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63-593: The settlement was short-lived. The Olsens lost seven of their ten children, while Ole Andersen, George Hansen, and Lars Pedersen all died within a week of each other during a diphtheria epidemic in 1901. One of their major contributions was the Norwegian Grade , which connects the Conejo Valley to the Santa Rosa Valley . The narrow, winding one-mile (1.6 km) road was built over two years by men and boys of

126-489: A disulfide bond . DT-B is a recognition subunit that gains entry of DT into the host cell by binding to the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor on the cell surface. This signals the cell to internalize the toxin within an endosome via receptor-mediated endocytosis . Inside the endosome, DT is split by a trypsin-like protease into DT-A and DT-B. The acidity of the endosome causes DT-B to create pores in

189-458: A typhoid or diphtheria epidemic. Nils and Ellen Olsen lost seven of their ten children. Nils made a wooden casket for each of the children and buried them in his homemade cemetery. Paula Olsen, age ten, died in 1893; Nora, age six, died in 1900; Emma, age seven, died in 1903; Nora, age five, died in 1905; Laura, age seven, died in 1908; Ned, age eight, died in 1911; and finally, Thora, age seven, died in 1912. Nicolay, Oscar, and Peder Ludvik were

252-467: A 50-year renewable lease to operate the facilities for cultural and educational purposes. In the 1960s, the hotel was threatened with demolition by the expansion of the Ventura Freeway , but it was granted Historical Landmark status and moved to its present location in 1966. On April 25, 1970, a fire destroyed the museum and its contents. The reconstructed museum was dedicated and opened on July 4, 1976;

315-550: A case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona , Spain . The six-year-old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental opposition to vaccination . It was the first case of diphtheria in the country since 1986, as reported by the Spanish daily newspaper El Mundo , or from 1998, as reported by the WHO. In March 2016,

378-401: A certain type of bacteriophage . Toxinogenicity is determined by phage conversion (also called lysogenic conversion ); i.e., the ability of the bacterium to make DT changes as a consequence of infection by a particular phage. DT is encoded by the tox gene. Strains of corynephage are either tox (e.g., corynephage β) or tox (e.g., corynephage γ). The tox gene becomes integrated into

441-422: A characteristic swollen neck and throat, or "bull neck." The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or "barking" cough, stridor , hoarseness, and difficulty breathing; and historically referred to variously as "diphtheritic croup," "true croup," or sometimes simply as "croup." Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where diphtheria vaccination

504-623: A few years, and were looking for cheap farm land. They had planned to buy land on Colonia Rancho , but the real estate was too expensive and three times the cost of land in Conejo Valley. They originally bought a total of 651.23 acres (263.54 ha) of uncultivated land from George Edwards, and reportedly paid $ 3 per acre for flatlands, and $ 2 for hillsides. Ole Andersen bought 199 acres (81 ha), Lars Pedersen bought 111 acres (45 ha), Nils Olsen, 139 acres (56 ha), Ole Nilsen, 97 acres (39 ha), and George Hansen,105 acres (42 ha). The properties were located side by side on land which

567-544: A first-rate table are among the good things on hand for visitors." Following the drought of 1877-78 James Hammell no longer owned the hotel. After passing through several owners, it was purchased in 1885 by Cecil Haigh, an Englishman. His grandson, H. Allen Hays gave the building and about four acres of land at the present location to the CVHS, who later deeded the property to the Conejo Recreation and Park District in return for

630-799: A hospital intensive care unit , and given diphtheria antitoxin (consisting of antibodies isolated from the serum of horses that have been challenged with diphtheria toxin). Since antitoxin does not neutralize toxin that is already bound to tissues, delaying its administration increases risk of death. Therefore, the decision to administer diphtheria antitoxin is based on clinical diagnosis, and should not await laboratory confirmation. Antibiotics have not been demonstrated to affect healing of local infection in diphtheria patients treated with antitoxin. Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. diphtheriae, and prevent its transmission to others. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends either: In cases that progress beyond

693-498: A paper urging timely treatment for diphtheria and adequate doses of antitoxin. In 1906, Clemens Pirquet and Béla Schick described serum sickness in children receiving large quantities of horse-derived antitoxin. Between 1910 and 1911, Béla Schick developed the Schick test to detect pre-existing immunity to diphtheria in an exposed person. Only those who had not been exposed to diphtheria were vaccinated. A massive, five-year campaign

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756-574: A rebuilt Timber School (originally built in 1889), a carriage house and blacksmith shop, nature trails, and the "Tri-Village", a small group of three houses: the pioneer house, the adobe, and the Chumash "ap". There is also a gift shop located inside the museum. A director and volunteers operate the museum, being members of the Conejo Valley Historical Society (CVHS). There is also a Jr. Docent program for children and teenagers aged 8–18. It

819-462: A substance produced by C. diphtheriae caused symptoms of diphtheria in animals. In 1890, Shibasaburō Kitasato and Emil von Behring immunized guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin. They also immunized goats and horses in the same way, and showed that an " antitoxin " made from serum of immunized animals could cure the disease in non-immunized animals. Behring used this antitoxin (now known to consist of antibodies that neutralize

882-623: A three-year-old girl died of diphtheria in the University Hospital of Antwerp , Belgium . Stagecoach Inn (California) The Stagecoach Inn Museum in Newbury Park, California , originally known as the Grand Union Hotel , was used as a resting area for people who traveled from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara . Besides a hotel and stagecoach stop, it has also been used as a post office, church, restaurant and military school. It

945-429: A throat infection, diphtheria toxin spreads through the blood, and can lead to potentially life-threatening complications that affect other organs, such as the heart and kidneys. Damage to the heart caused by the toxin affects the heart's ability to pump blood, or the kidneys' ability to clear wastes. It can also cause nerve damage, eventually leading to paralysis. About 40–50% of those left untreated can die. Diphtheria

1008-567: Is California Historical Landmark No. 659 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . It played a major role in the development of the stage line transportation network in California. The hotel was also the first business venture in the Conejo Valley . Today, the inn is owned by the Conejo Recreation and Park Department and operated as a historic museum. The museum includes

1071-547: Is a dominant cultural and educational gathering place for thousands of residents and visitors to Newbury Park. The Stagecoach Inn Museum is allegedly haunted, and is considered one of California's most famous haunted places. The Stagecoach Inn Museum has had a variety of names and owners: James Hammell was a carpenter in Santa Barbara who planned to construct a hotel along the stagecoach route from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. After talking to John Edwards about his plans in

1134-583: Is also designated Thousand Oaks City Landmark No. 2. Furthermore, General John C. Frémont passed by this tree in 1846 on his way to sign a treaty with General Andrés Pico to secure California's annexation to the U.S. The Chumash Indians are said to have bent the lower branches to mark the location of underground water. The museum is home to permanent exhibits such as the Carriage House, Blacksmith Shop, Anderson Exhibit Hall, Tri-Village and Timber School . The Tri-Village represents three historic eras in

1197-455: Is customary. As a result, the term " croup " nowadays most often refers to an unrelated viral illness that produces similar but milder respiratory symptoms. Human-to-human transmission of diphtheria typically occurs through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Breathing in particles released from the infected individual leads to infection. Contact with any lesions on the skin can also lead to transmission of diphtheria, but this

1260-600: Is designated Ventura County Historical Landmark #45 and Thousand Oaks Historical Landmark #3. It was constructed in 1913, when the Pedersens and Olsens were the only remaining Norwegian settlers in Thousand Oaks. It was moved to the corner of Regent Ave and Faculty Street, about 500 feet (150 m) from where the Ahmanson Science Center has been built. Diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection caused by

1323-501: Is fatal in 5–10% of cases. In children under five years and adults over 40 years, the fatality rate may be as much as 20%. In 2013, it resulted in 3,300 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. Better standards of living, mass immunization, improved diagnosis, prompt treatment, and more effective health care have led to a decrease in cases worldwide. In 1613, Spain experienced an epidemic of diphtheria, referred to as El Año de los Garrotillos (The Year of Strangulations). In 1705,

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1386-405: Is now by the intersection of Moorpark and Olsen Roads, surrounding California Lutheran University. After acquiring the land, Ole Nilsen was sent by the pioneers back to Norway to get their fiancées. Ole Andersen was the only one to not get married nor establish a family. The colony was short-lived: Ole Andersen, George Hansen, and Lars Pedersen all died within a week of one another in 1901, due to

1449-974: Is still common, children are most affected. It is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination , but can re-emerge if vaccination rates decrease. In the United States, 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004. Death occurs in 5–10% of those diagnosed. The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates . The bacterium was identified in 1882 by Edwin Klebs . The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. They include fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above; chills; fatigue ; bluish skin coloration ( cyanosis ); sore throat; hoarseness ; cough ; headache; difficulty swallowing; painful swallowing; difficulty breathing ; rapid breathing; foul-smelling and bloodstained nasal discharge; and lymphadenopathy . Within two to three days, diphtheria may destroy healthy tissues in

1512-452: Is uncommon. Indirect infections can occur, as well. If an infected individual touches a surface or object, the bacteria can be left behind and remain viable. Also, some evidence indicates diphtheria has the potential to be zoonotic , but this has yet to be confirmed. Corynebacterium ulcerans has been found in some animals, which would suggest zoonotic potential. Diphtheria toxin (DT) is produced only by C. diphtheriae infected with

1575-418: Is usually spread between people by direct contact, through the air , or through contact with contaminated objects . Asymptomatic transmission and chronic infection are also possible. Different strains of C. diphtheriae are the main cause in the variability of lethality, as the lethality and symptoms themselves are caused by the exotoxin produced by the bacteria. Diagnosis can often be made based on

1638-469: The "Great Race of Mercy" to deliver diphtheria antitoxin is now celebrated by the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race . In 1926, Alexander Thomas Glenny increased the effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid (a modified version of the toxin used for vaccination) by treating it with aluminum salts. Vaccination with toxoid was not widely used until the early 1930s. In 1939, Dr. Nora Wattie , who was

1701-514: The Conejo Valley : the Newbury Pioneer House, a Spanish Adobe and a reconstructed Chumash village. The exhibits are changing routinely. Temporary exhibits as of July 2018 includes Jungleland USA , vintage dresses, and fossils of the Conejo Valley. Minerals, shells, gramophones, irons, laundry tools and fossils have been on display here. Chumash pictographs have also been on display here. Stagecoach Inn Museum Park sits adjacent to

1764-458: The Mariana Islands experienced an epidemic of diphtheria and typhus simultaneously, reducing the population to about 5,000 people. In 1735, a diphtheria epidemic swept through New England . Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In England , it was known as "Boulogne sore throat," as the illness had spread from France . In 1826, Pierre Bretonneau gave

1827-572: The Principal Medical Officer (Maternity and Child Welfare) of Glasgow between 1934– 1964, introduced immunisation clinics across Glasgow , and promoted mother and child health education, resulting in virtual eradication of the infection in the city. Widespread vaccination pushed cases in the United States down from 4.4 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1932 to 2.0 in 1937. In Nazi Germany , where authorities preferred treatment and isolation over vaccination (until about 1939–1941), cases rose over

1890-742: The United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based on both laboratory and clinical criteria. Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of diphtheria is high. Vaccination against diphtheria is commonly done in infants, and delivered as a combination vaccine, such as a DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis , tetanus ). Pentavalent vaccines , which vaccinate against diphtheria and four other childhood diseases simultaneously, are frequently used in disease prevention programs in developing countries by organizations such as UNICEF . The disease may remain manageable, but in more severe cases, lymph nodes in

1953-546: The World Health Organization included DPT vaccine in their Expanded Programme on Immunization for developing countries . In 1975, an outbreak of cutaneous diphtheria in Seattle, Washington , was reported. After the breakup of the former Soviet Union in 1991, vaccination rates in its constituent countries fell so low that an explosion of diphtheria cases occurred. In 1991, 2,000 cases of diphtheria occurred in

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2016-406: The bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course , but in some outbreaks, the mortality rate approaches 10%. Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually start two to five days after exposure. Symptoms often develop gradually, beginning with a sore throat and fever . In severe cases, a grey or white patch develops in

2079-621: The EF-2 protein. Since EF-2 is needed for the moving of tRNA from the A-site to the P-site of the ribosome during protein translation, ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 prevents protein synthesis. ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is reversed by giving high doses of nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B 3 ), since this is one of the reaction's end products, and high amounts drive the reaction in the opposite direction. The current clinical case definition of diphtheria used by

2142-662: The Santa Monica Mountains can be reached from the park. Hikers may park at the park and access the Rosewood Trail from its trailhead immediately across Lynn Road from the Stagecoach Inn Museum Park. The Conejo Valley Historical Society was established on October 9, 1964, as an effort to save the Stagecoach Inn from potential demolition due to expansion of the Ventura Freeway . Its members were able to save

2205-533: The Stagecoach Inn Museum, located at the corner of Lynn and Ventu Park Roads. The park was acquired by the Conejo Recreation & Park District in 1968, and later developed into a neighborhood park in 1985. A creek runs through the park on one edge. The park has a playground, picnic tables, barbecue grills and an outdoor basketball court. The Rosewood Trail to the 1,603 ft. peak Angel Vista in

2268-830: The USSR. Between 1991 and 1998, as many as 200,000 cases were reported in the Commonwealth of Independent States , and resulted in 5,000 deaths. In 1994, the Russian Federation had 39,703 diphtheria cases. By contrast, in 1990, only 1,211 cases were reported. In early May 2010, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , after the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake . The 15-year-old male patient died while workers searched for antitoxin. In 2013, three children died of diphtheria in Hyderabad, India . In early June 2015,

2331-482: The United States. Park and Biggs described the method for producing serum from horses for use in diphtheria treatment. In 1897, Paul Ehrlich developed a standardized unit of measure for diphtheria antitoxin. This was the first ever standardization of a biological product, and played an important role in future developmental work on sera and vaccines. In 1901, 10 of 11 inoculated St. Louis children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. The horse from which

2394-592: The antitoxin level in the blood. Diphtheria can be prevented in those exposed, as well as treated with the antibiotics erythromycin or benzylpenicillin . In severe cases a tracheotomy is sometimes needed to open the airway. In 2015, 4,500 cases were officially reported worldwide, down from nearly 100,000 in 1980. About a million cases a year are believed to have occurred before the 1980s. Diphtheria currently occurs most often in sub-Saharan Africa , South Asia , and Indonesia . In 2015, it resulted in 2,100 deaths, down from 8,000 deaths in 1990. In areas where it

2457-648: The antitoxin was derived died of tetanus . This incident, coupled with a tetanus outbreak in Camden, New Jersey , played an important part in initiating federal regulation of biologic products. On 7 January 1904, Ruth Cleveland died of diphtheria at the age of 12 years in Princeton, New Jersey . Ruth was the eldest daughter of former President Grover Cleveland and the former First Lady , Frances Folsom . In 1905, Franklin Royer, from Philadelphia's Municipal Hospital, published

2520-473: The appearance of the throat with confirmation by microbiological culture . Previous infection may not protect against reinfection. A diphtheria vaccine is effective for prevention, and is available in a number of formulations. Three or four doses, given along with tetanus vaccine and pertussis vaccine , are recommended during childhood. Further doses of the diphtheria–tetanus vaccine are recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring

2583-471: The bacterial genome. The chromosome of C. diphtheriae has two different but functionally equivalent bacterial attachment sites (attB) for integration of β prophage into the chromosome. The diphtheria toxin precursor is a protein of molecular weight 60  kDa . Certain proteases, such as trypsin, selectively cleave DT to generate two peptide chains, amino-terminal fragment A (DT-A) and carboxyl-terminal fragment B (DT-B), which are held together by

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2646-399: The bacterium causing diphtheria, and named it Klebs–Loeffler bacterium . The club shape of this bacterium helped Edwin to differentiate it from other bacteria. Over time, it has been called Microsporon diphtheriticum , Bacillus diphtheriae , and Mycobacterium diphtheriae . Current nomenclature is Corynebacterium diphtheriae . In 1884, German bacteriologist Friedrich Loeffler became

2709-404: The colony. The 7-acre (2.8 ha) Spring Meadow Park in Thousand Oaks was dedicated to the early Norwegians who settled the area. The Norwegian Colony was situated in northeastern Conejo Valley where California Lutheran University and surrounding areas are located today. The colony stretched from Mount Clef Ridge on the north and nearly to today's Avenida de Los Arboles on the south. It

2772-503: The disease the name diphthérite (from Greek διφθέρα, diphthera 'leather'), describing the appearance of pseudomembrane in the throat. In 1856, Victor Fourgeaud described an epidemic of diphtheria in California . In 1878, Princess Alice ( Queen Victoria 's second daughter) and her family became infected with diphtheria; Princess Alice and her four-year-old daughter, Princess Marie , both died. In 1883, Edwin Klebs identified

2835-430: The endosome membrane, thereby catalysing the release of DT-A into the cytoplasm . Fragment A inhibits the synthesis of new proteins in the affected cell by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor EF-2 —a protein that is essential to the translation step of protein synthesis. This ADP-ribosylation involves the transfer of an ADP-ribose from NAD+ to a diphthamide (a modified histidine ) residue within

2898-465: The first person to cultivate C. diphtheriae . He used Koch's postulates to prove association between C. diphtheriae and diphtheria. He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin. In 1885, Joseph P. O'Dwyer introduced the O'Dwyer tube for laryngeal intubation in patients with an obstructed larynx. It soon replaced tracheostomy as the emergency diphtheric intubation method. In 1888, Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin showed that

2961-484: The late 19th century, Hammell purchased 4,200 acres of land from Edwards. Near what is now Highway 101 and Ventu Park Road is where Hammell first began constructing the hotel. The Grand Union Hotel was constructed in 1876 and was originally planned as a stopover for travelers between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. It was constructed using redwood brought by sea from Northern California. When it arrived in Port Hueneme , it

3024-469: The late 19th- and early 20th century. Most of the Norwegians that ended up leaving for Thousand Oaks were from the small village of Stranda by Storfjorden . Several families followed when Lars Berge left for Santa Barbara in 1885. The Norwegian Colony began in the year of 1890, when five Norwegian families bought five tracts in the northern portion of Conejo Valley. They had been living in Santa Barbara for

3087-620: The museum grounds is Timber School , a reproduction of the 1889 school. On July 13, 2004, the Thousand Oaks City Council voted unanimously to declare the 1924 Timber School on Newbury Road City Landmark No. 12. On the museum grounds, near the Tri-Village Complex, is a historic 250+ year old sycamore tree . The tree was designated Ventura County Landmark No. 44 in June 1978, due to its "great age, size, and formation." The tree

3150-447: The neck may swell, and breathing and swallowing are more difficult. People in this stage should seek immediate medical attention, as obstruction in the throat may require intubation or a tracheotomy . Abnormal cardiac rhythms can occur early in the course of the illness or weeks later, and can lead to heart failure . Diphtheria can also cause paralysis in the eye, neck, throat, or respiratory muscles. Patients with severe cases are put in

3213-514: The only to survive into adulthood. The families were: Maybe the most notable contribution of the Norwegian Colony was the hand-made Norwegian Grade . The Norwegians were farmers who were dependent on hauling their cattle and dry crops such as barley and wheat to Port Hueneme , Simi Valley , and Moorpark . Their only routes to Port Hueneme were the out-of-the-way, treacherous Potrero and Conejo grades in Newbury Park . After George Hansen

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3276-419: The respiratory system. The dead tissue forms a thick, gray coating that can build up in the throat or nose. This thick gray coating is called a "pseudomembrane." It can cover tissues in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat, making it very hard to breathe and swallow. Symptoms can also include cardiac arrhythmias , myocarditis , and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies . Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to

3339-767: The same period from 6.1 to 9.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. Between June 1942 and February 1943, 714 cases of diphtheria were recorded at Sham Shui Po Barracks , resulting in 112 deaths because the Imperial Japanese Army did not release supplies of anti-diphtheria serum. In 1943, diphtheria outbreaks accompanied war and disruption in Europe . The 1 million cases in Europe resulted in 50,000 deaths. During 1948 in Kyoto , 68 of 606 children died after diphtheria immunization due to improper manufacture of aluminum phosphate toxoid. In 1974,

3402-415: The second floor was not completed until 1980. The structure was rebuilt using the original Monterey-style architecture. The Stagecoach Inn Museum was designated Ventura County Historic Landmark No. 30 in 1976 and designated California Historical Landmark No. 659 and also placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is City of Thousand Oaks Historical Landmark No. 1. Also on

3465-557: The steep Norwegian Grade reduced the travel time by a full day. A photograph taken by Ellen Olsen is on display at the Stagecoach Inn in Newbury Park. 130 acres (53 ha) of Lars and Karen Pedersen's former property were donated to establish California Lutheran College in 1959 by land owner Richard Pederson, who was the son of Lars- and Karen Pederson. Lars Pedersen's original house is known as Pederson House and Water Tower and

3528-467: The structure and was also successful in having it declared California State Landmark No. 659. H. Allen Hays, the grandson of Cecil and Cicelie Haigh, donated the building and approximately four acres of land to the Conejo Valley Historical Society. The society deeded the site to the Conejo Recreation and Park District (CRPD) in return for a renewable lease to operate and manage the complex for cultural and educational purposes. The society helped prepare it as

3591-625: The tests of the New York State Health Department . The manufacturer of the antitoxin, the Mulford Company of Philadelphia , paid damages in every case. During the 1920s, an annual estimate of 100,000 to 200,000 diphtheria cases and 13,000 to 15,000 deaths occurred in the United States. Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities. One of the most infamous outbreaks of diphtheria occurred in 1925, in Nome, Alaska ;

3654-514: The throat, which can block the airway, and create a barking cough similar to what is observed in croup . The neck may also swell, in part due to the enlargement of the facial lymph nodes . Diphtheria can also involve the skin, eyes, or genitals, and can cause complications, including myocarditis (which in itself can result in an abnormal heart rate ), inflammation of nerves (which can result in paralysis ), kidney problems , and bleeding problems due to low levels of platelets . Diphtheria

3717-453: The toxin produced by C. diphtheriae ) for human trials in 1891, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment of human patients with horse-derived antitoxin began in 1894, after production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized. In 1901, Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in medicine for his work on diphtheria. In 1895, H. K. Mulford Company of Philadelphia started production and testing of diphtheria antitoxin in

3780-407: Was badly injured at Potrero Grade, and in bed for a year because of injuries, the colony took the initiative to create their own road to the Santa Rosa Valley . They asked Ventura County for help, and were given a $ 60 donation to buy dynamite. The one-mile Norwegian Grade was completed in 1911. While it previously had taken residents of Conejo Valley two days to reach Port Hueneme by Potrero Grade,

3843-560: Was coordinated by Dr. Schick. As a part of the campaign, 85 million pieces of literature were distributed by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company , with an appeal to parents to "Save your child from diphtheria." A vaccine was developed in the next decade, and deaths began declining significantly in 1924. In 1919, in Dallas, Texas , 10 children were killed and 60 others made seriously ill by toxic antitoxin which had passed

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3906-470: Was from Moorpark Road on the east for one mile, and on the west, the western boundaries of California Lutheran University. Several place names in Thousand Oaks, such as Olsen Road and Pederson Road, derive from the Norwegian settlers. The area was donated for the site of California Lutheran College . The lack of land and food in the fjords of western Norway forced many Norwegians to emigrate overseas during

3969-642: Was moved by multiteam wagons up the Conejo Grade . One month before the hotel's grand opening, the Coast Line Stage Company changed its route, eliminating Conejo Valley, which meant an end to Hammell's prospects of a mainline stage stop. Hammell did not cancel his plans, but instead opened the hotel in August 1876 although planned for July 4th. It was publicized as a "health and pleasure resort". A countywide newspaper reported: "Shooting, fishing, bathing, and

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