded near the point where the Volkhov flows from Lake Ilmen. "Most of these were initially small sites, probably not much more than stations for re-fitting and resupply, providing an opportunity for exchange and

570-606: The framework of the GOELRO plan ) situated 25 km upstream from the mouth of the river. Apart from hydroelectric generating purposes, the dam serves to facilitate navigation in the lower part of the river previously known for its rapids . The upstream part of the Volkhov is connected to the Msta by the Siversov Canal (or Sievers Canal, named in honour of Baltic German statesman Jacob von Sievers ) bypassing Lake Ilmen. The downstream part

600-605: The large parts of Novgorod and Leningrad Oblasts, as well as areas in Tver Oblast , Pskov Oblast of Russia and Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus . The main rivers belonging to the river basin of the Volkhov are the Msta , the Lovat , the Pola , and the Shelon . Despite its relatively small size, Volkhov has played a large role in Russian history and economy: in recognition of that, a figure representing

630-460: The most significant Russian medieval cities Veliky Novgorod are located along the Volkhov. The river carried a significant portion of the trade between Novgorod and Western Europe . After entering the Volkhov near Gorchakovshchina and Lyubsha , commercial vessels of the Vikings cast anchor at the major trade emporium of Aldeigja (Ladoga). Then they rowed upstream past a series of rapids, guarded by

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660-507: The navigability of the Volkhov makes it possible to transport bulky pieces of equipment which are inconvenient to ship by rail or road due to their size. In 2015, the Volkhov was part of a route of a river barge transporting a VVER-1200 nuclear reactor vessel from the Atommash plant in Volgodonsk . After being moved by the barge up the Volkhov to Novgorod, the reactor was taken across the city to

690-403: The redistribution of items passing along the river and caravan routes". It seems on the whole likely that such pre-urban settlements gave the country its Norse name of Gardariki . During World War II , the stretch of the Volkhov north of Veliky Novgorod separated Soviet (right bank) and German (left bank) troops between 1941 and 1944. German soldiers built extensive "underground cities" along

720-516: The seminary were 100 best students of the school at the bishop's house, which for some time remained preparatory for the seminary. With regard to the organization of education, the seminary was almost an exact copy of the Kiev Theological Academy , whose graduate was Archbishop Ambrose. Initially, there were four classes in the seminary. Первоначально в семинарии было четыре класса: analogies , infims, grammars , syntaxes. Severe discipline

750-459: The status of the Novgorod Seminary was reduced to the level of a four-class one. During the 19th century, changes took place in the life of the Novgorod Seminary. The severity and severity of the bursa of the 18th - early 19th centuries gave way to a humane attitude towards students. For the 150th anniversary of the seminary, under the rector, Archpriest Evgraf Megorsky, a new large building

780-549: Was actually a higher educational institution, although it did not bear the name "academy". For example, in 1765, when the Novgorod Theological Seminary had a staffing of 8,285 rubles, the Moscow Theological Academy received 4,847 rubles, the Trinity Seminary - 4,901 rubles, and other seminaries - much less. Apart from the Novgorod Seminary, only the St. Petersburg Seminary had a staff salary. The first students of

810-427: Was built with a front facade on the Volkhov . The celebration of the anniversary took place on October 30, 1890, it was headed by Bishop Vladimir Bogoyavlensky . At the end of April 1918, the educational activities of the Novgorod Theological Seminary actually ceased. On September 30, 1918, the Novgorod provincial department of public education decided to close the Novgorod Theological Seminary, and on October 1, 1919,

840-621: Was sent on a diplomatic mission to Venice . After Galitzine's fall from grace the Likhud brothers were removed from the academy on charges of "latinism". Following a brief exile at the Hypatian Monastery in Kostroma , the brothers moved their educational activities to Novgorod . After Ioannikios' death in 1717 Sophronios was sent to administer the Solotcha Monastery near Ryazan where he

870-759: Was taunted by the brethren and had to confine himself to his cell. The Likhud Brothers are remembered as the pioneers of higher education in Russia. In 2007 their statue was unveiled in front of the Epiphany Monastery in Kitay-Gorod. Volkhov (river) The Volkhov ( / ˈ v ɔː l x ɒ v / VAWL-khov ; Russian : Волхов [ˈvoɫxəf] ; Veps : Olhav ) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Kirishsky and Volkhovsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia . The Volkhov , which forms part of

900-416: Was the basis of seminary education. For violation of the established rules, they were subjected to cruel punishments, up to whips and shackles. Flight from the seminary was common: in 1748 there were 94 on the run. Archbishop Ambrose (Yushkevich) obtained permission from Empress Elizaveta Petrovna to transfer Theophan Prokopovich's library to the Novgorod Theological Seminary, for which he decided to build

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