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20-512: Scandinavian Braille is very close to French Braille , with slight modification of some of the accented letters, and optional use of the others to transcribe foreign languages. The braille letters for the French print vowels â, œ, ä are used for the print vowels å, ö/ø, ä/æ of the Scandinavian alphabets. Each language uses the letters that exists in its inkprint alphabet. Thus, in numerical order,

40-640: A new system, the Antoine braille digits, is used for mathematics and is recommended for all academic publications. This uses ⠠ combined with the first nine letters of the fourth decade, from ⠠ ⠡ for ⟨1⟩ to ⠠ ⠪ for ⟨9⟩ , with the preceding ⠠ ⠼ for ⟨0⟩ . The period/decimal and fraction bar also change. The Antoine numbers are being promoted in France and Luxembourg , but are not much used with French Braille in Quebec. See

60-526: A word. The symbol marker combines with a following initial letter to produce the following: The currency marker combines with a following initial for: It is also used in comic strips: The traditional system of digits is to add the number sign ⠼ in front of the letters of the first decade (a–j), with ⠼ ⠁ being ⟨1⟩ and ⠼ ⠚ being ⟨0⟩ . This is the internationally recognized number system. However, in French Braille

80-455: Is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation of French-reading blind people has been proposed. German Braille German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets. The French-based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille . However, the assignments for German letters beyond

100-519: Is also very similar to the French, though the shift of grave to acute accents necessitated a chain of other changes, such as circumflex to grave, and the Portuguese tildes were taken from French diaereses (Portuguese ã õ for French ä ö/œ ). The continental Scandinavian languages took the extended French letters â (for å ), ä/æ , and ö/ø . Vietnamese Braille is also quite similar, though it has added tone letters, and uses French ⠵ z for d , which

120-429: Is identical to the French apart from doubling up French Braille ò to Italian ó and ò , since French has no ó . Indeed, a principal difference of these alphabets is the remapping of French vowels with a grave accent ( à è ì ò ù ) to an acute accent ( á é í ó ú ), as the French alphabet does not support acute accents apart from é . Spanish changes all five of these vowels, as well as taking ü . Portuguese Braille

140-449: Is in braille ⠠ ⠔ ⠔ ⠔ . ⠴ is the Artikel sign, marking an article of a document. For the brackets of phonetic transcription, German Braille uses a modified form, ⠰ ⠶ ... ⠰ ⠶ . Additional punctuation and symbols, especially mathematical, are explained in the external reference below. Numbers are introduced with the sign ⠼ . They are dropped to decade 5 for ordinals and for

160-483: Is marked with ⠱ , for example ⠠ ⠠ ⠠ ... ⠱ for caps, ⠠ ⠤ ... ⠱ for italics, and ⠨ ⠨ ... ⠱ for bold. Also in Swedish (and perhaps the others), the auxiliary parentheses ⠘ ⠦ ... ⠘ ⠴ are used to add comments that appear only in the braille text, such as a description of a picture in the print text being transcribed. French Braille French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and

180-528: Is pronounced like z . Catalan Braille adds ⠇ ⠐ ⠇ for print ⟨ l·l ⟩ , and Spanish Braille uses ⠻ (French ï ) for the non-French consonant ñ . Luxembourgish Braille has since switch to eight-point braille, adding a dot at point 8 for the three vowels with accents. Punctuation and formatting are in general similar as well, though changes in French punctuation over time means that some languages use older French conventions. For example, French parentheses and quotation marks originally had

200-509: Is unlikely to impede understanding. The ellipsis ⟨...⟩ is thus ⠄ ⠄ ⠄ . Finnish ⠲  ! is not a copy error. It is the reverse of the ⠖ found in all other Nordic countries, though the latter is the + sign in Finnish mathematical notation just as it is in those other countries. Finnish punctuation is used for Swedish text in Finland. In Swedish Braille, there is also ⠸ for

220-468: The 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values. In numerical order by decade, the letters are: The generic accent sign, ⠈ , is used with foreign names such as ⠍ ⠕ ⠇ ⠊ ⠈ ⠑ ⠗ ⠑ Molière that have accented letters not found in German. There are numerous contractions and abbreviations. Punctuation is as follows: Only the first asterisk is marked with dot 6, so print ***

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240-433: The basis of almost all others . The alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic letters of the French alphabet plus w have become internationalized; the additional letters are largely restricted to French Braille and the alphabets of some neighboring European countries. In numerical order by decade,

260-420: The denominator of fractions. So, for example, ⠼ ⠙ is ⟨4⟩ , while ⠼ ⠲ is ⟨4.⟩ (4th), and ⠼ ⠉ ⠲ is ⟨ 3 ⁄ 4 ⟩ ́. The percent sign requires the number sign even after a number: ⠼ ⠃ ⠼ ⠴ ⟨2%⟩ ; otherwise it would look like the (undefined) fraction 2 ⁄ 0 . In a compound fraction, a repeat of the number sign separate

280-616: The letters are: For the purposes of accommodating a foreign alphabet, the letters ì, ä, ò may be added: There are also numerous contractions and abbreviations in French braille. Punctuation is as follows: The lower values are readings within numbers (after the Antoine number marker: see below). Formatting and mode-changing marks are: As in English Braille, the capital sign is doubled for all caps. ⟨ ⠢ ⟩ and ⟨ ⠔ ⟩ are used to begin and end emphasis within

300-478: The letters are: Greenlandic Braille uses a subset of these letters, a e f g i j k l m n o p q r s t u v , though the rest of the Scandinavian alphabet is available when needed. For foreign accented letters, French Braille assignments are used. Digits are the first ten letters of the alphabet, and numbers are marked by ⠼ , as in English Braille . Punctuation differs slightly between each country, but this

320-506: The like. Doubled, it is used for all-cap text, such as titles, and the same ending sign, ⠠ ⠄ , is used. Names with initials, such as J.S. Bach , do not require the cap sign. The lower-case sign ⠠ is used to mark mixed case or exceptions to expected capitalization; as such, it replaces the apostrophe that sets off the plural -s in print: (Note the initialism sign can be used for a single letter.) Lower-case metric units are marked as lower-case: ⠠ ⠅ ⠘ ⠺ ⟨kW⟩ . This

340-456: The opposite values they do today, values which remain in English Braille. Other changes have accrued over time, and in some cases vary from country to country. For example, Italian Braille uses the old French quotation marks ⠦ ⠀ ⠴ and asterisk ⠔ , but also shifted the old French parentheses ⠶ ⠀ ⠶ to brackets and innovated ⠢ ⠀ ⠔ for parentheses; in addition, it uses point 3, ⠄ , for both apostrophe and full stop / period. Moon type

360-604: The pipe, |, and ⠿ for the bullet, •. At least in Norwegian Braille, the braces { ... } are ⠠ ⠷ ... ⠠ ⠾ . Given the poor coverage, it is not clear how compatible formatting is between countries. (See Estonian Braille for formatting in an orthography with similar punctuation to Finnish and Swedish.) In Swedish Braille, ⠠ ⠠ is used to capitalize an entire word, and ⠠ ⠠ ⠠ to capitalize several words. The sequences ⠠ ⠤ and ⠨ ⠨ are likewise used to italicize and bold several words. The end of any of these

380-636: The punctuation section above for Antoine mathematical notation. Readings have changed slightly since modern braille was first published in 1837. The greatest change has been various secondary readings which were added to the alphabet and then abandoned. In general, only the assignments of the basic 26 letters of the French alphabet are retained in other braille alphabets. For example, among the additional letters, in German Braille only ü and ö coincide with French Braille. However, there are several alphabets which are much more closely related. Italian Braille

400-421: The units from the fraction: ⠼ ⠁ ⠼ ⠁ ⠆ ⟨ 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 ⟩ . The emphasis sign (for italics, underline, or bold) is marked with an extra point, ⠠ ⠸ , when it occurs in the middle of a word. It is doubled, ⠸ ⠸ , when more than one word is emphasized, in which case the ending sign ⠠ ⠄ will be required at the end of the last word. The all-caps sign is used for initialisms and

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