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45-615: The Nova Ves (meaning new village in Kajkavian language ) is a historic street north of the Kaptol neighborhood in Zagreb , Croatia . It is administratively within the bounds of the Gornji Grad - Medveščak city district. According to the 2001 census , the street and its surrounding area had 3,456 inhabitants. In 2009, it had a population of 3,575. From the first habitation to date, the street has had

90-504: A "purge of non-Shtokavian elements". Early 20th century witnessed a drastic increase in released Kajkavian literature, although by then it had become part of what was considered Croatian dialectal poetry with no pretense of serving as a standard written form. The most notable writers of this period were among others, Antun Gustav Matoš , Miroslav Krleža , Ivan Goran Kovačić , Dragutin Domjanić and Nikola Pavić . Kajkavian lexical treasure

135-604: A Kajkavian-speaking area, and Kajkavian is still in use by its older and (to a lesser extent) by its younger population. Modern Zagreb speech has come under considerable influence from Shtokavian. The vast intermingling of Kajkavian and standard Shtokavian in Zagreb and its surroundings has led to problems in defining the underlying structure of those speech-groups. As a result, many of the urban speeches (but not rural ones) have been labelled either Kajkavian koine or Kajkavian–Shtokavian rather than Kajkavian or Shtokavian. Additionally,

180-591: A closer relation with Kajkavian and the Slovak language , especially with the Central Slovak dialects upon which standard Slovak is based. As modern-day Hungary used to be populated by Slavic-speaking peoples prior to the arrival of Hungarians, there have been hypotheses on possible common innovations of future West and South Slavic speakers of that area. Kajkavian is the most prominent of the South Slavic speeches in sharing

225-564: A dramatic opus by Tituš Brezovački . Kajkavian-based are important lexicographic works like Jambrešić 's " Dictionar ", 1670, and the monumental (2,000 pages and 50,000 words) Latin-Kajkavian-Latin dictionary " Gazophylacium " (including also some Chakavian and Shtokavian words marked as such) by Ivan Belostenec (posthumously, 1740). Miroslav Krleža 's poetic work " Balade Petrice Kerempuha " drew heavily on Belostenec's dictionary. Kajkavian grammars include Kornig 's, 1795, Matijević 's, 1810 and Đurkovečki 's, 1837. During that time,

270-422: A language in its own right. Josip Silić, one of the main initiators behind the standardisation of Croatian, also regards Kajkavian as a distinct language by dint of its having significantly different morphology, syntax and phonology from the official Shtokavian-based standard. However, Silić's theorization about three languages and systems of Croatian, based on Ferdinand de Saussure and Eugenio Coșeriu concepts,

315-453: A rich history as an important part of Zagreb ever since the beginnings of the modern city. The first mention of the street (as "Lepa Ves") can be found in a document dating to 1334, which calls the settlement a "villa." The area of today's street is mentioned again in a 1361 document as "our new village at St. John's of Zagreb," documenting the nearby church of St. John the Baptist , located near

360-535: Is a comparison of some words in Kajkavian, Shtokavian and Slovene along with their English translations. Kajkavian is lexically closer to Slovene than to the Croatian Shtokavian dialects, which is considered by some another argument that Kajkavian is a separate language. The Kajkavian words are given in their most common orthographic form. Shtokavian words are given in their standard Croatian form. In cases where

405-739: Is being published by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnoga jezika ("Dictionary of the Croatian Kajkavian Literary Language", 8 volumes, 1999). Later, Dario Vid Balog , actor, linguist and writer translated the New Testament in Kajkavian. In 2018 is published the Kajkavian translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 's The Little Prince ( Le Petit Prince ) by Kajkavsko spravišče aka Mali kralevič . Below are examples of

450-411: Is criticized for being exaggerated, incomprehensible and logically non-existent. According to Ranko Matasović , Kajkavian is equally Croatian as Chakavian and Shtokavian dialects. Mate Kapović notes that the dialects are practical and provisory linguistic inventions which should not be misunderstood and extrapolated outside the context of the dialect continuum . According to Mijo Lončarić (1988),

495-1029: Is more Kajkavian in lesser Eastern part, while more Slovene in main Western part). Kajkavian categorization of transitional dialects, like for example of prigorski , is provisory. Kajkavian is mainly spoken in northern and northwestern Croatia. The mixed half-Kajkavian towns along the eastern and southern edge of the Kajkavian-speaking area are Pitomača , Čazma , Kutina , Popovača , Sunja , Petrinja , Martinska Ves , Ozalj , Ogulin , Fužine , and Čabar , including newer Štokavian enclaves of Bjelovar , Sisak , Glina , Donja Dubrava and Novi Zagreb . The southernmost Kajkavian villages are Krapje at Jasenovac ; and Pavušek , Dvorišče and Hrvatsko selo in Zrinska Gora (R. Fureš & A. Jembrih: Kajkavski u povijesnom i sadašnjem obzorju p. 548, Zabok 2006). The major cities in northern Croatia are located in what

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540-534: Is part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, being a transition between the supradialects of Chakavian , Shtokavian and the Slovene language. There are differing opinions over whether Kajkavian is best considered a dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language or a fully-fledged language of its own, as it is only partially mutually intelligible with either Chakavian or Shtokavian and bears more similarities to Slovene ; it

585-470: Is transitional and fully mutually intelligible with Prekmurje Slovene and the dialects in Slovenian Lower Styria 's region of Prlekija in terms of phonology and vocabulary. The term "Kajkavian" and the definition of the dialect are modern inventions. The name stems from the interrogative pronoun kaj ("what"). The other supradialects of Serbo-Croatian also derive their names from their reflex of

630-1515: The Lord's Prayer in the Croatian variant of Shtokavian, literary Kajkavian and a Međimurje variant of the Kajkavian dialect. Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, sveti se ime tvoje, dođi kraljevstvo tvoje, budi volja tvoja, kako na nebu tako i na zemlji. Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas i otpusti nam duge naše, kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim, i ne uvedi nas u napast, nego izbavi nas od zla. Amen. Otec naš, koj si na nebesi, sveti se ime tvoje, dojdi kralestvo tvoje, budi vola tvoja, kak na nebu tak i na zemli. Kruh naš vsagdašni dej nam denes. I otpusti nam duge naše, kak i mi otpuščamo dužnikom našim, i ne vpelaj nas vu skušavanje, nego oslobodi nas od zla. Amen. Japek naš ki si v nebesaj, nek se sveti ime Tvoje, nek prihaja cesarstvo Tvoje, nek bo volja Tvoja, kakti na nebi tak pa na zemlji. Kruhek naš vsakdaneši daj nam denes ter odpuščaj nam duge naše, kakti i mi odpuščamo dužnikom našim, ter naj nas vpelati v skušnje, nek zbavi nas od vsakih hudobah. Amen. Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, posvečeno bodi tvoje ime, pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo, zgodi se tvoja volja kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji. Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh in odpusti nam naše dolge, kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom, in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo, temveč reši nas hudega. Amen. What follows

675-400: The 12th century. The first comprehensive works in Kajkavian started to appear during the 16th century at a time when Central Croatia gained prominence due to the geopolitical environment since it was free from Ottoman occupation. The most notable work of that era was Ivanuš Pergošić's Decretum , released in 1574. Decretum was a translation of István Werbőczy 's Tripartitum . At

720-401: The 17th century, and by the beginning of the 18th century, it had supplanted the older name Slavic . The name also followed the same evolution in neighboring Slovene Prekmurje and some other border areas in what is now Slovenia, although there the name Slovene-Croatian ( slovensko-horvatski ) existed as well. The actual term Kajkavian ( kajkavski ), including as an adjective, was invented in

765-458: The 18th century, Kajkavian had become the standard language of Prekmurje. Moreover, literary Kajkavian was also used in neighboring Slovene Styria during the 17th and 18th centuries, and in parts of it, education was conducted in Kajkavian. As a result of various factors, Kajkavian has numerous differences compared to Shtokavian: In addition to the above list of characteristics that set Kajkavian apart from Shtokavian, research suggests possible

810-552: The 19th century and is credited to Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić , while it was generally used and promoted in the 20th century works by Croatian writer Miroslav Krleža . The term is today accepted by its speakers in Croatia. The problem with classifying Kajkavian within South Slavic stems in part from its both structural differences and closesness with neighboring Chakavian and Shtokavian speeches as well as its historical closeness to Slovene speeches. Some Slavists maintain that when

855-434: The Kajkavian dialect according to the reflexes of Proto-Slavic phonemes /tj/ and /dj/ into three subdialects: eastern, northwestern and southwestern. However, later investigations did not corroborate Belić's division. Contemporary Kajkavian dialectology begins with Croatian philologist Stjepan Ivšić 's work "Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca" ( The Language of Kajkavian Croats , 1936), which highlighted accentual characteristics. Due to

900-579: The Kajkavian literary language was the dominant written form in its spoken area along with Latin and German. Until Ljudevit Gaj 's attempts to modernize the spelling, Kajkavian was written using Hungarian spelling conventions . Kajkavian began to lose its status during the Croatian National Revival in mid-19th Century when the leaders of the Illyrian movement opted to use the Shtokavian dialect as

945-617: The South, Southeast and especially to East in Slavonia), and from the 17th-18th century till present time when regained part of lost territory by forming new transitional dialects. The Kajkavian speech area borders in the northwest on the Slovene language and in the northeast on the Hungarian language . In the east and southeast it is bordered by Shtokavian dialects roughly along a line that used to serve as

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990-585: The Zagreb speech for various reasons. Kajkavian is closely related to Slovene – and to Prekmurje Slovene in particular. Higher amounts of correspondences between the two exist in inflection and vocabulary. The speakers of the Prekmurje dialect are Slovenes and Hungarian Slovenes who belonged to the Archdiocese of Zagreb during the Habsburg era (until 1918). They used Kajkavian as their liturgical language, and by

1035-409: The basis for the future South Slavic standard language, the reason being that it had the highest number of speakers. Initially, the choice of Shtokavian was accepted even among Slovene intellectuals, but later it fell out of favor. The Zagreb linguistic school was opposed to the course that the standardization process took. Namely, it had almost completely ignored Kajkavian (and Chakavian) dialects which

1080-742: The border between Civil Croatia and the Habsburg Military Frontier . Finally, in the southwest, it borders Chakavian along the Kupa and Dobra rivers. It is thought by M. Lončarić that historically these borders extended further to the south and east, for example, the eastern border is thought to have extended at least well into modern-day Slavonia to the area around the town of Pakrac and Slatina , while East of it transitional Kajkavian- Shtokavian dialects . The transitional dialects during Ottoman invasion and migrations almost completely vanished. The Croatian capital, Zagreb , has historically been

1125-412: The fixed stress-based accentual system without distinctive lengths, the merger of /č/ and /ć/ and of /dž/ and /đ/, vocabulary differences as well as a different place of stress in words. The Zagreb variety of Shtokavian is considered by some to enjoy parallel prestige with the prescribed Shtokavian variety. Because of that, speakers whose native speech is closer to the standard variety often end up adopting

1170-473: The formation of the Proto-Kajkavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 10th century (when it separated from Southwestern Slavic), until the 12th century it is a separate node of Croatian-Serbian language family (excluding Slovene), between the 13th and 15th century when formed as a dialect with main features known today, until the end of the 17th century when lost a part of spoken territory (to

1215-416: The forms of speech in use exhibit significant sociolinguistic variation. Research suggests that younger Zagreb-born speakers of the Kajkavian koine tend to consciously use more Kajkavian features when speaking to older people, showing that such features are still in their linguistic inventory even if not used at all times. However, the Kajkavian koine is distinct from Kajkavian as spoken in non-urban areas, and

1260-663: The great diversity within Kajkavian primarily in phonetics, phonology, and morphology, the Kajkavian dialect atlas features a large number of subdialects: from four identified by Ivšić to six proposed by Croatian linguist Brozović (formerly the accepted division) all the way up to fifteen according to a monograph by Croatian linguist Mijo Lončarić (1995). The traditional division in six sub-dialects includes: zagorsko-međimurski , križevačko-podravski , turopoljsko-posavski , prigorski (transitional to Central Chakavian ), donjosutlanski (migratory transitional Chakavina-ikavian which became Kajkavian), and goranski (also transitional which

1305-709: The idea of Slovene and Kajkavian unity and asserted that Kajkavian speakers are Slovenes. On the other hand, Josef Dobrovský also claimed linguistic and national unity between the two groups but under the Croatian ethnonym. The first modern dialectal investigations of Kajkavian started at the end of the 19th century. The Ukrainian philologist A. M. Lukjanenko wrote the first comprehensive monograph on Kajkavian (titled Кайкавское нарѣчiе ( Kajkavskoe narečie ) meaning The Kajkavian dialect ) in Russian in 1905. Kajkavian dialects have been classified along various criteria: for instance Serbian philologist Aleksandar Belić divided (1927)

1350-524: The influence of the standard language and immigration of Štokavian speakers. Other southeastern people who immigrate to Zagreb from Štokavian territories often pick up rare elements of Kajkavian in order to assimilate, notably the pronoun "kaj" instead of "što" and the extended use of future anterior ( futur drugi ), but they never adapt well because of alien eastern accents and ignoring Kajkavian-Čakavian archaisms and syntax. Writings that are judged by some as being distinctly Kajkavian can be dated to around

1395-506: The interrogative pronoun. However, the pronouns are only general pointers and do not serve as actual identifiers of the respective dialects. Certain Kajkavian dialects use the interrogative pronoun ča , the one that is usually used in Chakavian . Conversely, some Chakavian dialects (most notably Buzet dialect in Istria) use the pronoun kaj . The pronouns these dialects are named after are merely

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1440-421: The mixing of Shtokavian and Kajkavian outside of urban settings is much rarer and less developed. The Kajkavian koine has also been named Zagreb Shtokavian by some . As a result of the previously mentioned mixing of dialects, various Kajkavian features and characteristics have found their way into the standard Shtokavian ( standard Croatian ) spoken in those areas. For example, some of the prominent features are

1485-619: The most common one in that dialect. Outside Croatia's northernmost regions, Kajkavian is also spoken in Austrian Burgenland and a number of enclaves in Hungary along the Austrian and Croatian border and in Romania . Historically, the classification of Kajkavian has been a subject of much debate regarding both the question of whether it ought to be considered a dialect or a language, as well as

1530-399: The most features that could potentially be common Pannonian innovations. Some Kajkavian words bear a closer resemblance to other Slavic languages such as Russian than they do to Shtokavian or Chakavian. For instance gda (also seen as shorter "da") seems to be at first glance unrelated to kada , however when compared to Russian когда , Slovene kdaj , or Prekmurje Slovene gda , kda ,

1575-456: The parallel Tkalčićeva Street (one remains on the corner of Little Street and Nova Ves). The prebendary houses were demolished by 18th and 19th century and replaced with modern houses made out of brick, most of which are still standing today. It is often mentioned in connection to the Vlaška Ves (today Vlaška Street, Vlaška ulica ), a similar settlement extending east from Kaptol. Together with

1620-490: The parallel Tkalčićeva Street, Nova Ves is today one of the major tourist sights in central Zagreb. Although being predominantly residential, it houses various restaurants and the shopping malls Centar Kaptol (opened in 2000) and the nearby Cascade/Prebendarski vrtovi (English: Prebendary gardens ), opened during Autumn of 2009. 45°49′18″N 15°58′43″E  /  45.82167°N 15.97861°E  / 45.82167; 15.97861 Kajkavian language Kajkavian

1665-616: The place of accent or stress differs, the syllable with the stress or accent is indicated in bold. Words that are the same in all three are not listed. Loanwords are also not listed. During Yugoslavia in the 20th century, Kajkavian was mostly restricted to private communication, poetry and folklore. With the recent regional democratizing and cultural revival beginning in the 1990s, Kajkavian partly regained its former half-public position chiefly in Zagorje and Varaždin Counties and local towns, where there

1710-484: The question of what its relation is to neighboring vernaculars. Autonyms used throughout history by various Kajkavian writers have been manifold, ranging from Slavic ( slavonski , slovenski , slovinski ) to Croatian ( horvatski ) or Illyrian ( illirski ). The naming went through several phases, with the Slavic-based name initially being dominant. Over time, the name Croatian started gaining ground mainly during

1755-454: The relationship becomes apparent. Kajkavian kak ( how ) and tak ( so ) are exactly like their Russian cognates and Prekmurje Slovene compared to Shtokavian, Chakavian, and standard Slovene kako and tako . (This vowel loss occurred in most other Slavic languages; Shtokavian is a notable exception, whereas the same feature in Macedonian is probably not due to Serbo-Croatian influence because

1800-557: The same time, many Protestant writers of the Slovene lands also released their works in Kajkavian in order to reach a wider audience, while also using some Kajkavian features in their native writings. During that time, the autonym used by the writers was usually slovinski (Slavic), horvatski (Croatian) or ilirski (Illyrian). After that, numerous works appeared in the Kajkavian literary language: chronicles by Vramec , liturgical works by Ratkaj , Habdelić , Mulih ; poetry by Ana Katarina Zrinska and Fran Krsto Frankopan , and

1845-750: The separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into five divergent groups — Slovene, Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian, as a result of this, throughout history Kajkavian has often been categorized differently, either a node categorized together with Serbo-Croatian or Slovene. Furthermore, there do exist few old isoglosses that separate almost all Slovene speeches from all other Western South Slavic dialects, and do exist innovations exist common to Kajkavian, Chakavian, and Western Shtokavian that would separate them from Slovene. Croatian linguist Stjepan Ivšić has used Kajkavian vocabulary and accentuation, which significantly differs from that of Shtokavian, as evidence to be

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1890-591: The today's Little Street ( Croatian : Mala ulica ). The residents of the Nova Ves had rights similar to those of Gornji Grad , i.e. the ability to select their own magistrate , the requirement to pay taxes to the Kaptol Chapter, etc. The street has traditionally been inhabited by prebendaries of the Zagreb Cathedral on Kaptol. It was characteristic for its small wooden houses, some of which can still be found in

1935-578: The word is preserved in the same form in Bulgarian , to which Macedonian is much more closely related than to Serbo-Croatian). Linguistic investigation began during the 19th century, although the research itself often ended in non-linguistic or outdated conclusions. Since that was the age of national revivals across Europe as well as the South Slavic lands, the research was steered by national narratives. Within that framework, Slovene philologists such as Franz Miklosich and Jernej Kopitar attempted to reinforce

1980-454: Was contrary to the original vision of Zagreb school. With the notable exception of vocabulary influence of Kajkavian on the standard Croatian register (but not the Serbian one), there was very little to no input from other non-Shtokavian dialects. Instead, the opposite was done, with some modern-day linguists calling the process of 19th-century standardization an event of "neo-Shtokavian purism" and

2025-608: Was historically a Kajkavian-speaking area, mainly Zagreb, Koprivnica, Krapina, Križevci, Varaždin, Čakovec. The typical archaic Kajkavian is today spoken mainly in Hrvatsko Zagorje hills and Međimurje plain, and in adjacent areas of northwestern Croatia where immigrants and the Štokavian standard had much less influence. The most peculiar Kajkavian dialect (Bednjounski) is spoken in Bednja in northernmost Croatia. Many of northern Croatian urban areas today are partly Štokavianized due to

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