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84-435: "Sevmash" is an abbreviation of Severnoye Mashinostroitelnoye Predpriyatie (Северное Машиностроительное Предприятие), i.e. "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise". Sevmash is the largest shipbuilding enterprise in Russia and today the country's only nuclear submarine producer. In 2020, the company employed 30,000 people and as of 2009, its revenue from military production was $ 533.02 million. The shipyard's main specialization

168-856: A "considerable amount" of information regarding submarine design and quietening techniques transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States. The rafting system for the Valiant class provided the Royal Navy with an advantage in submarine silencing that the United States Navy did not introduce until considerably later. Nuclear power proved ideal for the propulsion of strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSB), greatly improving their ability to remain submerged and undetected. The world's first operational nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)

252-602: A design team under Vladimir N. Peregudov worked on the vessel that would house the reactor. After overcoming many obstacles, including steam generation problems, radiation leaks, and other difficulties, the first nuclear submarine based on these combined efforts, K-3 Leninskiy Komsomol of the Project 627 Kit class, called a November-class submarine by NATO , entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1958. The United Kingdom 's first nuclear-powered submarine HMS  Dreadnought

336-632: A forced labor camp, part of gulag archipelago, was responsible for the initial construction of its facilities along the left bank of the Nikolskiy Estuary at the mouth of the Severnaya Dvina River. The official establishment date is 21 December 1939, when the hull of its first ship, the battleship Sovetskaya Belorussiya was laid down. The enterprise was known in Soviet times as Shipyard Number 402 ( Russian : Завод № 402 ). During World War II ,

420-552: A further two Project 636 vessels. Under a contract for Rosoboronexport , Sevmash conducted repair and modification work on the former Soviet heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Admiral Gorshkov , transforming it into a modern aircraft carrier named INS  Vikramaditya for the Indian Navy . The project had been hit by delays and increasing costs, and was finally completed in November 2013. An increasingly important product line for

504-527: A joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. According to historian Sheila Fitzpatrick , the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated

588-485: A major part, preparation for the upcoming war also affected all of the major parts of the five-year plan. The war effort really picked up in 1933 when Hitler came to power in Germany. The stress this caused on internal security and control in the five-year plan is difficult to document. While most of the figures were overstated, Stalin was able to announce truthfully that the plan had been achieved ahead of schedule; however,

672-724: A name with Captain Nemo 's fictional submarine Nautilus in Jules Verne 's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas , the first demonstrably practical submarine Nautilus , and another USS  Nautilus  (SS-168) that served with distinction in World War II ). The Westinghouse Corporation was assigned to build its reactor. After the submarine was completed at the Electric Boat Company , First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke

756-698: A process of using five-year plans as focal points for economic and societal development. Joseph Stalin inherited and upheld the New Economic Policy (NEP) from Vladimir Lenin . In 1921, Lenin had persuaded the 10th Party Congress to approve the NEP as a replacement for the War Communism that had been set up during the Russian Civil War . All land had been declared nationalized by the Decree on Land , finalized in

840-518: A recovery in agricultural production as the peasants produced fruit, vegetables, meat and milk on their own plots. The third five-year plan ran for only 3½ years, up to June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War . As war approached, more resources were put into developing armaments, tanks, and weapons, as well as constructing additional military factories east of

924-435: A state-regulated price) - although they were encouraged to join state farms ( Sovkhozes , set up on land expropriated from nobles after the 1917 revolution ), in which they worked for a fixed wage like workers in a factory. The money came back into use, with new banknotes being issued and backed by gold. The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. In 1920, industrial production had been 13% and agricultural production 20% of

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1008-417: A vaguer motto perestroika ) ended in a profound economic crisis in virtually all areas of the Soviet economy and a drop in production. The 1987 Law on State Enterprise and the follow-up decrees about khozraschyot and self-financing in various areas of the Soviet economy were aimed at the decentralization to overcome the problems of the command economy . Most other communist states , including

1092-444: A very bloody military campaign against the peasant's traditional lifestyle. This social transformation along with the incredible economic boom occurred at the same time that the entire Soviet system developed its definitive form in the decade of 1930. Many scholars believe that a few other important factors, such as foreign policy and internal security, went into the execution of the five-year plan. While ideology and economics were

1176-664: A work force of 26,951 people. Based in the city of Severodvinsk in Arkhangelsk Oblast on the White Sea , its facilities occupy an area of more than 300 hectares and it has more than 100 subdivisions. It is the largest shipbuilding enterprise in Russia. Since August, 2007, Sevmash has been headed by Nikolai Yakovlevich Kalistratov. The company's revenue from military production in 2009 was estimated to be $ 533.02 million, up from $ 431.04 million in 2008. Civilian production amounted to 20% of

1260-516: Is manufacturing of ships , submarines and military equipment for the Russian Navy . Sevmash is the only shipyard in Russia producing nuclear submarines . Severodvinsk , the lead vessel of the Yasen-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines , was completed in 2010 and commissioned in 2013. The second Borei-class submarine Aleksandr Nevskiy was launched later in 2010 and delivered to

1344-467: Is notoriously misleading or exaggerated. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. Consequently, rationing was implemented to solve chronic food and supply shortages. Propaganda used before, during, and after the first five-year plan compared the industry to battle. This was highly successful. They used terms such as "fronts," "campaigns," and "breakthroughs," while at

1428-452: Is observable by thermal imaging systems, e.g., FLIR . Another problem is that the reactor is always running, creating steam noise, which can be heard on sonar , and the reactor pump (used to circulate reactor coolant), also creates noise, as opposed to a conventional submarine, which can move about on almost silent electric motors. The useful lifetime of a nuclear submarine is estimated to be approximately 25 to 30 years, after this period

1512-405: The 1922 Land Code , which also set collectivization as the long-term goal. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), and the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. Money gradually came to be replaced by barter and a system of coupons. Leon Trotsky had delivered a joint report to

1596-580: The Guinness World Records as the world's biggest submarine. During its history as of 2009, the company had built 45 surface ships and 163 submarines, including 128 nuclear submarines. Nuclear submarine A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor , but not necessarily nuclear-armed . Nuclear submarines have considerable performance advantages over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric ) submarines. Nuclear propulsion , being completely independent of air, frees

1680-728: The Odhner arithmometer factory in Saint Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or Germany . The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance, Soviet Commissariat of Inspection , Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade,

1764-579: The People's Republic of China , adopted a similar method of planning. South Korea had five-year plans from 1962 to 1996 which were introduced by Park Chung Hee . Although the Republic of Indonesia under Suharto is known for its anti-communist purge , his government also adopted the same method of planning because of the policy of its socialist predecessor, Sukarno . This series of five-year plans in Indonesia

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1848-597: The S1W and iterations of designs have operated without incident since USS Nautilus (SSN-571) launched in 1954. The idea for a nuclear-powered submarine was first proposed in the United States Navy by the Naval Research Laboratory 's physicist Ross Gunn in 1939. The Royal Navy began researching designs for nuclear propulsion plants in 1946. Construction of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine

1932-655: The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences . The eighth plan led to the amount of grain exported being doubled. About 14.5 million tonnes of grain were imported by the USSR. Détente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the number of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. While largely failing at that objective it managed to significantly improve Soviet computer technology. Leonid Brezhnev declared

2016-530: The Ural mountains . The first two years of the third five-year plan proved to be even more of a disappointment in terms of proclaimed production goals. Still, a reported 12% to 13% rate of annual industrial growth was attained in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The plan had intended to focus on consumer goods. The Soviet Union mainly contributed resources to the development of weapons and constructed additional military factories as needed. Stalin in 1945 promised that

2100-640: The ideology of the Communist Party for development of the Soviet economy . Fulfilling the current plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy . Several Soviet five-year plans did not take up the full period of time assigned to them: some were pronounced successfully completed earlier than expected, some took much longer than expected, and others failed altogether and had to be abandoned. Altogether, Gosplan launched thirteen five-year plans. The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in

2184-474: The propeller shaft or rely on the reactor heat to produce steam that drives steam turbines ( cf. nuclear marine propulsion ). Reactors used in submarines typically use highly enriched fuel (often greater than 20%) to enable them to deliver a large amount of power from a smaller reactor and operate longer between refuelings – which are difficult due to the reactor's position within the submarine's pressure hull. The nuclear reactor also supplies power to

2268-523: The traditional bottle of champagne on Nautilus ' bow, and the submarine was commissioned USS  Nautilus  (SSN-571) , on 30 September 1954. On 17 January 1955, she departed Groton, Connecticut , to begin sea trials . The submarine was 320 feet (98 m) long and cost about $ 55 million. Recognizing the utility of such vessels, the British Admiralty formed plans to build nuclear-powered submarines. The Soviet Union soon followed

2352-513: The 1913 figures. Between February 21 and March 17, 1921, the sailors in Kronstadt had mutinied . In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; so controls could be relaxed. In the 1920s, there was a great debate between Bukharin , Tomsky and Rykov on the one hand , and Trotsky , Zinoviev and Kamenev on

2436-438: The 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Reconstruction was impeded by a chronic labor shortage due to the enormous number of Soviet casualties in the war (between 20 and 30 million). Moreover, 1946 was the driest year since 1891, and the harvest was poor. The USA and USSR were unable to agree on

2520-574: The Admiralty Research Station, HMS Vulcan , at Dounreay , developed a completely new British nuclear propulsion system. In 1960, the UK's second nuclear-powered submarine was ordered from Vickers Armstrong and, fitted with Rolls-Royce's PWR1 nuclear plant, HMS  Valiant was the first all-British nuclear submarine. Further technology transfers from the United States made Rolls-Royce entirely self-sufficient in reactor design in exchange for

2604-458: The April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialisation and the replacement of annual plans with five-year plans. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. Stalin's version of the five-year plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932. When

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2688-893: The Golfs. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the Project 667A (Yankee class) , the first of which entered service in 1967, by which time the US had commissioned 41 SSBNs, nicknamed the " 41 for Freedom ". At the height of the Cold War , approximately five to ten nuclear submarines were being commissioned from each of the four Soviet submarine yards ( Sevmash in Severodvinsk , Admiralteyskiye Verfi in St.Petersburg, Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhny Novgorod , and Amurskiy Zavod in Komsomolsk-on-Amur ). From

2772-702: The Grain Trust, Soviet Railways , Russian Ford , Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works. IBM also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin Automobile Plant. The minor planet 2122 Pyatiletka discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named in honor of five-year plans of

2856-528: The Navy on 23 December 2013, becoming the 130th nuclear-powered submarine produced by Sevmash. The Yasen-class submarine Kazan (commissioned May 2021) and the Borei-class Vladimir Monomakh (commissioned December 2014) were built at the shipyard. In 2003–2005, Sevmash delivered two Project 636 (Kilo class) diesel-electric submarines to foreign customers. As of 2009, the company had an order for

2940-489: The Soviet Union and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry . The first five-year plan , accepted in 1928 for the period from 1929 to 1933, finished one year early. The last five-year plan, for the period from 1991 to 1995, was not completed, since the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. Other communist states , including the People's Republic of China , and to a lesser extent, the Republic of Indonesia , implemented

3024-442: The Soviet doctrine of state atheism ( gosateizm ), this five-year plan from 1932 to 1937 also included the liquidation of houses of worship , with the goals of closing churches between 1932–1933 and the elimination of clergy by 1935–1936. The second 5-year plan (1933–1937) introduced an incentive scheme to persuade all the peasants to join collective farms. They were each allowed a small plot of land for their own use, this led to

3108-407: The Soviet government. Because of the success made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind Germany as one of the major steel-producing countries of the world. The city of Magnitogorsk

3192-739: The USSR would be the leading industrial power by 1960. The USSR at this stage had been devastated by the war. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of

3276-479: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) (Russian: пятилетние планы развития народного хозяйства СССР , pyatiletniye plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR ) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union , beginning in the late 1920s. The Soviet state planning committee Gosplan developed these plans based on the theory of the productive forces that formed part of

3360-525: The United Kingdom, all former and current nuclear submarines of the British Royal Navy (with the exception of three: HMS  Conqueror , HMS  Renown and HMS  Revenge ) have been constructed in Barrow-in-Furness (at BAE Systems Submarine Solutions or its predecessor VSEL ) where construction of nuclear submarines continues. Conqueror is the only nuclear-powered submarine in

3444-604: The United States in developing nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950s. Stimulated by the U.S. development of Nautilus , Soviets began work on nuclear propulsion reactors in the early 1950s at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering , in Obninsk , under Anatoliy P. Alexandrov, later to become head of the Kurchatov Institute . In 1956, the first Soviet propulsion reactor designed by his team began operational testing. Meanwhile,

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3528-576: The announcement of a seven-year plan ( Russian : семилетка , semiletka ), approved by the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1959. This was merged into a seventh five-year plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." The plan saw a slight shift away from heavy industry into chemicals, consumer goods, and natural resources. The plan also intended to establish 18 new institutes by working with

3612-427: The coal and oil industries. The second plan employed incentives as well as punishments and the targets were eased as a reward for the first plan being finished ahead of schedule in only four years. With the introduction of childcare, mothers were encouraged to work to aid in the plan's success. By 1937 the tolkachi emerged occupying a key position mediating between the enterprises and the commissariat. Consistent with

3696-477: The company's total revenue, and export share of total production was 10%, according to figures published by Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies . The centre ranked Sevmash as the 7th most successful enterprise of the Russian defense industry in 2009, based on a comparison of key financial and operational indicators. The construction of the enterprise had its origins in the first Soviet 5-year plan when

3780-466: The decision was made to significantly expand shipbuilding capacity. The building of what became SEVMASH began in 1936. The shipyard was developed in accordance with resolution of the Council of Labour and Defence under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on May 31, 1936 №137-OK for the construction and repair of large warships of different classes. as part of Stalin's industrialization program and

3864-412: The early 1950s, large-scale production of submarines was launched. In 1969, the company produced world's first nuclear submarine with a titanium alloy hull, Project 661 . In the mid-1970s, its facilities underwent major reconstruction; its industrial capacity was doubled and it had Russia's largest covered slipway installed. The Typhoon class nuclear submarine cruiser Project 941 , built in 1981, entered

3948-524: The early days, stayed in the background but sided with the Bukharin group. However, later, in 1927, he changed sides, supporting those in favor of a new course , with greater state control. Some scholars have argued that the programme of mass industrialization advocated by Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition was co-opted to serve as the basis of Stalin's first five-year plan. Trotsky had delivered

4032-404: The effective disposal of nuclear submarines is costly, in 2004 it was estimated to cost around 4 billion dollars. Generally there are two options when it comes to decommissioning nuclear submarines. The first option is to defuel the nuclear reactor and remove the material and components that contain radioactivity, after which the hull section containing the nuclear reactor will then be cut out of

4116-469: The emphasis varied from plan to plan, although generally, the emphasis was on power (electricity), capital goods, and agriculture. There were base and optimum targets. Efforts were made, especially in the third plan, to move industry eastward to make it safer from attack during World War II . Soviet planners declared a need for "constant struggle, struggle, and struggle" to achieve a Communist society. These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in

4200-434: The first purges were initiated targeting many people working for Gosplan . These included Vladimir Bazarov , the 1931 Menshevik Trial (centered on Vladimir Groman ). Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above. When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with

4284-412: The first five-year plan for the industry was fulfilled to the extent of 93.7% in just four years and three months. The means of production in regards to heavy industry exceeded the quota, registering 103.4%, and the light, or consumer goods, the industry reached up to 84.9% of its assigned quota; however, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics

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4368-429: The first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first. This plan met industrial targets in less time than originally predicted. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets. Much of the emphasis was placed on heavy industry. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time went directly to heavy industry. Officially,

4452-423: The fourth plan's capital expenditure was spent on Ukraine, which was important agriculturally and industrially, and which had been one of the areas most devastated by war. The sixth five-year plan was launched in 1956 during a period of dual leadership under Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin , but it was abandoned after two years due to over-optimistic targets. Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw

4536-449: The late 1950s through the end of 1997, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, built a total of 245 nuclear submarines, more than all other nations combined. Today, six countries deploy some form of nuclear-powered strategic submarines: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, and India. Several other countries including Brazil and Australia have ongoing projects in various phases to build nuclear-powered submarines. In

4620-461: The many investments made to the west were excluded. While many factories were built and industrial production did increase exponentially, they were not close to reaching their target numbers. While there was a great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Its approach to industrialization was very inefficient and extreme amounts of resources were put into construction that, in many cases,

4704-708: The marine semi-submerged MOSS CS-50 platform for the Norwegian Moss Mosvold Platforms AS company, which was finished in February 2006. Sevmash has received orders for 3 further platforms of this type. Sevmash is also building a platform for the mid-Barents Sea Shtokman gas field . The enterprise is also engaged in commercial shipbuilding, and has during the last decade built over 100 vessels, including sea and harbor tugs , mini- bulkers , pontoons , barges and fish farms . It also produces metallurgical equipment and rail transportation items. Sevmash has

4788-516: The most advanced conventional submarine can remain submerged for only a few days at slow speed, and only a few hours at top speed, though recent advances in air-independent propulsion have somewhat ameliorated this disadvantage. The high cost of nuclear technology means that relatively few of the world's military powers have fielded nuclear submarines. Radiation incidents have occurred within the Soviet submarines, including serious nuclear and radiation accidents , but American naval reactors starting with

4872-478: The most serious nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll in the world have involved nuclear submarine mishaps. To date, all of these were units of the former Soviet Union . Reactor accidents that resulted in core damage and release of radioactivity from nuclear-powered submarines include: Five-year plans of the Soviet Union The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of

4956-546: The non-socialist world, with the United States selling 14.1 million tons. However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as the import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3  billion rubles , while total import was 19.6  billion rubles. The last, 12th plan started with the slogan of uskoreniye (acceleration), the acceleration of economic development (quickly forgotten in favor of

5040-413: The other . The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favor of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. In 1925, at the 14th Party Congress , Stalin, as he usually did in

5124-400: The output of industrial goods. Stalin warned that without an end to economic backwardness "the advanced countries...will crush us." From 1928 to 1940, the number of Soviet workers in industry, construction, and transport grew from 4.6 million to 12.6 million and factory output soared. Stalin's first five-year plan helped make the USSR a leading industrial nation. During this period,

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5208-554: The position of the Left Opposition on such matters as industrialisation and collectivisation . "Plan is law, fulfillment is duty, over-fulfillment is honor!". Here "duty" can also be interpreted as "obligation." Each five-year plan dealt with all aspects of development: capital goods (those used to produce other goods, like factories and machinery), consumer goods (e.g. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. However,

5292-502: The same time, workers were forced to work harder than ever before and were organized into "shock troops," and those who rebelled or failed to keep up with their work were treated as traitors. The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. A popular military metaphor emerged from the economic success of the first five-year plan: "There are no fortresses Bolsheviks cannot storm." Stalin especially liked this. The first five-year plan

5376-718: The sea floor. This last option has been considered by some navies and countries in the past. However, while sea disposal is cheaper than land disposal the uncertainty regarding regulations and international law, such as the London Dumping Convention and the Law of the Sea Convention , has stopped them from proceeding with this option. Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Under development Plans to purchase Under development Some of

5460-581: The shipyard is production for oil and gas fields projects on the Arctic shelf , including oil platforms . The Prirazlomnaya ice-resistant stationary platform designed by the Rubin Marine Equipment Design Bureau and built at the shipyard is the first of its kind in Russia. It is due to start operations in the Pechora Sea . Sevmash has also delivered platforms for foreign companies, such as

5544-495: The shipyard was involved in repairing warships and producing turret artillery units and mine-sweeping equipment. Also during the war years the enterprise built large mine hunters, destroyers, diesel-electric submarines, ferries, lighters, floating repair barges, while repairing both Northern Fleet surface ships as well as vessels delivering supplies via the Arctic Convoys. By 1950 the shipyard had repaired 139 ships and vessels. In

5628-399: The slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period. During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42 million tons of grain annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (1971–1975). The bulk of this grain was sold by the West; in 1985, for example, 94% of Soviet grain imports were from

5712-430: The state economy which had its own market forces. There was, however, strong resistance to this at first. The peasants led an all-out attack to protect individual farming; however, Stalin rightly did not see the peasants as a threat. Despite being the largest segment of the population they had no real strength and thus could pose no serious threat to the state. By the time this was done, the collectivization plan resembled

5796-425: The submarine and transported to a disposal site for low-level radioactive waste and get buried according to waste procedures. The second option is to defuel the nuclear reactor, disassemble the submarine propulsion plant, install vents in the nonreactor compartments and fill the reactor compartment. After sealing the submarine it can then be towed to a designated deep-sea disposal site, be flooded and settle intact on

5880-473: The submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods, and the long interval between refuelings grants a virtually unlimited range, making the only limits on voyage times being factors such as the need to restock food or other consumables. The limited energy stored in electric batteries means that even

5964-414: The submarine will face fatigue and corrosion of components, obsolescence and escalating operating costs. The decommissioning of these submarines is a long process; some are held in reserve or mothballed for some time and eventually scrapped, others are disposed of immediately. Countries operating nuclear submarines have different strategies when it comes to decommissioning nuclear submarines. Nonetheless,

6048-544: The submarine's other subsystems, such as for maintenance of air quality, fresh water production by distilling salt water from the ocean, temperature regulation, etc. All naval nuclear reactors currently in use are operated with diesel generators as a backup power system. These engines are able to provide emergency electrical power for reactor decay heat removal, as well as enough electric power to supply an emergency propulsion mechanism. Submarines may carry nuclear fuel for up to 30 years of operation. The only resource that limits

6132-629: The terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the Cold War . However, the USSR did gain reparations from Germany and made Eastern European countries make payments in return for the Soviets having "liberated" them from the Nazis . In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Comecon ) was set up, linking the Eastern bloc countries economically. One-third of

6216-418: The time underwater is the food supply for the crew and maintenance of the vessel. The stealth technology weakness of nuclear submarines is the need to cool the reactor even when the submarine is not moving; about 70% of the reactor output heat is dissipated into the sea water. This leaves a "thermal wake", a plume of warm water of lower density which ascends to the sea surface and creates a "thermal scar" that

6300-420: The war ended, the NEP took over from War Communism. During this time, the state had controlled all large enterprises (i.e. factories, mines, railways) as well as enterprises of medium size, but small private enterprises , employing fewer than 20 people, were allowed. The requisitioning of farm produce was replaced by a tax system (a fixed proportion of the crop), and the peasants were free to sell their surplus (at

6384-418: The world ever to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser ARA  General Belgrano with two Mark 8 torpedoes during the 1982 Falklands War . The main difference between conventional submarines and nuclear submarines is the power generation system. Nuclear submarines employ nuclear reactors for this task. They either generate electricity that powers electric motors connected to

6468-418: Was USS  George Washington with 16 Polaris A-1 missiles, which conducted the first SSBN deterrent patrol November 1960 – January 1961. The Soviets already had several SSBs of the Project 629 (Golf class) and were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, ill-fated K-19 of Project 658 (Hotel class), commissioned in November 1960. However, this class carried the same three-missile armament as

6552-503: Was fitted with an American S5W reactor , provided to Britain under the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement . The hull and combat systems of Dreadnought were of British design and construction, although the hull form and construction practices were influenced by access to American designs. During Dreadnought ' s construction, Rolls-Royce , in collaboration with the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority at

6636-630: Was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers in the United States at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission . In July 1951, the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine, Nautilus , under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover , USN (sharing

6720-499: Was never completed. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place. Many of the consumer goods produced during this time were of such low quality that they could never be used and were wasted. A major event during the first Five Year Plan was the famine of 1932–33 . The famine peaked during the winter of '32–'33 claiming the lives of an estimated 3.3 to 7 million people, while millions more were permanently disabled. The famine

6804-406: Was not just about economics. This plan was a revolution that intended to transform all aspects of society. The way of life for the majority of the people changed drastically during this revolutionary time. The plan was also referred to as the " Great Turn ". Individual peasant farming gave way to a more efficient system of collective farming. Peasant property and entire villages were incorporated into

6888-550: Was termed REPELITA ( Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun ); plans I to VI ran from 1969 to 1998. Pakistan had five-year plans from 1956 to 1998, they were succeeded in 2004 by the Medium Term Development Framework . Bhutan , whilst not a socialist country, has also adopted five-year plans to support their economy and national development. State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized

6972-431: Was the 5th largest Steel in 1934. The Stakhanovite movement aimed to further increase iron and steel production with the introduction of 'State Gifts' for over-achievers. Further improvements were made in communications, especially railways, which became faster and more reliable. As was the case with the other five-year plans, the second was not as successful, failing to reach the recommended production levels in such areas as

7056-429: Was the direct result of the industrialization and collectivization implemented by the first Five-Year-Plan. Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfillment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Although Stalin was aware of this, he placed the blame for the hostility onto the peasants, saying that they had declared war against

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