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82-519: The league began playing in 1954 (then they were known as Northern Ontario Rugby Football Union ) with four teams participating, and has operated continuously with as many as 11 teams since then. The annual league champion is awarded the Plaunt Memorial Trophy , named for Greater Sudbury veteran Donald Plaunt who was killed in action during World War II . In 2000, the NFC became a founding member of

164-848: A "major" sport in many northern communities. The Sudbury Hardrocks captured the Plaunt Memorial Trophy five times, the Sturgeon Falls Bombers captured it on three consecutive occasions and the North Bay Ti-Cats and the North Renfrew Rams captured it once each. In 1967 the Northern Ontario Rugby-Football Union changed its name to the Northern Football Conference, to coincide with the parent Canadian Rugby Union league which renamed itself

246-660: A city in 1930. The city recovered from the Great Depression much more quickly than almost any other city in North America due to increased demand for nickel in the 1930s. Sudbury was the fastest-growing city and one of the wealthiest cities in Canada for most of the decade. Many of the city's social problems in the Great Depression era were not caused by unemployment or poverty, but due to the difficulty in keeping up with all of

328-542: A former Montreal Alouette and Toronto Argonaut. On October 23, the London Lords gave them their first defeat in two years. The Satellites met the London Lords again at the 1967 ORFU championship, receiving a loss in the first of the two-game season, due to "over-confidence". Despite an illegal intrusion from the bench, the team won the championship, with a two-game total of 27-24. The Lords filed an official protest with

410-549: A large geological structure known as the Sudbury Basin , which are the remnants of a nearly two billion-year-old impact crater ; long thought to be the result of a meteorite collision, more recent analysis has suggested that the crater may in fact have been created by a comet . Sudbury's pentlandite , pyrite and pyrrhotite ores contain profitable amounts of many elements—primarily nickel and copper, but also platinum, palladium and other valuable metals. Local smelting of

492-416: A managed natural habitat for birds, and a hiking and nature trail near Coniston , which is named in honour of scientist Jane Goodall . Six provincial parks ( Chiniguchi River , Daisy Lake Uplands , Fairbank , Killarney Lakelands and Headwaters , Wanapitei and Windy Lake ) and two provincial conservation reserves (MacLennan Esker Forest and Tilton Forest) are also located partially or entirely within

574-533: A much more modest effect on the city's economy than the earlier action—unlike in 1978, the local rate of unemployment declined slightly during the 2009 strike. The ecology of the Sudbury region has recovered dramatically, helped by regreening programs and improved mining practices. The United Nations honoured twelve cities in the world, including Sudbury, with the Local Government Honours Award at

656-463: A near-total loss of native vegetation in the area. Consequently, the terrain was made up of exposed rocky outcrops permanently stained charcoal black by the air pollution from the roasting yards. Acid rain added more staining, in a layer that penetrates up to 3 in (76 mm) into the once pink-grey granite . The construction of the Inco Superstack in 1972 dispersed sulphuric acid through

738-441: A number of new teams entering the league during this period. Val D'Or Jets , from another western Quebec community, entered a team in the league in 1965 and remained until 1970 but took a leave of absence in 1969. Timmins Falcons entered in 1966 and remained until 1971 but took a leave of absence for the 1970 season. The 1972 season saw two new entrants to the Northern Football Conference; Sault Ste. Marie Steelers , which took over

820-481: A production of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Place des Arts , a new project to provide a community hub for the city's francophone cultural institutions including a 300-seat concert hall, a 120-seat theatre studio, an art gallery, a bistro, a gift boutique and bookstore, a children's arts center and 10,000 square feet of studio space for artists, began construction in the downtown core in 2019, and opened in 2022. Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival ,

902-468: A program of musical performance with the creation of both murals and installation art projects throughout the downtown core, while PlaySmelter, a theatre festival devoted to theatrical and storytelling performances by local writers and actors, was launched in 2013, and is held at various venues in the city including the Sudbury Theatre Centre and Place des Arts. In music, the city is home to

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984-785: A row (1982-1985), the Stoney Creek Patriots and Oakville Longhorns each captured three titles and the Brampton Bears and the Sault Ste. Marie Steelers each captured one championship. In the beginning of 1992 the NFC and the Central Ontario Football League decided to merge, as the Toronto Eagles and the Scarborough Crimson Tide , joined the Northern Football Conference and expanding it to six teams. in 1995,

1066-583: A shorter season game schedule with 9 teams. In 2024 former Oakville Longhorns alum Kyle Hergel was chosen in the 2024 CFL draft first round by the Saskatchewan Roughriders and also signed as a free-agent with the New Orleans Saints . In 2024, 4 teams (Sudbury, Sarnia, Sault Ste Marie & Tri City) left the NFC because of a scheduling issues, and formed a new league under the name Ontario Power 5 Football League. The NFC plays by rules of

1148-580: Is administratively a single-tier municipality and thus is not part of any district, county, or regional municipality . The City of Greater Sudbury is separate from, but entirely surrounded by the Sudbury District . The city is also referred to as " Ville du Grand Sudbury " among Francophones . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to

1230-708: Is also fictionalized as "Chinookville" in several books by American comedy writer Jack Douglas , and as "Complexity" in Tomson Highway 's musical play The (Post) Mistress . Noted writers who have lived in Sudbury include playwrights Jean-Marc Dalpé, Sandra Shamas and Brigitte Haentjens , poets Robert Dickson , Roger Nash , Gregory Scofield and Margaret Christakos , fiction writers Kelley Armstrong , Sean Costello , Sarah Selecky , Matthew Heiti and Jeffrey Round , poet Patrice Desbiens , journalist Mick Lowe and academics Richard E. Bennett , Michel Bock , Rand Dyck , Graeme S. Mount and Gary Kinsman . In 2010,

1312-620: Is celebrated with the Franco-Ontarian flag , recognized by the province as an official emblem, which was created in 1975 by a group of teachers at Laurentian University and after some controversy has flown at Tom Davies Square since 2006. The large francophone community plays a central role in developing and maintaining many of the cultural institutions of Sudbury including the Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario , La Nuit sur l'étang , La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario , Le Centre franco-ontarien de folklore and

1394-663: Is divided between the federal electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the House of Commons of Canada , and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . The federal and provincial districts do not have identical boundaries despite using the same names; most notably, the Walden district of the city is located in Sudbury federally but in Nickel Belt provincially. The city

1476-677: Is home to an IMAX theatre which screens a program of IMAX films, the Cavern at Science North hosts some gala screenings during Cinéfest and screens science documentaries during the year, and the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op programs a repertory cinema lineup of independent and international films as well as organizing both the Junction North and Queer North film festivals. In 2021 the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op also launched

1558-482: Is in reference to Bramalea being a " satellite city ", as opposed to an orbiting object. They were previously the East York Argos . The team practiced five evenings a week at Bramalea Secondary School , and had cheerleaders . John Bennett came out of retirement to coach the team in their new location, having sat out the 1966 season. Their team included John Bennett, a former McGill star, and Doug McNichol ,

1640-623: Is represented federally by Members of Parliament Viviane Lapointe and Marc Serré , both of the Liberal Party of Canada , and provincially by Jamie West and France Gélinas of the Ontario New Democratic Party . The provincial Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines has its head office in the city. Both federal and provincial politics in the city tend to be dominated by the Liberal and New Democratic parties. Historically,

1722-732: Is the francophone Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario (TNO), one of seven organizations residing at the Place des Arts , where it also stages its performances. The Sudbury Theatre Centre , which was the city's only professional English-language theatre company, merged with YES Theatre in 2023, though the building which was previously home to the company retains its original name. Theatrical productions are also staged by several community theatre groups, as well as by high school drama students at Sudbury Secondary School , Lo-Ellen Park Secondary School , St. Charles College and École secondaire Macdonald-Cartier with its troupe Les Draveurs. Postsecondary institutions in

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1804-682: The Calgary Stampeders in 1967, Ed Aru spent the 1968 season with Bramalea, being drafted to the Argos in 1969. In mid-October, the team moved into a tie for first place in the league, with the St. Catherine Rams . Released at the start of the Canadian Football League season, Toronto Argonauts player Tom Johansen went to play with the Satellites. When Argos player Dave Mann was injured, he

1886-563: The Canadian Amateur Football Association senior championship versus the St. Vital Bulldogs , team vice-president Bob Orr publicly worried about when the "law of averages" would catch up with the team, having won 54 out of the previous 56 games. They won their fourth consecutive national win, at a "rain drenched" the Etobicoke Centennial Stadium , 4-0. The team expected that many players would retire after

1968-704: The Canadian Football League (CFL). The number of members in the league remained relatively stable during this period but there was much change among the membership. The Sudbury team renamed itself the Spartans in 1967, while the Kirkland Lake team changed its name to Kougars in 1968 before folding after the 1971 season. Sturgeon Falls Bombers were forced to take a leave of absence following the 1963 season but returned for four more seasons before ultimately folding in 1968. The Rouyn-Noranda club returned for one more season of play in 1965 but ceased operations thereafter. There were

2050-510: The Canadian Rugby Union for the privilege of operating a "recognized" league called the "Northern Ontario Rugby-Football Union". Championship series (Best of 3): Sudbury 24 vs. North Bay 7 Sudbury 14 vs. North Bay 14 Sudbury 22 vs. North Bay 6 After the inaugural season, the league struggled to attract local fans, but by the end of the decade the league was embraced by the northern communities. The Sturgeon Falls Bombers joined

2132-713: The Hamilton Wild Cats , who had competed in the American Football Association replaced the Crimson Tide as the league sixth team. The Brampton Bears withdrew from the league before the 1996 season and were replaced by Sault Ste. Marie Storm , while the North Bay Bulldogs took a leave of absence from the league for the 1996 season and the Hamilton Wild Cats ceased operations after the second week of

2214-970: The Northern Lights Festival Boréal and La Nuit sur l'étang festivals. Sudbury also hosts Northern Ontario's only Japanese cultural Festival, Japan Festival Sudbury. It started in 2019, went on hiatus for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario , and returned to Sudbury's Bell Park Amphitheatre on July 16, 2022. Works of fiction themed or set primarily or partially in Sudbury or its former suburbs include Robert J. Sawyer 's The Neanderthal Parallax trilogy, Alistair MacLeod 's novel No Great Mischief , Paul Quarrington 's Logan in Overtime , Jean-Marc Dalpé 's play 1932, la ville du nickel and his short story collection Contes sudburois , and Chloé LaDuchesse 's L'Incendiare de Sudbury . The city

2296-662: The Prise de parole publishing company. The city hosted Les Jeux de la francophonie canadienne in 2011. The Sudbury Arts Council was established in 1974. Its mandate is to connect, communicate and celebrate the arts. It has an important role to provide a calendar of events and news about arts and culture activities. The city is home to two art galleries—the Art Gallery of Sudbury and La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario . Both are dedicated primarily to Canadian art, especially artists from Northern Ontario. The city's only professional theatre company

2378-643: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In 2006, both of the city's major mining companies, Canadian-based Inco and Falconbridge, were taken over by new owners: Inco was acquired by the Brazilian company CVRD (now renamed Vale ), while Falconbridge was purchased by the Swiss company Xstrata , which itself was purchased by Anglo–Swiss Glencore, forming Glencore Xstrata . Xstrata donated

2460-426: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, which was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In common usage, the city's urban core is still generally referred to as Sudbury , while the outlying former towns are still referred to by their old names and continue in some respects to maintain their own distinct community identities despite their lack of political independence. Each of

2542-630: The Second World War . The Frood Mine alone accounted for 40 percent of all the nickel used in Allied artillery production during the war. After the end of the war, Sudbury was in a good position to supply nickel to the United States government when it decided to stockpile non- Soviet supplies during the Cold War . The open coke beds used in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel resulted in

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2624-738: The Sudbury Outdoor Adventure Reels Film Festival , devoted to wilderness and adventure films, following several years of the city hosting an annual stop on the Banff Mountain Film Festival 's touring circuit, and in 2022 they launched both the Sudbury's Tiny Underground Film Festival (STUFF) for underground and experimental films, and the Sudbury Indie Creature Kon for horror films. The city has hosted an annual Sudbury Pride festival since 1997. The Up Here Festival , launched in 2015, blends

2706-525: The 1992 Earth Summit to recognise the city's community-based environmental reclamation strategies. By 2010, the regreening programs had successfully rehabilitated 3,350 ha (8,300 acres) of land in the city; however, approximately 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of land have yet to be rehabilitated. Various studies have confirmed that the provincial government's initial claims that the municipal amalgamation would result in cost savings and increased efficiencies have not borne out, and in fact administration of

2788-616: The Canadian Rule Book for Amateur Football, with the following exceptions: Source Source In 2001 the MFL champion Winnipeg Mustangs beat the AFL champion Calgary Thunder 25-0. The 3rd Place AFL team, the Calgary Wolfpack, traveled to Ontario to play the NFC champion and defending Canadian champion Oakville Longhorns. The Northern Football Conference "Hall of Fame & Life Members"

2870-664: The Canadian Senior Football League, which is now known as the Canadian Major Football League . The CMFL is the national governing body for semi-pro Canadian football. Every September the NFC champion meets the champion of the Alberta Football League to determine the national champion ( Sid Forster Memorial Trophy ), with the game site alternating each year. During the early 1950s Kirkland Lake football players played exhibition games against

2952-597: The Eastern and Canadian senior championships. Their quarterback this season was John Henry Jackson. The team had a slow start, with their first win coming in their fifth game, beating Sarnia Imperials 39-0; among their early bouts that season, they lost 47-0 to the Downriver Indians team, newly moved to Windsor. By late September, the team was tied for second place in the league, with the St. Catherines Rams. Having played with

3034-554: The Liberals have been stronger in the Sudbury riding, with the New Democrats dominant in Nickel Belt, although both ridings have elected members of both parties at different times. Greater Sudbury Utilities Inc. (GSU) delivers utility services in the city's urban core. Its sole shareholder is the City of Greater Sudbury. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities were reorganized into

3116-541: The Northern Football Conference and the Ontario Football Conference faced each other on three occasions in the early 1970s. The only title earned by NFC team came in 1972, when Sault Ste. Marie Steelers beat the London Lords 26–7. Before the 1973, the NFC become the only remaining senior amateur/ semi-pro football league in Canada, and the Bramalea Satellites from the Ontario Football Conference joined

3198-433: The Sudbury area as a prospector in 1901. He is credited with the original discovery of the ore body at Falconbridge . Rich deposits of nickel sulphide ore were discovered in the Sudbury Basin geological formation. The construction of the railway allowed exploitation of these mineral resources and shipment of the commodities to markets and ports, as well as large-scale lumber extraction. Mining began to replace lumber as

3280-485: The Timmins operation, and Laurentian University , which purchased much of the Kirkland Lake assets and needed a place to compete after leaving Ontario University Athletics . Both commenced operation in 1972. Sudbury captured five Plaunt Memorial Trophies and North Bay won three. The only other team to win a Conference title during this period was the first year Sault Ste. Marie Steelers in 1972. The two league champions from

3362-535: The Tri-towns ( Cobalt , Haileybury , New Liskeard ) area, and would later form Youth Club football teams called Kirkland Lake Alouettes and Tri-town Raiders . In 1952 the Sudbury Amateur Football Club was formed (would later change its name to Sudbury Hardrocks ) and started participating in those games, while a team from North Bay ( North Bay Roughriders ) joined in 1953. In 1954 the teams petitioned

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3444-670: The Wildcats, while the Brampton Bears joined in 1985. By 1988 the Sault Ste Marie Steelers folded before the start of the season and the league had again declined to three teams (Sudbury Spartans, Oakville Longhorns and Brampton Bears) but the league returned to a four team lineup a year later when the Brampton Bulldogs were added (they moved to North Bay for the 1991 season). Sudbury captured six more titles, including four in

3526-450: The air over a much wider area, reducing the acidity of local precipitation. This enabled the municipality, province and Inco and academics from Laurentian University to begin an environmental recovery program in the late 1970s, labelled a "regreening" effort. Lime was spread over the charred soil by hand and by aircraft. Seeds of wild grasses and other vegetation were also spread. As of 2010, 9.2 million new trees have been planted in

3608-469: The amalgamated city costs significantly more than the prior regional government structure did. Sudbury has 330 lakes over 10 ha (25 acres) in size within the city limits. The most prominent is Lake Wanapitei , the largest lake in the world completely contained within the boundaries of a single city. Ramsey Lake , a few kilometres south of downtown Sudbury, held the same record before the municipal amalgamation in 2001 brought Lake Wanapitei fully inside

3690-535: The area providing wood for the reconstruction of Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. While other logging areas in Northeastern Ontario were also involved in that effort, the emergence of mining-related processes in the following decade made it significantly harder for new trees to grow to full maturity in the Sudbury area than elsewhere. The resulting erosion exposed bedrock in many parts of

3772-421: The city boundaries. Greater Sudbury has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ). This region has warm and often humid summers with occasional short lasting periods of hot weather, with long, cold and snowy winters. It is situated north of the Great Lakes , making it prone to arctic air masses. Monthly precipitation is equal year round, with snow cover expected for up to six months of

3854-437: The city created the position of Poet Laureate , with Roger Nash being the first to occupy the role. Bramalea Satellites Bramalea Satellites was a member of the Ontario Rugby Football Union , a senior league that preceded the Canadian Football League . When the ORFU ceased, it transferred over to the Northern Football Conference for the 1973 and 1974 seasons, and the Ontario junior level after that. The team name

3936-404: The city limits. Sudbury is divided into two main watersheds: to the east is the French River watershed which flows into Georgian Bay and to the west is the Spanish River watershed which flows into the North Channel of Lake Huron . Sudbury is built around many small, rocky mountains with exposed igneous rock of the Canadian (Precambrian) Shield . The ore deposits in Sudbury are part of

4018-468: The city no longer offer training in theatre, following the closures of Theatre programs at Thorneloe University in 2020 and Laurentian University in 2021, as well as the technical production programs at Collège Boréal and Cambrian College . In 2021, YES Theatre unveiled plans for the Refettorio, which would convert a vacant lot on Durham Street near the YMCA into an outdoor theatrical and musical performance space. The space opened in August 2023 with

4100-457: The city's primary annual film festival, has been staged in September each year since 1989. Two smaller specialist film festivals, the Junction North International Documentary Film Festival for documentary films and the Queer North Film Festival for LGBT -themed films, are also held each year. Mainstream commercial films are screened at the SilverCity theatre complex, which is also the primary venue for most Cinéfest screenings. Science North

4182-431: The city, which was charred in most places to a pitted, dark black appearance. There was not a complete lack of vegetation in the region as paper birch and wild blueberry patches thrived in the acidic soils. During the Apollo crewed lunar exploration program, NASA astronauts trained in Sudbury to become familiar with impact breccia and shatter cones , rare rock formations produced by large meteorite impacts. However,

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4264-471: The city. Vale has begun to rehabilitate the slag heaps that surrounds their smelter in the Copper Cliff area with the planting of grass and trees, as well as the use of biosolids to stabilize and regreen tailings areas. In 1978, the workers of Sudbury's largest mining corporation, Inco (now Vale), embarked on a strike over production and employment cutbacks. The strike, which lasted for nine months, badly damaged Sudbury's economy. The city government

4346-419: The decades that followed, Sudbury's economy went through boom and bust cycles as world demand for nickel fluctuated. Demand was high during the First World War , when Sudbury-mined nickel was used extensively in the manufacturing of artillery in Sheffield , England. It bottomed out when the war ended and then rose again in the mid-1920s as peacetime uses for nickel began to develop. The town was reincorporated as

4428-413: The first contest. After the 2019 season two league players, Graham Kelly and Archelaus Jack turned pro and drafted by The Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA) in part of an agreement with the CFL, which placed two players from Canada on the rosters of the Mexican teams. The league canceled the 2020 and 2021 seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The league returned to play in 2022, but with

4510-656: The founding of Sudbury after the discovery of nickel and copper ore in 1883 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships. Being located inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal, with average January lows of around −18 °C (0 °F) and average July highs of 25 °C (77 °F). The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity. Sudbury

4592-414: The game. (The opposing team's lead rusher, Don Kuyrk , rescheduled his wedding four times while the CAFA changed its dates.) The Toronto Argonauts released eight season vet Jim Copeland , a mainstay of their punt return team; he joined the team, getting 20 touchdowns en route to the ORFU championships. After the win and an injury on the Argos, he rejoined the CFL as a backup man to Mike Wickum , missing

4674-415: The historic Edison Building , the onetime head office of Falconbridge, to the city in 2007 to serve as the new home of the municipal archives. On September 19, 2008, a fire destroyed the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall on Frood Road. A strike at Vale's operations, which began on July 13, 2009, was tentatively resolved in July 2010. The 2009 strike lasted longer than the devastating 1978 strike, but had

4756-453: The league (1973-1974) and the Sault Ste. Marie Steelers returned to league prominence by capturing back to back championships (1975-1976) as well. Sudbury added its eleventh title when the Spartans captured the championship in 1977. The league expanded to seven teams In 1978 by adding three new teams, the Etobicoke Argonauts , the Oakville Longhorns and the Stoney Creek Patriots . In 1982 the Stoney Creek Patriots moved to Hamilton and became

4838-433: The league as an expansion team in 1955, while Rouyn-Noranda Fantassins and the North Renfrew Rams joined a year later. Beginning in 1955 the NORFU champions went on to compete for the Ontario Intermediate championship . The teams from the south region won all nine contests, but the games became very close as the decade wore on. By the end of the Northern Ontario Rugby-Football Union's first decade it established itself as

4920-427: The league, asking for the second game to be replayed. In November 1967, the Chateauguay Ramblers faced off against the Satellites in the Eastern Football Conference finals in Montreal , winning 33-13; the Ramblers noted after the game that several of their players were injured, and shouldn't have been playing. (In one of the games leading up to the finals, the team beat the Halifax Marcom Flyers 47-7.) Before

5002-432: The league, the league decided to include more game innovations, including adopting a summer schedule for the 1976 season, playing with four downs rather than the traditional three downs and allowing local University players to compete. The league returned to a four team lineup in 1976, when the Orillia Silver Bombers joined as an expansion team. The Bramalea Satellites captured back to back crowns in their only two years in

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5084-466: The league. Despite that, the league experienced rough times following its twentieth anniversary. With the folding of the Laurentian University team after the 1973 season and the Bramalea Satellites withdrawing to compete at the Ontario junior level after the 1974 season, the Northern Football Conference had declined to three teams for the 1975 season: Sudbury Spartans, North Bay Ti-Cats and Sault Ste. Marie Steelers. In attempt to encourage new clubs to join

5166-437: The major retail, economic, health, and educational center for Northeastern Ontario. Sudbury is also home to a large Franco-Ontarian population, which influences its arts and culture. James Worthington, the superintendent of construction on the Northern Ontario segment of the railway, selected the name Sudbury after Sudbury, Suffolk , in England, which was the hometown of his wife Caroline Hitchcock. The city's official name

5248-444: The new infrastructure demands created by rapid growth — for example, employed mineworkers sometimes ended up living in boarding houses or makeshift shanty towns , because demand for new housing was rising faster than supply. Between 1936 and 1941, the city was ordered into receivership by the Ontario Municipal Board . Another economic slowdown affected the city in 1937, but the city's fortunes rose again with wartime demands during

5330-410: The ore releases this sulphur into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid , contributing to acid rain . As a result, Sudbury has had a widespread reputation as a wasteland. In parts of the city, vegetation was devastated by acid rain and logging to provide fuel for early smelting techniques. To a lesser extent, the area's ecology was also impacted by lumber camps in

5412-437: The popular misconception that they were visiting Sudbury because it purportedly resembled the lifeless surface of the Moon persists. The city's Nickel District Conservation Authority operates a conservation area , the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area , in the city's south end. Other unique environmental projects in the city include the Fielding Bird Sanctuary, a protected area along Highway 17 near Lively that provides

5494-435: The primary industry as the area's transportation network was improved to include trams. These enabled workers to live in one community and work in another. Sudbury's economy was dominated by the mining industry for much of the 20th century. Two major mining companies were created: Inco in 1902 and Falconbridge in 1928. They became two of the city's major employers and two of the world's leading producers of nickel. Through

5576-474: The railway in 1883, blasting and excavation revealed high concentrations of nickel - copper ore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin . This discovery brought the first waves of European settlers, who arrived not only to work at the mines, but also to build a service station for railway workers. Sudbury was incorporated as a town in 1893, and its first mayor was Joseph Étienne aka Stephen Fournier . The American inventor Thomas Edison visited

5658-402: The retreat of the last continental ice sheet. In 1850, local Ojibwe chiefs entered into an agreement with the British Crown to share a large tract of land, including what is now Sudbury, as part of the Robinson Huron Treaty . In exchange the Crown pledged to pay an annuity to First Nations people, which was originally set at $ 1.60 per treaty member and increased incrementally; its last increase

5740-570: The season leaving the Northern Football Conference with four teams for the season. The 1997 season saw the league returned to six teams, when Peterborough Packers and North Bay Bulldogs joined. The Oakville Longhorns have held the Plaunt Memorial Trophy Championship since 1993. In 2000 the NFC joined forces with the Alberta Football League for a National Championship from Canadian Senior Football League (changed to Canadian Major Football League in 2003). The NFC champions, Oakville Longhorns, beat Manitoba Football League's Winnipeg Mustangs 42–14 in

5822-464: The seven former municipalities in turn encompasses numerous smaller neighbourhoods. Amalgamated cities (2001 Canadian census population) include: Sudbury (85,354) and Valley East (22,374). Towns (2001 Canadian census population) include: Rayside-Balfour (15,046), Nickel Centre (12,672), Walden (10,101), Onaping Falls (4,887), and Capreol (3,486). The Wanup area, formerly an unincorporated settlement outside of Sudbury's old city limits,

5904-612: The team was unbeaten. They beat the Sudbury Spartans for the James Pestolis Memorial Trophy and Donald Plaunt Memorial Trophy. Following three teams being declined for the 1975 season (Sudbury Spartans, North Bay Ti-Cats and Sault Ste. Marie Steelers), the Satellites withdrew to compete at the Ontario junior level. It was quite successful during its time in the NFC. Rick Morenz was the NFC's leading scorer in 1973, with 102, and Stu Wright in 1974, with 127. Angelo Raggin

5986-539: The year. Although extreme weather events are rare, one of the worst tornadoes in Canadian history struck the city and its suburbs on August 20, 1970, killing six people, injuring two hundred, and causing more than C$ 17 million (equivalent to $ 132 million in 2023) in damages. The highest temperature ever recorded in Greater Sudbury was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) on July 13, 1936. The lowest temperature ever recorded

6068-522: Was "instantly" available to the Argos. As taxi squads weren't permitted by the CFL, this and halfback Dickie Moore 's availability was widely questioned. Around a dozen former Argos played on the Bramalea team in the 1969 season. Both the London Lords and Bramalea Satellites applied to join the Northern Football Conference; both were accepted, but London never followed through. In both the 1973 and 1974 seasons,

6150-479: Was also annexed into the city in 2001, along with a large wilderness area on the northeastern shore of Lake Wanapitei . Sudbury's culture is influenced by the large Franco-Ontarian community consisting of approximately 40 percent of the city's population, particularly in the amalgamated municipalities of Valley East and Rayside-Balfour and historically in the Moulin-à-Fleur neighbourhood. The French culture

6232-439: Was changed to Greater Sudbury in 2001, when it was amalgamated with its suburban towns into the current city, on the grounds of ensuring that the merger did not erase the longstanding community identities of the outlying towns. In everyday usage, however, the city is still more commonly referred to as just Sudbury. The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group as early as 9,000 years ago following

6314-513: Was established in 1985 to recognize outstanding contributions to the league. The inaugural 1985 class of inductees included: Greater Sudbury Sudbury , officially the City of Greater Sudbury , is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population, with a population of 166,004 at the 2021 Canadian Census . By land area, it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It

6396-503: Was in 1874, leaving it fixed at $ 4. French Jesuits were the first to establish a European settlement when they set up a mission called Sainte-Anne-des-Pins, just before the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883. The Sainte-Anne-des-Pins church played a prominent role in the development of Franco-Ontarian culture in the region. Coincidentally, Ste-Anne is the patron saint of miners. During construction of

6478-416: Was once a major lumber center and a world leader in nickel mining. Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century. The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco, now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s, and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as

6560-578: Was spurred to launch a project to diversify the city's economy. A unique and visionary project, Science North was inaugurated in 1984 with two-snowflake styled buildings connected by a tunnel through the Canadian shield where the Creighton fault intersects the shores of Lake Ramsey . The city tried to attract new employers and industries through the 1980s and 1990s with mixed success. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities, which were reorganized into

6642-726: Was the Lineman of the Year in 1973, Buddy Bendall in 1974. The Sid Forster Memorial Coach of the Year went to Bubba Marriott in 1973. Morenz is the only NFC Hall of Fame player from Bramalea, being inducted in 1990. He holds the league's all-time Touchdowns - Rushing record, with six, in a 1973 game versus the North Bay Ti-Cats . The Satellites transferred to the Canadian Junior Football League's Ontario Football Conference in 1975. Players at this level are 17 to 22. Partway through

6724-412: Was −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F) on December 29, 1933. From the city hall at Tom Davies Square , the city is headed by twelve council members and one mayor both elected every four years. The current mayor is Paul Lefebvre , who was elected in the 2022 municipal election . The 2011 operating budget for Greater Sudbury was C$ 471 million, and the city employs 2006 full-time workers. The city

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