52-619: The Nottingham Building Society is a building society in the UK , with its headquarters in Nottingham , England . It is a member of the Building Societies Association . At December 2022, the Society had total assets of more than £3.8 billion. The Society was founded in 1849 by a group led by Samuel Fox (1781–1868), a Quaker and prominent local grocer. The purpose of the society
104-682: A "chain-reaction of innovation". Susanna Wright was involved in analogous thinking in the biological sciences and law in the American colonies and early United States, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic, north of the Mason–Dixon line ; she was born in 1697 in Warrington in Lancashire and moved to colonial Pennsylvania in her late teens in 1718 (following her parents four years earlier) after being educated in
156-515: A central pool of funds which was used to finance the building of houses for members, which in turn acted as collateral to attract further funding to the society, enabling further construction. By 1781 three more societies had been established in Birmingham, with a fourth in the nearby town of Dudley ; and 19 more formed in Birmingham between 1782 and 1795. The first outside the English Midlands
208-426: A conflict of interest between borrowers and savers. It was the task of the movement to reconcile that conflict of interest so as to enable savers to conclude that their interests and those of borrowers were to some extent complementary rather than conflictive. Conflict of interest between savers and borrowers was never fully reconciled in the building societies but upon deregulation that reconciliation became something of
260-538: A conversion, its managers derive more value from a conversion but do not suffer much loss of perks than if the bank were small. Their benefit is in the right to purchase the new stock, which are valuable because the new issues are consistently underpriced [referring to USA mutual bank conversions]. Moreover, by no means are all mutual managers incompetent, and conversions allows the bank to expand more easily and to grant executive stock options that are valuable to skilled managers". Instead of deploying their margin advantage as
312-553: A defence of mutuality, around 1980 building societies began setting mortgage rates with reference to market clearing levels. In sum they began behaving more like banks, seeking to maximise profit instead of the advantages of a mutual organisation. Thus, according to the Bank of England's Boxall & Gallagher (1997) : "... there was virtually no difference between banks and building society 'listed' interest rates for home finance mortgage lending between 1984 and 1997. This behaviour resulted in
364-699: A divide exists between building societies that operate in New Zealand, on the one hand, and those that (although formally registered in New Zealand) operate offshore: Building societies' registration details and filed documents are available in the Register of Building Societies held at the New Zealand Companies Office. Over the years, a number of building societies were established. Midlands Enlightenment The Midlands Enlightenment , also known as
416-448: A lost cause. The management of building societies apparently could expend considerable time and resources (which belonged the organisation) planning their effective capture—of as much of the assets as they could. If so, this is arguably insider dealing on a grand scale with the benefit of inside specialist knowledge of the business and resources of the firm not shared with outsiders like politicians and members (and, perhaps, regulators). Once
468-503: A member with £50,000 in each of Nationwide, Cheshire and Derbyshire at the time of the respective mergers would retain £150,000 of FSCS protection for their funds in the merged Nationwide. On 31 December 2010 the general FSCS limit for retail deposits was increased to £85,000 for banks and building societies and the transitional arrangements in respect of building society mergers came to an end. As of February 2024 , there are 42 independent building societies, all of which are members of
520-472: A permanent society. Terminating loans were still available and used inside the permanent businesses by staff up until the 1980s because their existence was not widely known after the early 1960s. Because of strict regulations on banks, building societies flourished until the deregulation of the Australian financial industry in the 1980s. Eventually many of the smaller building societies disappeared, while some of
572-454: A rather more direct and cynical conclusion: By adopting a policy of building up reserves by maintaining an excess margin, building societies simultaneously allowed banks to compete and may have undermined the long run viability of mutuality. A more cynical approach is that some societies may have adopted an excess-margin strategy simply to enhance their value for conversion. Some of these managements ended up in dispute with their own members. Of
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#1732855474693624-411: A return on assets for building societies which was at least as high as Plc banks and, in the absence of distribution, led to rapid accumulation of reserves". As Boxall & Gallagher (1997) also observe: "... accumulation of reserves in the early-1990s, beyond regulatory and future growth requirements, is difficult to reconcile with conventional theories of mutual behaviour". Llewellyn (1996) draws
676-663: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Building society A building society is a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization , which offers banking and related financial services , especially savings and mortgage lending . They exist in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, and formerly in Ireland and several Commonwealth countries, including South Africa as mutual banks. They are similar to credit unions , but rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans,
728-459: Is also a significant presence in Leicestershire , Derbyshire and Lincolnshire . The society's proposed purchase of a software system faced difficulties in 1992 because of the failing financial circumstances of the system's supplier, Eurodynamics Systems. In the course of a dispute between the society and Eurodynamics regarding non-payment of a number of disputed invoices, the software contract
780-502: Is that Australian building societies are required to incorporate as limited companies . Current building societies are The Building Societies Act of 1962 allowed for the registration of building societies in Eswatini. For a long time the country only had one building society. A second was registered in late 2019. The Republic of Ireland had around 40 building societies at the mid-20th century peak. Many of these were very small and, as
832-441: Is those who joined societies by lodging minimum amounts of £100 or so in the hope of profiting from a distribution of surplus after demutualisation. The deregulating Building Societies Act 1986 contained an anti-carpetbagger provision in the form of a two-year rule. This prescribed a qualifying period of two years before savers could participate in a residual claim. But, before the 1989 Abbey National Building Society demutualisation,
884-437: The Building Societies Association . Ten building societies of the United Kingdom demutualised between 1989 and 2000, either becoming a bank or being acquired by a larger bank. By 2008, every building society that floated on the stock market in the wave of demutualisations of the 1980s and 1990s had either been sold to a conventional bank, or been nationalised . The following is an incomplete list of building societies in
936-573: The Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS), but Nationwide and Yorkshire building societies negotiated a temporary change to the terms of the FSCS to protect members of the societies they acquired in late 2008/early 2009. The amended terms allowed former members of multiple societies which merge into one to maintain multiple entitlements to FSCS protection until 30 September 2009 (later extended to 30 December 2010), so (for example)
988-824: The West Midlands Enlightenment or the Birmingham Enlightenment , was a scientific, economic, political, cultural and legal manifestation of the Age of Enlightenment that developed in Birmingham and the wider English Midlands during the second half of the eighteenth century. At the core of the movement were the members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham , who included Erasmus Darwin , Matthew Boulton , James Watt , Joseph Priestley , Josiah Wedgwood , James Keir and Thomas Day . Other notable figures included
1040-732: The European Enlightenment of thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire , or the Scottish Enlightenment of David Hume and Adam Smith , it dominated the experience of the Enlightenment within England and its leading thinkers had international influence. In particular the Midlands Enlightenment formed a pivotal link between the earlier Scientific Revolution and the later Industrial Revolution , facilitating
1092-460: The Irish commercial banks began to originate residential mortgages, the small building societies ceased to be competitive. Most merged or dissolved or, in the case of First Active plc , converted into conventional banks. The last remaining building societies, EBS Building Society and Irish Nationwide Building Society , demutualised and were transferred or acquired into Bank subsidiaries in 2011 following
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#17328554746931144-605: The Midlands. The thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment did not limit themselves to practical matters of utilitarian value, however, and their influence was not confined to their significance in the development of modern industrial society. The ideas of the Midlands Enlightenment were to be highly influential in the birth of British romanticism with the poets Percy Shelley , William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and William Blake all having intellectual connections to its leading thinkers, and Midlands Enlightenment thought
1196-543: The Registrar of Building Societies under the Building Societies Act 1965. Registration as a building society is merely a process of establishing the entity as a corporation. It is largely a formality, and easily achieved, as the capital requirement is minimal (20 members must be issued shares of not less than NZ$ 1,000 each, for a total minimum foundation share capital of NZ$ 200,000). As regards prudential supervision,
1248-511: The UK fell by four during 2008 due to a series of mergers brought about, to a large extent, by the consequences of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . There were three further mergers in each of 2009 and 2010, a demutualisation and a merger in 2011, and four further mergers 2013–2018 which resulted in there being only one building society headquartered respectively in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Since then,
1300-470: The United Kingdom that no longer exist independently, since they either merged with or were taken over by other organisations. They may still have an active presence on the high street (or online) as a trading name or as a distinct brand. This is typically because brands will often build up specific reputations and attract certain clientele, and this can continue to be marketed successfully. In Australia, building societies evolved along British lines. Following
1352-469: The United Kingdom, building societies compete with banks for most consumer banking services, especially mortgage lending and savings accounts , and regulations permit up to half of their lending to be funded by debt to non-members, allowing societies to access wholesale bond and money markets to fund mortgages. The world's largest building society is Britain's Nationwide Building Society . In Australia, building societies also compete with retail banks and offer
1404-401: The author Anna Seward , the painter Joseph Wright of Derby , the American colonist, botanist and poet Susanna Wright , the lexicographer Samuel Johnson , the typographer John Baskerville , the poet and landscape gardener William Shenstone and the architects James Wyatt and Samuel Wyatt . Although the Midlands Enlightenment has attracted less study as an intellectual movement than
1456-427: The balance and taken account of in formulation of policy. They were a nuisance to be dealt with by the costly use of public relations advisers and legal processes. In the end, after a number of large demutualisations, and pressure from carpetbaggers moving from one building society to another to cream off the windfalls, most of the societies whose management wished to keep them mutual modified their rules of membership in
1508-507: The building society was the Building Societies Act 1874 ( 37 & 38 Vict. c. 42), with subsequent amending legislation in 1894, 1939 (see Coney Hall ), and 1960. In their heyday, there were hundreds of building societies: just about every town in the country had a building society named after that town. Over succeeding decades the number of societies has decreased, as various societies merged to form larger ones, often renaming in
1560-776: The building society would then become a limited company like any other. Members' mutual rights were exchanged for shares in this new company. A number of the larger societies made such proposals to their members and all were accepted. Some listed on the London Stock Exchange , while others were acquired by larger financial groups. The process began with the demutualisation of the Abbey National Building Society in 1989. Then, from 1995 to late 1999, eight societies demutualised accounting for two-thirds of building societies assets as at 1994. Five of these societies became joint stock banks (plc), one merged with another and
1612-450: The courts found against the two-year rule after legal action brought by Abbey National itself to circumvent the intent of the legislators. After this the legislation did prevent a cash distribution to members of less than two years standing, but the same result was obtained by permitting the issue of 'free' shares in the acquiring plc, saleable for cash. The Thatcher Conservative government declined to introduce amending legislation to make good
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1664-494: The defect in the 'two-year rule'. Building societies, like mutual life insurers, arose as people clubbed together to address a common need interest; in the case of the building societies, this was housing and members were originally both savers and borrowers. But it very quickly became clear that 'outsider' savers were needed whose motive was profit through interest on deposits. Thus permanent building societies quickly became mortgage banks and in such institutions there always existed
1716-1241: The effects of the Irish financial crisis . Leeds Building Society Ireland and Nationwide UK (Ireland) were Irish branches of building societies based in the United Kingdom; both have since ceased all Irish operations. Irish Industrial Building Society (1969–1975) Irish Nationwide Building Society (1975 – Feb 2011) loan book Anglo Irish Bank (February 2011–June 2011) Irish Bank Resolution Corporation (July 2011–February 2013 ) EBS Building Society (1991–2011) Irish Permanent Benefit Building Society (1888–1940) Irish Permanent Building Society (1940–1994) Permanent TSB Group Holdings plc (1999–) merged with TSB Bank, 2001 Permanent TSB Group Holdings plc Irish Civil Service and General (Permanent Benefit) Building Society (1867–1874) Irish Civil Service (Permanent) Building Society (1874–1969) Irish Civil Service Building Society (1969–1984) First National Building Society (1960–1998) acquired by Ulster Bank 2004 and retired in 2009 In Jamaica , three building societies compete with commercial banks and credit unions for most consumer financial services: In New Zealand , building societies are registered with
1768-448: The end of World War II , the terminating model was revived to fund returning servicemen's need for new houses. Hundreds were created with government seed capital, whereby the capital was returned to the government and the terminating societies retained the interest accumulated. Once all the seed funds were loaned, each terminating society could reapply for more seed capital to the point where they could re-lend their own funds and thus became
1820-419: The end of mutuality brought joint stock company (plc) style remuneration committee pay standards and share options. Share options for management of converting societies appear to be a powerful factor in management calculation. Rasmusen (1988) refers to this in the following terms: " ... perks do not rise in proportion to [mutual] bank size. If a mutual is large, or is expected to grow if it can raise capital by
1872-459: The exchange of ideas between experimental science, polite culture and practical technology that enabled the technological preconditions for rapid economic growth to be attained. Its participants such as Boulton, Susanna Wright , Watt and Keir were fully integrated into the exchange of scientific and philosophical ideas among the intellectual elites of Europe, the British American colonies and
1924-496: The first major conversion of the Abbey in 1989, Kay (1991) observed: [T]he paradox of the Abbey members who campaigned against flotation [conversion to a shareholder-owned bank] of their building society. They were fighting to preserve a degree of accountability to the membership which the management of the Society patently did not feel. For incumbent management, the contrary views of some of their members were not matters to be weighed in
1976-528: The focus for a network of clubs and societies for co-operation and the exchange of ideas among Birmingham's highly active citizenry as part of the movement known as the Midlands Enlightenment . The first building society to be established was Ketley's Building Society , founded by Richard Ketley, the landlord of the Golden Cross inn, in 1775. Members of Ketley's society paid a monthly subscription to
2028-426: The full range of banking services to consumers. Building societies as an institution began in late-18th century Birmingham – a town which was undergoing rapid economic and physical expansion driven by a multiplicity of small metalworking firms, whose many highly skilled and prosperous owners readily invested in property. Many of the early building societies were based in taverns or coffeehouses , which had become
2080-514: The largest (such as Advance and St George ) attained the status of banks. More recent conversions have included Heritage Bank which converted from building society to bank in 2011, Hume in 2014, while Wide Bay Building Society became Auswide Bank and IMB followed suit in 2015, and Greater Building Society became Greater Bank in 2016. Building societies converting to banks are no longer required to demutualise. A particular difference between Australian building societies and those elsewhere,
2132-411: The late 1990s. The method usually adopted were membership rules to ensure that anyone newly joining a society would, for the first few years, be unable to get any profit out of a demutualisation. With the chance of a quick profit removed, the wave of demutualisations came to an end in 2000. One academic study ( Heffernan 2003 ) found that demutualised societies' pricing behaviour on deposits and mortgages
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2184-438: The new United States, but were simultaneously engaged in solving the practical problems of technology, economics and manufacture. They thus formed a natural bridge across the science-technology divide, where the "abstract knowledge" of chemistry and Newtonian mechanics could become the "useful knowledge" of technological development, the results of which could in turn feed back into the wider scientific knowledge-base, creating
2236-605: The only merger has been in 2023, when the Manchester society merged with the Newcastle society. In the 1980s, changes to British banking laws allowed building societies to offer banking services equivalent to normal banks. The management of a number of societies still felt that they were unable to compete with the banks, and a new Building Societies Act was passed in 1986 in response to their concerns. This permitted societies to ' demutualise '. If more than 75% of members voted in favour,
2288-438: The opportunity to claim was presented by management the savers in particular could be relied upon to seize it. There were sufficient hard-up borrowers to take the inducement offered them by management (in spite of few simple sums sufficing to demonstrate that they were probably going to end up effectively paying back the inducement). ( Tayler 2003 ) Management promoting demutualisation also thereby met managerial objectives because
2340-422: The other four were taken over by plcs (in two cases after the mutual had previously converted to a plc). As Tayler (2003) mentions, demutualisation moves succeeded immediately because neither Conservative nor Labour party UK governments created a framework which put obstacles in the way of demutualisation. Political acquiescence in demutualisation was clearest in the case of the position on ' carpetbaggers ', that
2392-471: The process, and other societies opted for demutualisation followed by – in the great majority of cases – eventual takeover by a listed bank. Most of the existing larger building societies are the result of the mergers of many smaller societies. All building societies in the UK are members of the Building Societies Association . At the start of 2008, there were 59 building societies in the UK, with total assets exceeding £360 billion. The number of societies in
2444-490: The purpose of a building society is to provide home mortgages to members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. The term "building society" first arose in the 19th century in Great Britain from cooperative savings groups. In
2496-498: Was also influential in the spheres of education , evolutionary biology , botany , and medicine . The Midlands Enlightenment was connected to earlier Midlands radical religious reform of establishment of Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire laws and ideology, including the founding of the Society of Friends in Lancashire by followers of Margaret Fell and George Fox , and Midlands nonviolent political radicalism that led to
2548-641: Was established in Leeds in 1785. Most of the original societies were fully terminating , where they would be dissolved when all members had a house: the last of them, First Salisbury and District Perfect Thrift Building Society , was wound up in March 1980. In the 1830s and 1840s a new development took place with the permanent building society , where the society continued on a rolling basis, continually taking in new members as earlier ones completed purchases, such as Leek Building Society . The main legislative framework for
2600-700: Was more favourable to shareholders than to customers, with the remaining mutual building societies offering consistently better rates. The Building Societies (Funding) and Mutual Societies (Transfers) Act 2007 , known as the Butterfill Act, was passed in 2007 giving building societies greater powers to merge with other companies. These powers have been used by the Britannia in 2009 and Kent Reliance in 2011 leading to their demutualisation. Prior to 31 December 2010, deposits with building societies of up to £50,000 per individual, per institution, were normally protected by
2652-547: Was terminated, both parties arguing that the other was in repudiatory breach of its contractual obligations. In responding to the society's request for an interim injunction compelling the supplier to provide the software, the judge, Chadwick, J (as he then was) sought to maintain the legal path which posed "the least risk of injustice" to the parties, deciding in favour of Nottingham Building Society. Reference to "the least risk of injustice" has since been made in other legal cases. This United Kingdom building society article
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#17328554746932704-438: Was to promote the construction of a better class of dwellings, suitable for the working and middle classes, as well as provide a safe and profitable place for small savings. The Nottingham Building Society was one of the first financial institutions to introduce online banking in 1983, with its 'Homelink' service on Prestel . The society currently has 31 branches across nine counties, mainly across Nottinghamshire , but there
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