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72-507: The region was inhabited for thousands of years by the Chinook and Salish peoples . In May 1792, American explorer Robert Gray became the first European American to navigate the Columbia River , trading with the native tribes and exploring up to 15 miles upriver. Gray created a chart of the lower river, a copy of which was acquired by British explorer George Vancouver . Vancouver conducted

144-583: A presidential bellwether or a party primary bellwether. American statistician and political scientist Edward Tufte and his student Richard Sun defined electoral bellwethers (in the US) into the following categories: In Australian federal elections, the Division of Robertson in New South Wales became the nation's new longest-running bellwether seat, continuously won by the party that also won government since

216-455: A 'bellwether' is a leading indicator of an economic trend . Sociologists apply the term in the active sense to a person or group of people who tend to create, influence, or set trends . The term derives from the Middle English belle-weder , which referred to the practice of placing a bell around the neck of the lead wether (the castrated male sheep). A shepherd could then note

288-461: A Republican ( Donald Trump ) for the first time since 1928. Tillamook County is more of a swing county, voting Democratic 15 times and Republican seven times since 1932. Since 1920 it has also acted as somewhat of a bellwether , voting for the national winner all but three times since then. Northwest Oregon is represented congressionally by Representatives Suzanne Bonamici (Clatsop and Columbia) and Kurt Schrader (Tillamook), both Democrats. Most of

360-489: A bellwether, Sunderland South (Labour since 1964) was often used in election programming to predict the swing of a general election - principally because it was often the first to declare - though with variable accuracy. Since Greater London formed during 1964–1965, Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council elections have matched those of the party who run (usually with the GLA, or more lately Mayor of London and Assembly)

432-495: A confederation of the Cathlamet, Clatsop, Lower Chinook, Wahkiakum and Willapa Indians, as a tribe, according to its rules established in consultation with other recognized tribes. The tribe had documented continuity of their community over time on the lower Columbia. This recognition was announced during the last months of the administration of President Bill Clinton . Since the 1930s, individual Chinook people have had Allotments on

504-639: A federally recognized sovereign tribe in the late 20th century, as this would provide certain treaty-promised benefits for education and welfare. The Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs rejected their application in 1997. Since the late 20th century, the Chinook Indian Nation has engaged in a continuing effort to secure formal recognition, conducting research and developing documentation to demonstrate its history. They are referred to in government and historic accounts, but treaties signed at Tansy Point in 1851 were not acted upon by Congress through

576-457: A formal ratification process. This inaction caused the Chinook territories defined in the treaties to remain unceded. Nevertheless, these territories were taken by the federal government. If Congress had formally ratified the treaties, a reservation would have been established, which would have meant automatic recognition. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Interior recognized the Chinook Indian Nation,

648-688: A limited extent. In the Philippines, the winner of the Philippine presidential election has won in Negros Oriental in all instances since 1935 except for 1961 and 2016 , and in Basilan since its creation in December 1973 (first election in 1981 ). After Negros Oriental voted for the runner-up in 2016, Agusan del Norte and Lanao del Sur then had the longest active streak, having its provincial winners be

720-496: A majority of Fianna Fáil TDs in years when Fianna Fáil formed the government, and a majority of Fine Gael and Labour TDs when those parties formed the government. In New Zealand, there are three generally accepted bellwether electorates: Hamilton East and Hamilton West , both based around the city of Hamilton , and Northcote on Auckland 's North Shore. Hamilton West and Northcote missed one election each since they were first contested in 1969 and 1996 respectively —

792-471: A more thorough expedition of the river, traveling as far up as Mount Hood . The Lewis and Clark Expedition , led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , sighted the Pacific Ocean for the first time on November 7, 1805, arriving two weeks later. The expedition faced its second bitter winter camped on the north side of the Columbia River, in a storm-wracked area. Lack of food was a major factor. The elk,

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864-498: A set length of time Electoral record of the states for presidential elections, 1896–2024: Highest percentage of the current party system , 1980-2024 Smallest deviation from the national average Another way to measure how much a state's results reflect the national average is how far the state deviates from the national results. The states with the least deviation from a two-party presidential vote from 1896 to 2012 include: States that were considered bellwether states from

936-667: Is contested by the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission , Docket 234, found, in 1957, that the Clatsop Chinooks were part of the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission also found in Docket 240, 1962, that the Nehalem people were part of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians . The Chinookan peoples were relatively settled and occupied traditional tribal geographic areas, where they hunted and fished; salmon

1008-654: Is similarly a bellwether for technology stocks in the Indian markets, BSE and NSE . Similarly, a bellwether bond is "a government bond whose changes in interest rate are believed to show the future direction of the rest of the bond market ." The quarterly Bellwether Report , published by the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), monitors trends in expenditure in the UK advertising and marketing industry. In politics ,

1080-626: The 1983 federal election . Previously, the electoral division of Eden-Monaro elected its Member of Parliament from the party which won government at every federal election from 1972 until 2016 , when the record was broken after Labor won the seat, while the Coalition won government. The Division of Lindsay in NSW, has elected its Member of Parliament from the party which won government in every Federal election since its creation in 1984 until 2016. Both Lindsay and Eden-Monaro lost their bellwether status at

1152-574: The 1993 election for Hamilton West and the 2005 election for Northcote. Hamilton East, first contested in 1972, has missed three elections — 1993, 1999 , and 2005. They were all held by the National Party in the 2017 election although Labour formed the government after the election. Since the National Party was still returned as the largest party in Parliament, however, the two electorates did in fact retain their bellwether status, albeit to

1224-418: The 1999 , 2003 and 2007 elections. The American states with the current longest streak of voting for the winners in the electoral college are Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin ; their streaks date back to 2008. The American bellwether states can also be determined in different ways (with respect to presidential elections): Highest percentage for varying lengths of time Highest percentage for

1296-528: The 2016 federal election , both electing Labor MPs, despite a narrow Coalition win nationwide. The Division of Makin in South Australia was a bellwether division from 1984 to 2010, although ceased its bellwether record in 2013, when Makin stayed Labor as the Coalition regained power nationwide. Also, in terms of nationwide two party preferred vote, Eden-Monaro , Lindsay , Robertson and Makin have bucked

1368-849: The 2021 German federal election the SPD placed first in 12 out of 16 states, including Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony as well as federally while being led by former First Mayor of Hamburg , Olaf Scholz , the State of Hamburg borders both Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but Scholz did not run in Hamburg during that election, instead representing the District Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II in Brandenburg (where he incidentally ran against Annalena Baerbock candidate for chancellor of Alliance 90/The Greens , drawing additional media attention to

1440-550: The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community . The Chinook Indian Nation, consisting of the five westernmost tribes of Chinookan peoples, Lower Chinook, Clatsop , Willapa, Wahkiakum, and Kathlamet is currently (2024) working to restore federal recognition . The Chinook Nation gained Federal Recognition on January 3, 2001 from the Department of Interior under President Bill Clinton. After President George W. Bush

1512-485: The House of Commons all see a change at least every few decades to avoid malapportionment , apart from a few island seats. It is possible to dispute any long-term bellwether, citing such changes. However, those below have kept the bulk of their electors in the main, named constituency identified with the place they are named after. Long-running bellwether constituencies Former bellwether constituencies While not strictly

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1584-597: The Hudson's Bay Company prior to 1830. The specific Chinook band these women were from or if they were Lower or Upper Chinook could not be determined. These individuals, settled in the French Prairie region of northwestern Oregon, becoming part of the community of French Canadians and Métis (Mix-Bloods) . There is no evidence that they are a distinct Indian community within French Prairie. The Chinook Indian Nation denied that

1656-563: The Riksdag . While since long having shifted right versus the national results, by 2022 this had further extended. In that election Ljungby was 17 points more to the right than Sweden in general. According to Statistics Sweden , election results in Karlstad were the closest to the national results for three consecutive elections around the turn of the 21st century, a fact often highlighted by media through Gallup Polls showing voting intentions in

1728-499: The American presence there, with the American flag flying over the fort. During the winter at Fort Clatsop, Lewis committed himself to writing. He filled many pages of his journals with valuable knowledge, mostly about botany, because of the abundant growth and forests that covered that part of the continent. The health of the men also became a problem, with many suffering from colds and influenza. In 1811, British explorer David Thompson ,

1800-525: The Cascades region of the Columbia: Bellwether A bellwether is a leader or an indicator of trends. In politics , the term often applies in a metaphorical sense to characterize a geographic region where political tendencies match in microcosm those of a wider area, such that the result of an election in the former region might predict the eventual result in the latter. In economics ,

1872-474: The Chinook language and English translation. The " Native Legends of Oregon and Washington Collected " is collection of Chinook legends and stories written and collected by Boas in 1893, it was a collection of different Chinook folklore taken from his time spent with the Chinookan people between the years of 1890 and 1891 during his summer trips to Oregon and Washington. He also wrote the " Chinook Texts ", which

1944-550: The District). Two individual seats, Valsad and West Delhi , have successfully voted for the victorious party for the last eleven general elections in India . Furthermore, the party that wins the majority of seats in Delhi has always gone on to form the national government since 1998. The state of Uttar Pradesh is also seen as a bellwether, with the national government having been formed

2016-586: The North Shore of the Columbia River. In 2019, the Chinook Indian Nation purchased ten acres of the 1851 Tansy Point treaty grounds. In the 21st century, a large proportion of Chinook people live in the regions surrounding the towns of Bay Center, Chinook , and Ilwaco in southwest Washington and in Astoria, Oregon . Chinookan-speaking groups include: The Lower Chinookans are the related groups who spoke dialects of Lower Chinook , and who had their villages around

2088-575: The Pacific Northwest in the United States who speak the Chinookan languages . Since at least 4000 BCE Chinookan peoples have resided along the upper and Middle Columbia River (Wimahl) ("Great River") from the river's gorge (near the present town of The Dalles, Oregon ) downstream (west) to the river's mouth, and along adjacent portions of the coasts, from Tillamook Head of present-day Oregon in

2160-537: The SPD and CDU/CSU respectively. Schleswig-Holstein is also famous for having had several state elections result in a one-seat majority for the winning coalition and Lower Saxony's 1998 election (in which Gerhard Schröder was the SPD candidate) is often seen as a "trial run" for the subsequent federal election (which Schröder also won). Of the first vote constituencies ( Erststimmen ), the constituency of Pinneberg (also located in Schleswig-Holstein) has voted for

2232-625: The Tchinouk had any common history with them or any organizational affiliation. On January 16, 1986, the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that the Tchinouk Indians of Oregon do not meet the requirements necessary to be a federally recognized tribe. The unrecognized Clatsop-Nehalem Confederate Tribes was formed in 2000. The Clatsop-Nehalem have approximately 130 members and claim to have Chinookan and Salish-speaking Tillamook (Nehalem) ancestry. This

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2304-455: The area. Karlstad swung to the left in the 2010s and by 2022 was seven points to the left of Sweden. Therefore, Karlstad is no longer a proper bellwether town. By 2022, the status of bellwethers in Sweden often moved to post-industrial towns for differences between the various municipalities, but also some commuter towns being candidates. This status shifted rapidly due to the big cities moving to

2376-498: The association of a round head with servility. The Chinook were known colloquially by early white explorers in the region as "Flathead Indians". Living near the coast of the Pacific Ocean , the Chinook were skilled elk hunters and fishermen. The most popular fish was salmon . Owing partly to their settled living patterns, the Chinook and other coastal tribes had relatively little conflict over land, as they did not migrate through each other's territories and they had rich resources in

2448-572: The bellwether trend in the past by voting Liberal at the 1998 federal election . In purely statistical terms, the state of New South Wales , which has the largest population of any Australian state or territory, could also be considered a "bellwether", as, until the 2016 federal election the party which wins government has won the majority of House of Representatives seats in that state at every election since 1963 . Unlike many bellwethers, these are cited by analysts solely for their record and are not usually attributed to demographic factors that reflect

2520-447: The constituencies of Almond Valley , Dundee City West , Edinburgh Eastern , Glasgow Southside , Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley and Mid Fife and Glenrothes each elected an MSP from the largest party in the 2011 and 2016 elections. This continues the trend that their predecessor constituencies ( Livingston , Dundee West , Edinburgh East & Musselburgh , Glasgow Govan , Kilmarnock & Loudoun and Fife Central ) achieved in

2592-619: The continent and was later used as an American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute with European nations. Astoria is the oldest permanently inhabited settlement established by Americans on the Pacific coast. In 1848, the area became part of the Oregon Territory , and became part of the state of Oregon following Oregon's admission to the Union in 1859. Northwest Oregon is bounded on the north and much of

2664-524: The east by the Columbia River which separates it from the state of Washington , on the west by the Pacific Ocean , and on the southeast by the rest of Oregon. The Willamette meridian marks the southeast corner. Saddle Mountain , at an elevation of 3,288 feet, is the highest mountain in the region. It is part of the Oregon Coast Range , which takes up most of the interior of the region. Generally,

2736-488: The elected president since the 1969 election . Lanao del Sur then voted for the loser in 2022, giving Agusan del Norte the longest streak. For vice presidential elections, Pangasinan has voted for the winner in all elections save for 1986 and 2016 . In every general election to the Portuguese National Assembly since the restoration of democracy in 1975, the electoral district of Braga has voted for

2808-564: The first person known to have navigated the entire length of the Columbia River, reached the partially constructed Fort Astoria near the mouth of the river. He arrived just two months after the Pacific Fur Company 's ship, the Tonquin . The fort constructed by the Tonquin party established Astoria as a U.S., rather than a British, settlement. It became a vital post for American exploration of

2880-484: The first time in American history where a woman and a slave were allowed to vote in an election run by European immigrants. Indigenous people had included women previously. On the south side of the Columbia River, 2 miles (3 km) upstream on the west side of the Netul River (now Lewis and Clark River ), they constructed Fort Clatsop . They did this not just for shelter and protection, but also to officially establish

2952-411: The following three counties are considered to be part of Northwest Oregon. Sometimes, parts of Washington County are included as well. The total population of the region is 113,084. Politically, Northwest Oregon is divided. Clatsop County leans Democratic, having not voted for a Republican in a presidential election since 1956. Columbia County is traditionally Democratic, although in 2016 it voted for

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3024-418: The highest percentage in the elections. Presidential elections The counties that voted in the first round for the winning candidate: The expression " Som Ljungby röstar röstar Sverige " ('As Ljungby votes, Sweden votes') was coined in the early-1970s, but more recently (in 2006) voting results in Karlstad , Kalmar , and Halmstad more closely resembled the result of the whole nation in elections to

3096-456: The left and smaller towns to the right. Among sizeable municipalities that came within half a point of the national average in 2022 included Alingsås , Borlänge , Gävle and Karlskoga . These municipalites were won by the right coalition with narrow margins. In addition, several smaller municipalities came close to the national coalition differential, although no locations closely mirrored exact party results. United Kingdom constituencies of

3168-510: The majority of times by the party that won the most seats in the state. Ireland has a proportional representation electoral system, in which politicians are elected by the single transferable vote . Bellwethers here can only be measured by the number of candidates from each side elected to Ireland's multiple-seat constituencies that elect an odd number of members. Between the 1981 general election and 2011 general election , Meath and its successors, Meath East and Meath West , have elected

3240-457: The market as a whole. Bellwether stocks therefore serve as short-term guides. JPMorgan Chase is a U.S. example of a bellwether. As one of the major banks in the United States, its stock sets the tone for the rest of the banking industry. JPMorgan Chase also has contracts with companies in other industries, so its performance is reflected in other sectors of the market. Tata Consultancy Services

3312-462: The median of Australia. Below are seats that have been classified as bellwether seats won by the party forming government at least once at one of the past 10 elections. Below the winning party is the two-party-preferred vote . In the Canadian province of Ontario , Sarnia—Lambton (and its predecessor ridings) voted for the winning party in every federal election from 1963 until 2011 . This streak

3384-459: The most London authorities except went its "miss" to Labour's majority of London councils in 2010 (which has endured since) and the reverse miss in 1978 and 1982. In the latter two results no overall control was the local result. The constituencies of Cunninghame North , Stirling and Na h-Eileanan an Iar have all elected MSPs from the party which won the plurality of seats in the election overall for every Scottish Parliament election . Also,

3456-643: The mouth of the Columbia River and along the coast: The Kathlamet/Downstreamers grouping includes several small village groups which all spoke the Kathlamet language: This grouping refers to a dense stretch of Upper Chinook -speaking villages between the mouth of the Lewis River to Government Island : The Clackamas were a Kiksht -speaking group that had one village along the Clackamas River : The "Upstreamers" group refers to village groups and villages in

3528-411: The movements of the animals by hearing the bell, even when the flock was not in sight. The word was first used in the above meaning in the 15th century. In the world of economics and finance , a 'bellwether' is a leading indicator of an economic trend . In the stock market , a 'bellwether' is a company or stock taken to be a leading indicator of the direction in a sector, in an industry or in

3600-525: The name "Chinook" came from. Some say it is a Chehalis word Tsinúk for the inhabitants of and a particular village site on Baker Bay, or "Fish Eaters". It may also be a word meaning "strong fighters". Some Chinookan peoples are part of several federally recognized Tribes: the Yakama Nation (primarily Wishram ), the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation (primarily Wasco ), and

3672-492: The natural environment. In the manner of numerous settled tribes, the Chinook resided in longhouses . More than fifty people, related through extended kinship, often resided in one longhouse. Their longhouses were made of planks made from red cedar trees. The houses were about 20–60 feet wide and 50–150 feet long. In 1888, Franz Boas published " The Journal of American Folk-Lore " a journal discussing American Folklore, here he describes some "Chinook songs" and offers them in both

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3744-417: The party of the subsequently chosen Chancellor in all elections except for 1949. Both the 1949 and the 1969 elections were rather narrow, the former resulting in a one-vote majority in the election for chancellor and the latter resulting in a 12-seat majority that had broken down due to defections by 1972. In 2005 SPD and CDU/CSU were only separated by one percentage point and four seats in the final tally. In

3816-463: The party of the subsequently chosen Chancellor the most times is Schleswig-Holstein (with two misses: 1969 and 2005 ), followed by the state of Lower Saxony (with misses in 1949 , 1969 and 2005). Both states lie in the North of the country, neither containing many large industrial cities (the biggest being Kiel and Hannover respectively), nor large rural Catholic populations, the traditional base of

3888-567: The party or coalition that has won the most seats in the election. (Note that following the elections of 2015 , a minority government was eventually formed by the second-largest party in the Assembly.) In every general, European Union , mayoral (except 2009), or presidential elections since the Carnation Revolution , the Portuguese capital of Lisbon voted for the party or coalition that won

3960-405: The party's main source of food, had retreated from their usual haunts into the mountains, and the party was now too poor to purchase enough food from neighboring tribes. On November 24, 1805, the party voted to move their camp to the south side of the Columbia River near modern Astoria, Oregon . Sacagawea , and Clark's slave York , were both allowed to participate in the vote, so this may have been

4032-505: The practice of head binding , flattening their children's forehead and top of the skull as a mark of social status. They bound the infant's head under pressure between boards when the infant was about 3 months old and continued until the child was about one year of age. This custom was a means of marking social hierarchy; flat-headed community members had a rank above those with round heads. Those with flattened skulls refused to enslave other persons who were similarly marked, thereby reinforcing

4104-415: The previous administration. Efforts by Brian Baird , D-Wash. from Washington's 3rd congressional district, to gain passage of legislation in 2011 to achieve recognition of the tribe were not successful. In his decision on a lawsuit filed in late 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled recognition could only be granted from Congress and other branches of government, but largely sided with

4176-506: The provincial electoral district Peace River has elected only three opposition MLAs since the province was founded in 1905. In Manitoba , the federal district of Winnipeg South has voted for the winning party in each election since it was re-formed in 1988 ; a previous version of the same riding, which elected MPs from 1917 until 1974 inclusive, voted against the national winner only three times, most recently in 1965 . Also in Manitoba,

4248-488: The provincial riding of Rossmere , which has existed since 1969 , has voted for the candidate from the governing party in every general election since it was first contested except for that of 1977 ; it also elected opposition MLAs at by-elections in 1979 and 1993. Since the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (then West Germany ) in 1949, the state where the leading party list vote ( Zweitstimmen ) matched

4320-527: The region is represented in the Oregon State Senate by Betsy Johnson , a Democrat; it is represented in the Oregon House of Representatives by Brad Witt and Deborah Boone , also Democrats. Southern Tillamook County is served by Senator Arnie Roblan and Representative David Gomberg , also Democrats. Chinookan peoples Chinookan peoples include several groups of Indigenous people of

4392-419: The result on a national scale. An electoral bellwether can be a ward , precinct , town , county , or other district that accurately reflects how a geographic region (state, province, etc.) will vote during elections. Bellwethers in the United States typically change every election cycle due to shifts in the electorate. Bellwethers also differ by the type of elections: a midterm bellwether differs from

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4464-442: The scarcity of the Chinookan people at the time. The book was mainly written for trading purposes and Gibbs collected the majority of his translation from the traders themselves. The Chinookan peoples have long had a community on the lower Columbia River. These lower Columbia Chinook tribes and bands re-organized in the 20th century, setting up an elected form of government and reviving tribal culture. They first sought recognition as

4536-605: The south, north to Willapa Bay in southwest Washington . In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Chinook Tribe on the lower Columbia. The term "Chinook" also has a wider meaning in reference to the Chinook Jargon , which is based on Chinookan languages, in part, and so the term "Chinookan" was coined by linguists to distinguish the older language from its offspring, Chinuk Wawa . There are several theories about where

4608-563: The superior castes are said to have practiced social discrimination, limiting contact with commoners and forbidding play between the children of the different social groups. Some Chinookan peoples practiced slavery , a practice borrowed from the northernmost tribes of the Pacific Northwest . They took slaves as captives in warfare, and used them to practice thievery on behalf of their masters. The latter refrained from such practices as unworthy of high status. The elite of some tribes had

4680-428: The term bellwether often applies in a metaphorical sense to characterize a geographic region where political tendencies match in microcosm those of a wider area, such that the result of an election in the former region might predict the eventual result in the latter. In a Westminster -style election, for example, a constituency , the control of which tends frequently to change, can have a popular vote that mirrors

4752-538: The timber-rich Quinault Reservation in Grays Harbor County, Washington . The Quinault appealed recognition of the Chinook in August 2001, and the matter was taken up by the new administration. After President George W. Bush was elected, his new political appointees reviewed the Chinook materials. In 2002, in a highly unusual action, they revoked the recognition of the Chinook and of two other tribes also approved by

4824-590: The tribe; Leighton denied seven of eight claims by the Interior Department to dismiss the case, including a challenge to a 2015 rule that bars tribes from seeking recognition again. The Chinook Indian Nation's offices are in Bay Center, Washington . The tribe holds an Annual Winter Gathering at the plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington . It also holds an Annual First Salmon Ceremony at Chinook Point (Fort Columbia) on

4896-478: The winning party since 1984 . Also in Ontario, Peterborough—Kawartha (called Peterborough until 2015) has consistently elected the party which has won the provincial election since 1977 . In federal politics, the coterminous federal electoral district Peterborough—Kawartha (also called Peterborough until 2015) elected a member of the winning party from 1965 to 1979 and 1984 until 2021 , inclusive. In Alberta ,

4968-403: Was a mainstay of their diet. The women also gathered and processed many nuts, seeds, roots and other foods. They had a society marked by social stratification , consisting of a number of distinct social castes of greater or lesser status. Upper castes included shamans , warriors , and successful traders. They composed a minority of the community population compared to common members. Members of

5040-565: Was broken in 2015 , when the Conservative Party held the district while the Liberal Party won government, and the riding has become reliably Conservative since. Toronto—St. Paul's has only elected three opposition MPs since it contested its first election, as St. Paul's, in 1935 , although it has become reliably Liberal in recent years. Burlington and St. Catharines currently share the longest active streak, having elected an MP from

5112-469: Was elected, his political appointees reviewed the case and, in a highly unusual action, revoked the recognition. The Chinook Nation sought Congressional support for recognition by the legislature in 2008 with a Bill Introduced by Brian Baird . The Bill died in Congress. The unrecognized Tchinouk Indians of Oregon trace their Chinook ancestry to two Chinook women who married French Canadians traders from

5184-561: Was published in 1894. In this reference book, Boas includes various, myths, beliefs, customs, tales, and historical tales, as told by the Chinookan people themselves. George Gibbs was another popular anthropologist of his time. He collected the " Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language ". Gibbs was assisted by Robert Shortess and Soloman H. Smith of Oregon and A. C. Anderson of Victoria, Vancouver Island. The many words were collected and scattered from various different tribes given

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