118-461: Smith Electric Vehicles (also known as Smith's ) is a manufacturer of electric trucks . The company, founded in 1920 in the north of England , moved its headquarters to Kansas City, Missouri in 2011. Smith suspended all operations in 2017. Smith is a manufacturer of the world's largest range of zero-emission commercial electric vehicles, with gross vehicle weights (GVWs) from 3,500 to 12,000 kilograms (7,700 to 26,500 lb). From 2010 to 2015,
236-476: A generator that produces electricity . As of September 2023 , the International Atomic Energy Agency reported that there were 410 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries around the world, and 57 nuclear power reactors under construction. Building a nuclear power plant often spans five to ten years, which can accrue significant financial costs, depending on how
354-589: A proof of concept vehicle, with a top speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), a range of up to 60 miles (100 km) in urban operations and a capacity of up to 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb), was introduced in October 2005. Built on a Smith steel chassis, the Faraday had a gross vehicle weight (GVW) of over 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb). Early adopters, such as TNT N.V. and Sainsbury's , wanted an electric vehicle which better matched UK driving-licence restrictions. In
472-711: A 680-kWh battery and has a range of "up to" 760 km (472 mi). Last-mile delivery trucks are a growing segment of truck traffic with the increase in e-commerce and direct-to-consumer sales. Also known as Walk-in-Vans and box trucks, these trucks tend to be used on either fixed routes or with a fixed region for deliveries. Large buyers of these trucks include Amazon, UPS, FedEx, Bimbo, Aramark and others. With use from direct-to-consumer sales to things like linen and bread deliveries or beverage distribution, these trucks are very common. Motiv Power Systems has delivered units used by United States Postal Service and Bimbo Bakeries USA based on Ford chassis. These Motiv options have
590-460: A condenser. The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to a secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower . The water is then pumped back into the steam generator and the cycle begins again. The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle . The nuclear reactor is the heart of the station. In its central part, the reactor's core produces heat due to nuclear fission. With this heat,
708-442: A coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor. The heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam, which runs through turbines , which in turn power the electrical generators. Nuclear reactors usually rely on uranium to fuel the chain reaction. Uranium is a very heavy metal that is abundant on Earth and is found in sea water as well as most rocks. Naturally occurring uranium
826-419: A diesel engine dramatically lowers energy consumption, yet it is still around 1,900 Wh/km or 3,060 Wh/mi. With a 340-kWh battery, such a truck can still achieve a range of over 177 km (110 miles) before it needs recharging. Some attempts to produce such lorries have been made; for example, one by PapaBravo. Electric mining trucks have the benefit of not polluting underground. In case of high-altitude mines,
944-402: A facility has been completely decommissioned it is released from regulatory control, and the licensee of the station no longer has responsibility for its nuclear safety. Generally speaking, nuclear stations were originally designed for a life of about 30 years. Newer stations are designed for a 40 to 60-year operating life. The Centurion Reactor is a future class of nuclear reactor that
1062-545: A noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles. Autocar Trucks and several other pioneering American truck manufacturers, such as the Walker Vehicle Company (see Walker Electric Truck ), offered a range of electric trucks for sale in the 1920s. While electric trucks were successful for short-range work, especially in cities,
1180-404: A nuclear reactor heats the reactor coolant. The coolant may be water or gas, or even liquid metal, depending on the type of reactor. The reactor coolant then goes to a steam generator and heats water to produce steam. The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine . After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam, the remaining vapor is condensed in
1298-479: A nuclear station is smaller than the fuel cost for operation of coal or gas plants. Since most of the cost of nuclear power plant is capital cost, there is almost no cost saving by running it at less than full capacity. Nuclear power plants are routinely used in load following mode on a large scale in France, although "it is generally accepted that this is not an ideal economic situation for nuclear stations". Unit A at
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#17328513172161416-506: A number of long-established projects are struggling to find financing, notably Belene in Bulgaria and the additional reactors at Cernavodă in Romania , and some potential backers have pulled out. Where cheap gas is available and its future supply relatively secure, this also poses a major problem for nuclear projects. Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account who bears
1534-444: A previous goal aimed to reduce nuclear electricity generation share to lower than fifty percent by 2025, this target was postponed to 2035 in 2019 and ultimately discarded in 2023. Russia continues to export the most nuclear power plants in the world, with projects across various countries: as of July 2023, Russia was constructing 19 out of 22 reactors constructed by foreign vendors; however, some exporting projects were canceled due to
1652-508: A range of between 30 and 60 miles (48 and 97 km). It uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile (1.2 kW⋅h/km; 4.5 MJ/km), compared to 5 miles per US gallon (47 L/100 km; 6.0 mpg ‑imp ) for the hostler semi tractors it replaces. 1 U.S. gallon (0.83 imperial gallons; 3.8 liters) of fuel is equivalent to 33.7 kWh, according to the US Department of Energy. This electric truck uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile which
1770-446: A regular UK license. The Edison was sold worldwide, except in the US. It was available as a chassis cab , delivery van and minibus, with a capacity varying from 1,600 to 5,100 lb (730 to 2,310 kg). The delivery van was sold with several lithium-ion battery packs, with a range of 55 to 100 mi (90 to 160 km) and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h). The Edison, based on
1888-473: A remedy, California has decided to begin the clean truck standard. California has started its zero emission truck program in which they accelerate the production and deployment of electric trucks. At the end of 2021, California had 738 ZEV trucks, mostly battery powered. An Electrified Charging Corridor Project, with 5 charging stations for medium and heavy EVs, will be completed by 2023. Chargers are already available at TEC Fontana and TEC La Mirada. In 2023,
2006-579: A seven-seat executive minibus; 10 London taxis based on LTI 's TX4 chassis, and five people carriers similar to the concept Ford Tourneo Connect exhibited in Geneva . In August 2009, the UK government confirmed that Smith was one of three electric-van manufacturers on the final shortlist of suppliers for the Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme. In November 2009, Tanfield announced that it
2124-587: A significantly different evaluation of the economics of new nuclear power stations. Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan , costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power stations, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats. However many designs, such as the currently under construction AP1000, use passive nuclear safety cooling systems, unlike those of Fukushima I which required active cooling systems, which largely eliminates
2242-413: A slight decrease from the 2653 TWh produced in 2021. Thirteen countries generated at least one-quarter of their electricity from nuclear sources. Notably, France relies on nuclear energy for about 70% of its electricity needs, while Ukraine , Slovakia , Belgium , and Hungary source around half their power from nuclear. Japan , which previously depended on nuclear for over a quarter of its electricity,
2360-427: A small enough volume to become supercritical. Most reactors require continuous temperature control to prevent a core meltdown , which has occurred on a few occasions through accident or natural disaster, releasing radiation and making the surrounding area uninhabitable. Plants must be defended against theft of nuclear material and attack by enemy military planes or missiles. The most serious accidents to date have been
2478-482: A three-year research study of offshore floating nuclear power generation. In October 2022, NuScale Power and Canadian company Prodigy announced a joint project to bring a North American small modular reactor based floating plant to market. The economics of nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source. Nuclear power stations typically have high capital costs, but low direct fuel costs, with
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#17328513172162596-598: A top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h). In March 2012, Smith announced the Newton Step-Van: an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the Newton platform with a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster Corporation . The Smith Edison was the world's first electric van with a GVW of under 3,500 kg – a critical factor, because vehicles over 3,500 kg require a commercial driving licence. Edison, like any van under 3,500 kg, can be driven by anyone with
2714-523: A variety of body styles from conventional manufacturers including Morgan Olson, Utilimaster, and Rockport. Lightning EMotors has delivery trucks built on the Izusu platform. BYD Auto has several truck models ranging from class 4 through 8 trucks. GM subsidiary BrightDrop is trying to develop custom solutions for this market. While many large automotive companies have made announcements about their intent to enter this market with showcases of their prototypes,
2832-580: A worldwide perspective, long-term waste storage costs are uncertain. Construction, or capital cost aside, measures to mitigate global warming such as a carbon tax or carbon emissions trading , increasingly favor the economics of nuclear power. Further efficiencies are hoped to be achieved through more advanced reactor designs, Generation III reactors promise to be at least 17% more fuel efficient, and have lower capital costs, while Generation IV reactors promise further gains in fuel efficiency and significant reductions in nuclear waste. In Eastern Europe,
2950-422: Is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) designed to transport cargo , carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Electric trucks have serviced niche applications like milk floats , pushback tugs and forklifts for over a hundred years, typically using lead-acid batteries , but the rapid development of lighter and more energy-dense battery chemistries in the twenty-first century has broadened
3068-520: Is anticipated to resume similar levels of nuclear energy utilization. Over the last 15 years, the United States has seen a significant improvement in the operational performance of its nuclear power plants, enhancing their utilization and efficiency, adding the output equivalent to 19 new 1000 MWe reactors without actual construction. In France, nuclear power plants still produce over sixty percent of this country's total power generation in 2022. While
3186-503: Is being designed to last 100 years. One of the major limiting wear factors is the deterioration of the reactor's pressure vessel under the action of neutron bombardment, however in 2018 Rosatom announced it had developed a thermal annealing technique for reactor pressure vessels which ameliorates radiation damage and extends service life by between 15 and 30 years. Nuclear stations are used primarily for base load because of economic considerations. The fuel cost of operations for
3304-431: Is found in two different isotopes : uranium-238 (U-238), accounting for 99.3% and uranium-235 (U-235) accounting for about 0.7%. U-238 has 146 neutrons and U-235 has 143 neutrons. Different isotopes have different behaviors. For instance, U-235 is fissile which means that it is easily split and gives off a lot of energy making it ideal for nuclear energy. On the other hand, U-238 does not have that property despite it being
3422-625: Is making the GMC Hummer EV and the Silverado EV . Models in production include: Announced models include: Additionally, many Neighborhood Electric Vehicles are, or were, available as light pickup trucks. As of 2020, electric semi-trucks are in limited commercial use in California at Anheuser-Busch, GSC Logistics, Golden State Express (all using the BYD 8TT semi-tractor), Penske, and NFI (both using
3540-426: Is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats. With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive. Most of their time
3658-427: Is part of California Climate Investments . Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant ( NPP ), also known as a nuclear power station ( NPS ), nuclear generating station ( NGS ) or atomic power station ( APS ) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor . As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to
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3776-560: Is spent stopping, starting or idling. These activities are where internal combustion engines are their least efficient. These and other factors such as ease of driver training resulted in Birmingham City Council opting to use electric dustcarts to start replacing its horse driven carts in 1918. Its use of electric vehicles continued through a number of models including Electricar DV4s until 1971. Electric Dustcarts were also operated by Sheffield and Glasgow. In preparation for
3894-405: Is the equivalent of using only 10 kWh per every 5 miles (8 km). The diesel truck that it replaces uses the equivalent of 33.7 kWh per 5 miles (8 km). Thus, the diesel truck is using 3.37 times the amount of energy that the electric truck is using. Therefore, the only variables that are stopping commercial use of electric trucks are original vehicle cost and driving range, owing to
4012-429: Is the only nuclear facility that does not use a natural body of water for cooling, instead it uses treated sewage from the greater Phoenix metropolitan area. The water coming from the cooling body of water is either pumped back to the water source at a warmer temperature or returns to a cooling tower where it either cools for more uses or evaporates into water vapor that rises out the top of the tower. The water level in
4130-486: The BWR , the steam is directed into the suppression chamber and condenses there. The chambers on a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit. The main condenser is a large cross-flow shell and tube heat exchanger that takes wet vapor, a mixture of liquid water and steam at saturation conditions, from the turbine-generator exhaust and condenses it back into sub-cooled liquid water so it can be pumped back to
4248-628: The Ford Transit Stage 5 variant. Customers were in Russia (Revolta), Netherlands (Spijkstaal), Taiwan (Taikang), Hong Kong (CLP, FedEx), the UK, Sweden (FuelReduce) and Abu Dhabi . It was discontinued in 2014. LTI and Smith produced the TX4E, an all-electric version of LTI 's TX4 black taxicab. Smith built the first 10 TX4Es as part of the UK government's Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle Demonstrator Programme. Electric truck An electric truck
4366-640: The Ford Transit chassis, was powered by a 90 kW induction motor from Enova Systems and a 40 or 51kWh lithium-ion iron phosphate battery pack from Valence Technology . In November 2009, the Edison was one of the Irish Motoring Writers Association's top five Vans of the Year. In December 2009, it was named the 2010 Eco Van of the Year by What Van magazine. In 2012, the Edison was upgraded to use
4484-401: The Ford Transit , it was the first electric light-commercial vehicle with a GVW of less than 3,500 kg – meeting the "everyman" driving-license requirement of UK fleet operators. The first companies to deploy the Edison included the retailer Sainsbury's and the utility company Scottish & Southern Energy . TNT N.V. ordered a fleet of 50 Smith Newton trucks, after its successful trial of
4602-703: The Ford Transit Connect . The prototype was produced by Smith. In 2009, the UK government began funding electric vehicles. Smith announced in June that it was a successful bidder for the Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle Demonstrator Programme (ULCVDP), administered by the Technology Strategy Board (TSB), which provided matching funds for the development of demonstration electric passenger vehicles. Smith announced that it would produce
4720-793: The Freightliner eCascadia semi-tractor). These trucks are not limited to operation within seaports or drayage operations; their range (in the case of the BYD 8TT, 124 miles at full load and 167 miles at half load) allows use on regional routes. GSC Logistics demonstrated this by hauling cargo from the Port of Oakland, over the Altamont Pass , to Tracy, CA and back. After returning, the truck still had 40% of its battery remaining. Volvo, DAF, MAN, Freightliner plan to begin series production of electric articulated lorries between 2019 and 2020. Tesla joined in 2022 with
4838-547: The Office of Public Works in Ireland and Celtic Linen in Dublin . Frito-Lay was a major US customer, with 176 Newton delivery trucks in operation by January 2011 (about one percent of Frito-Lay's total fleet). Other American customers included Coca-Cola , AT&T , Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), Staples and the U.S. Marine Corps . Newton was named Green Commercial of
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4956-694: The Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , in March 2009. The 10,000-kilogram (22,000 lb) vehicle was purchased by building materials retailer Grange Builders Providers of Dublin. This was followed by the appointment of AllGreenVehicles in the Netherlands as Smith's distributor for the Benelux countries. At the Geneva Motor Show , Ford exhibited its Tourneo Connect, a concept electric people-carrier version of
5074-491: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Meanwhile, China continues to advance in nuclear energy: having 25 reactors under construction by late 2023, China is the country with the most reactors being built at one time in the world. Nuclear decommissioning is the dismantling of a nuclear power station and decontamination of the site to a state no longer requiring protection from radiation for the general public. The main difference from
5192-769: The Soviet Union . The world's first full scale power station, Calder Hall in the United Kingdom , opened on October 17, 1956 and was also meant to produce plutonium . The world's first full scale power station solely devoted to electricity production was the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania , United States, which was connected to the grid on December 18, 1957. The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly, as in conventional thermal power stations. The fission in
5310-568: The Tesla Semi . Such vehicles are manufactured by BYD Auto (e.g., BYD 8TT ). PACCAR-owned DAF Trucks have opened a dedicated 5,000 m electric truck assembly line for their XF and XD range of electric trucks in Eindhoven, the Netherlands with series production from mid-2023. On 13 May 2021, Autocar Trucks announced the launch of the E-ACTT, a fully electric terminal tractor. 98 years earlier, Autocar
5428-402: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the legal authority to California to require that half of all heavy-duty truck sales be fully electric by 2035. By 2045, all trucks will have to be zero-emissions. In South Korea , electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in
5546-656: The UAE launched the Arab region's first-ever nuclear energy plant. Unit 1 of the Barakah plant in the Al Dhafrah region of Abu Dhabi commenced generating heat on the first day of its launch, while the remaining 3 Units are being built. However, Nuclear Consulting Group head, Paul Dorfman, warned the Gulf nation's investment into the plant as a risk "further destabilizing the volatile Gulf region, damaging
5664-484: The United States Department of Energy , the average cost per kWh capacity of battery packs for trucks fell from $ 500 in 2013 to $ 200 in 2019, and still further to $ 137 in 2020, with some vehicles under $ 100 for the first time. Long-distance freight has been the trucking segment least amenable to electrification, since the increased weight of batteries, relative to fuel, detracts from payload capacity, and
5782-466: The 1950s and 60s focused on the milk float , a vehicle designed for the doorstep delivery of milk and other dairy products. As dairies phased out horse-and-cart delivery, they opted for near-silent electric vehicles for early-morning deliveries instead of noisier internal-combustion vans and trucks. Smith launched the Smith Cabac, the first delivery float with a rear-entry cab (so the milkman could exit
5900-424: The 1970s and 1980s, when it "reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies," in some countries. Proponents argue that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source which reduces carbon emissions and can increase energy security if its use supplants a dependence on imported fuels. Proponents advance the notion that nuclear power produces virtually no air pollution, in contrast to
6018-485: The 1979 Three Mile Island accident , the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors . Professor of sociology Charles Perrow states that multiple and unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly coupled nuclear reactor systems. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around. An interdisciplinary team from MIT has estimated that given
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#17328513172166136-524: The 2008 Olympic Games, 3,000 of the internal combustion engine garbage trucks in Beijing were replaced with lithium ion polymer battery pack electric drive trucks. The batteries were procured for about $ 3,300 each. In France, some all-electric garbage trucks produced by Power Vehicle Innovation have been operating since 2011 in the city of Courbevoie , the first local authorities in France to acquire them. In September 2014, an electric garbage truck, called
6254-578: The 2010s. Renault launched its small electric Maxity in 2010 and Mitsubishi Fuso its slightly larger eCanter in 2017. From 2018, other major manufacturers including MAN , Mercedes-Benz and DAF began deliveries of prototypes or pre-production heavy-duty units to companies for real-world testing. In 2019, the first series production of heavy-duty lorries is expected to begin with notably Renault , Volvo and MAN . The Futuricum Logistics 18E , first delivered in March 2021 to DPD in Switzerland, uses
6372-529: The Advanced Clean Trucks rule in some American states. In Europe rather than Euro 7 a CO2 standard may reduce local pollution. Some companies retrofits combustion trucks to electric, because it can be cheaper than buying a new electric one and brings the benefits of an all electric power train. In California, 70% of the smog pollution and 80% of carcinogenic diesel soot comes from the two million trucks out of 30 million registered in that state. As
6490-559: The Brussels supplementary convention, and the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage . However states with a majority of the world's nuclear power stations, including the U.S., Russia, China and Japan, are not party to international nuclear liability conventions. The nuclear power debate about the deployment and use of nuclear fission reactors to generate electricity from nuclear fuel for civilian purposes peaked during
6608-654: The Conways, and began producing Mister Softee electric ice-cream floats in 1959 in partnership with J. Lyons & Co. subsidiary Glacier Foods. The Smith family approached the firm with the Battronic proposal in 1962. At that time, there were more than 14,000 Smith Electrics in service across the United Kingdom and western Europe. The new company was organised as the Battronic Truck Corporation. Exide's parent company
6726-687: The ERV (electric refuse vehicle), was deployed in the US city of Chicago . It was the first of an up to $ 13.4 million purchase order for up to 20 trucks. The PO was won in a competitive bid by Motiv Power Systems in 2012, but only one truck was ever delivered. Chicago sued Motive in 2019, alleging the truck was inoperable more than 60% of the time. In Europe, as of 2020, electric garbage trucks have been ordered by Geneva, Basel, Frankfurt, Duisburg and other cities. Traditional garbage trucks have extremely high fuel consumption, higher than American 18 wheelers achieve on most routes. Using an electric drive instead of
6844-549: The Electric Storage Battery of Philadelphia to produce an electric-powered delivery truck. The Boyertown-Smith connection was forged in the late 1950s, when Smith's managing director was in the United States to explore a partnership with William and James Conway (owners of Mister Softee , whose mobile ice-cream trucks were built by Boyertown). Smith obtained the United Kingdom rights to the Mister Softee brand from
6962-484: The European maintenance and service sector. After many years of poor trading, Smith's UK arms were shut down in October 2016. This included Smith Electric Vehicles (Europe), which was placed under administration, and Smith Technologies (which was liquidated). In February 2017, the company ceased operation due to lack of funding; however, its board was attempting to obtain financing for a reorganization. Introduced in 2006,
7080-607: The Newton electric truck was Smith's first produced, new-technology, electric commercial vehicle. The Newton was available in three GVW ratings: 7,500 kg, 10,000 kg and 12,000 kg. Each was available in a short, medium or long wheelbase. The truck was powered by a 120 kilowatt electric permanent-magnet motor and driven by lithium-ion iron-phosphate batteries with A123 Systems modules. Smith offered 80 or 120 kWh battery packs. Customers in Europe included TNT Express , TK Maxx , DHL , Balfour Beatty , Bunzl , A.G. Barr ,
7198-516: The North American market. The company headquarters is in Kansas City, Missouri . In March 2010, the US company indicated that it wanted to buy out its UK counterpart. After a poor multi-year trading history, Smith's UK branches were shut down. This included Smith Electric Vehicles (Europe), which was put into administration , and Smith Technologies (which entered liquidation ). In February 2017,
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#17328513172167316-556: The Northern Coachbuilders brand . All NCB electric vehicles were manufactured by Smith Electric Vehicles, which was based in Gateshead . Overall ownership of the company remained unchanged; the electric-vehicle directors were Douglas Smith Sr., Douglas Smith Jr., and H. W. Heyman. The Smith family founded the business, and ran it until 2004. In North East England , the family owns Ringtons Tea. Smith Electric Vehicles' business in
7434-476: The UK, a person with a valid license can drive a light commercial vehicle with a GVW of up to 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb); a vehicle between 3,500 and 7,500 kilograms (16,500 lb) requires a C1 commercial-vehicle license. Smith introduced the Newton 7.5-ton truck, which housed electric drivetrain technology in a chassis by Avia in the Czech Republic , in 2006. Express and mail operator TNT N.V. took
7552-643: The United States in the late 2010s. A Canadian company named Ecotuned offers an all-electric conversion of the Ford F-150 ; these vehicles are used by the electricity provider Hydro Quebec and Montreal Airport . As of 2022, Ford is manufacturing the all-electric F-150 Lightning (in a new factory built next to the existing one in Dearborn ) while Rivian is making the R1T all-electric pickup truck in Normal, Illinois. General Motors
7670-453: The Year in the electric-vehicle section of Fleet Transport magazine's Irish Truck of the Year Awards 2010, sponsored by Castrol . The Newton was sold worldwide in October 2012 and available with three payload capacities, from 6,100 to 16,200 pounds (2,800 to 7,300 kg). The lithium-ion battery pack was available in several sizes, with a range of 40 to 100 mi (60 to 160 km) and
7788-413: The alternative, more frequent recharging, detracts from delivery time. By contrast, short-haul urban delivery has been electrified rapidly, since the clean and quiet nature of electric trucks fit well with urban planning and municipal regulation, and the capacities of reasonably sized batteries are well-suited to daily stop-and-go traffic within a metropolitan area. In South Korea , electric trucks hold
7906-552: The chief viable alternative of fossil fuel. Proponents also believe that nuclear power is the only viable course to achieve energy independence for most Western countries. They emphasize that the risks of storing waste are small and can be further reduced by using the latest technology in newer reactors, and the operational safety record in the Western world is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power plants. Opponents say that nuclear power poses many threats to people and
8024-492: The company ceased operation due to lack of funding; however, its board was attempting to obtain financing for a reorganization. The company was founded in 1920 as Northern Coachbuilders (NCB) in Newcastle upon Tyne . After making a name as a producer of electric trams and trolleybuses , it moved into electric delivery vehicles . The company's electric vehicle and bus production were separated in 1949, with buses continuing to carry
8142-613: The company produced over 800 commercial electric fleet vehicles. Formerly based in Washington, Tyne and Wear , it manufactured vehicles for the European, Canadian, Southeast Asian and US markets. Smith was formerly part of the Tanfield Group , which trades on the London Stock Exchange 's Alternative Investment Market . Tanfield established a Delaware corporation , Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp (SEV US Corp), in 2009 to penetrate
8260-485: The costs of fuel extraction, processing, use and spent fuel storage internalized costs. Therefore, comparison with other power generation methods is strongly dependent on assumptions about construction timescales and capital financing for nuclear stations. Cost estimates take into account station decommissioning and nuclear waste storage or recycling costs in the United States due to the Price Anderson Act . With
8378-490: The country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles. In China, by the end of 2020, there were around 466,000 New Energy Buses (NEB) in operation, of which 378,700 buses are Battery Electric Buses (BEB), accounting for 66% and 53.8% of the total amount of buses, respectively. It is expected that 72% of China's urban public buses are expected to be electric by 2025. In Vietnam, the first 6 electric trucks for waste collection in Vietnam
8496-424: The destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor. In the case of a pressurized water reactor, the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear system. To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage, an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam generator. In contrast, boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through
8614-458: The dismantling of other power stations is the presence of radioactive material that requires special precautions to remove and safely relocate to a waste repository. Decommissioning involves many administrative and technical actions. It includes all clean-up of radioactivity and progressive demolition of the station. Once a facility is decommissioned, there should no longer be any danger of a radioactive accident or to any persons visiting it. After
8732-690: The downhill trip with ore recharges the batteries due to regenerative braking. Solar panels on tractors typically support the HVAC system, or power devices used by the driver (hotel loads). Solar panels on trailers can be used for refrigeration batteries, for liftgate batteries, or for telematics. Small solar panels mounted on a refrigeration unit can serve as trickle chargers for the refrigeration unit's starting battery. Heemskerk Dairy combines vehicle-integrated photovoltaics with electric forklifts , to ensure quiet operations that keep livestock relaxed. In 2022, DHL announced that installation of solar panels on
8850-600: The downturn in demand, in February 2009 Tanfield announced the formation of Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp (Smith US): a joint venture which is 49-percent owned by Tanfield. The 51-percent majority share was owned by private investors and Smith US management. In addition to establishing an associate company in the US, Smith appointed distributors for sales and service in all foreign markets which were offering incentives for electric vehicles. Smith delivered its first Newton electric truck to Electric Vehicles Ireland, its distributor for
8968-534: The energy-intensive stages of the nuclear fuel chain are considered, from uranium mining to nuclear decommissioning , nuclear power is not a low-carbon electricity source despite the possibility of refinement and long-term storage being powered by a nuclear facility. Those countries that do not contain uranium mines cannot achieve energy independence through existing nuclear power technologies. Actual construction costs often exceed estimates, and spent fuel management costs are difficult to define. On 1 August 2020,
9086-402: The environment and raising the possibility of nuclear proliferation." Nuclear power plants do not produce greenhouse gases during operation. Older nuclear power plants, like ones using second-generation reactors , produce approximately the same amount of carbon dioxide during the whole life cycle of nuclear power plants for an average of about 11g/kWh, as much power generated by wind , which
9204-775: The environment, and that costs do not justify benefits. Threats include health risks and environmental damage from uranium mining , processing and transport, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation or sabotage, and the problem of radioactive nuclear waste . Another environmental issue is discharge of hot water into the sea. The hot water modifies the environmental conditions for marine flora and fauna. They also contend that reactors themselves are enormously complex machines where many things can and do go wrong, and there have been many serious nuclear accidents . Critics do not believe that these risks can be reduced through new technology , despite rapid advancements in containment procedures and storage methods. Opponents argue that when all
9322-411: The environment. In addition, many reactors are equipped with a dome of concrete to protect the reactor against both internal casualties and external impacts. The purpose of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy. The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building. It is aligned so as to prevent debris from
9440-513: The expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 to 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period. The MIT study does not take into account improvements in safety since 1970. Nuclear power works under an insurance framework that limits or structures accident liabilities in accordance with the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy ,
9558-540: The firm. On 9 June, the company introduced Italy's first all-electric commercial truck. The Italian version of the Newton was delivered to Niinivirta Transport at a ceremony in Milan. In August 2014, Smith purchased a small Colorado company (listed on the OTC Bulletin Board ) for $ 340,000 as part of its strategy to become a public company . That month, a UK subsidiary separated (as SEV) in a management buyout to focus on
9676-587: The first telematics system for electric commercial vehicles. This provided real-time data on battery state of charge and vehicle location and the data monitoring required for government-funded projects from the United States Department of Energy and the UK's Department for Transport . The company introduced the UK's first all-electric 17-seat minibus at the 2010 CV Operator Show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham . The Smith Edison minibus
9794-513: The first Newton for assessment in its London fleet. A new Smith Electric Vehicles production facility was built in Washington, Tyne and Wear , and was opened by Prime Minister Tony Blair in February 2007: "This will be a company that will really make its presence felt not just in the North East, but actually throughout the world." In April of that year, Smith unveiled the Smith Edison. Based on
9912-713: The first production Battronic in March 1964. Smith withdrew from the partnership in 1966, and Battronic produced and sold fewer than 200 vehicles over its 20-year corporate lifespan (1963–1983). In the UK, Smith had a downturn in orders for its Cabac and diversified into niche vehicles. The Smith ST range of 7.5-ton low-speed electric trucks were marketed for municipal operations and interior applications requiring heavy-duty, emissionless vehicles. Smith ST vehicles are used in nuclear power plants , large factories, and salt mines which have been converted into records-storage facilities. The company re-branded itself as SEV Group and diversified into fleet management , mobile vehicle repair and
10030-559: The first vehicle in 2006 trial, that month. Smith was one of several electric-commercial-vehicle companies invited to the Department for Transport (DfT) in London for discussions on how the UK government might help stimulate the market for commercial electric vehicles. This led to the announcement of the Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme in the government's May 2007 Energy White Paper . During
10148-658: The future development of commercial electric vehicles beginning with the Smith Ampere (an electric version of the Ford Transit Connect ). By the end of June 2008, the Tanfield Group (Smith's parent company) reported the cancellation and postponement of customer orders. In November, Smith Electric was shortlisted for the Department for Transport's Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme (a subsidy scheme which allowed public-sector organizations to buy electric and low-carbon vans for
10266-474: The high battery pack cost and low specific energy . As mass production begins, the cost might eventually be comparable to diesel vehicles and with improvement in batteries the limited range of the electric truck might be a non-issue. As of 2022, the following models (among others) are available in Europe: A common example of the battery electric trucks is the milk float . Because such vehicles make many stops, it
10384-469: The higher energy-density of non-renewable fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks until battery technology advanced in the 2000s. A few electric general lorries prototypes or produced by small manufacturers, and often converted Diesel units, have been built until the 2000s. Trials with different companies in real-world conditions, for several months or more, have been conducted, for example with Renault , E Force and Emoss heavy-duty lorries in
10502-406: The hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler, and the pressurized steam from that drives one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators . In the event of an emergency, safety valves can be used to prevent pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding. The valves are designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure. In the case of
10620-517: The initial investments are financed. Because of this high construction cost and lower operations, maintenance, and fuel costs, nuclear plants are usually used for base load generation, because this maximizes the hours over which the fixed cost of construction can be amortized. Nuclear power plants have a carbon footprint comparable to that of renewable energy such as solar farms and wind farms , and much lower than fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal . Nuclear power plants are among
10738-506: The majority of vehicles on the road today are from smaller manufacturers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Chevrolet produced a small series of an electric S-10 pickup truck while Ford made a certain number of Ranger EVs . In early 2009, Phoenix Motorcars introduced a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. Miles Electric Vehicles imported the Chinese-designed ZX40ST electric small pick-up in
10856-535: The need to spend more on redundant back up safety equipment. According to the World Nuclear Association , as of March 2020: The Russian state nuclear company Rosatom is the largest player in international nuclear power market, building nuclear plants around the world. Whereas Russian oil and gas were subject to international sanctions after the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Rosatom
10974-407: The now decommissioned German Biblis Nuclear Power Plant was designed to modulate its output 15% per minute between 40% and 100% of its nominal power. Russia has led in the practical development of floating nuclear power stations , which can be transported to the desired location and occasionally relocated or moved for easier decommissioning. In 2022, the United States Department of Energy funded
11092-474: The prospect that all spent nuclear fuel could potentially be recycled by using future reactors, generation IV reactors are being designed to completely close the nuclear fuel cycle . However, up to now, there has not been any actual bulk recycling of waste from a NPP, and on-site temporary storage is still being used at almost all plant sites due to construction problems for deep geological repositories . Only Finland has stable repository plans, therefore from
11210-423: The range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. Electric trucks reduce noise and pollution, relative to internal-combustion trucks. Due to the high efficiency and low component-counts of electric power trains, no fuel burning while idle, and silent and efficient acceleration, the costs of owning and operating electric trucks are dramatically lower than their predecessors. According to
11328-427: The reactor by the condensate and feedwater pumps. In the main condenser, the wet vapor turbine exhaust come into contact with thousands of tubes that have much colder water flowing through them on the other side. The cooling water typically come from a natural body of water such as a river or lake. Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station , located in the desert about 97 kilometres (60 mi) west of Phoenix, Arizona,
11446-540: The risks of future uncertainties. To date all operating nuclear power stations were developed by state-owned or regulated utilities where many of the risks associated with construction costs, operating performance, fuel price, and other factors were borne by consumers rather than suppliers. Many countries have now liberalized the electricity market where these risks and the risk of cheaper competitors emerging before capital costs are recovered, are borne by station suppliers and operators rather than consumers, which leads to
11564-523: The roofs of 67 of its trucks would result in cost savings and a 100 kg/year reduction in carbon emissions per vehicle. Electrifying trucking has a lot of health benefits because existing heavy duty vehicles tend to be used more than light duty vehicles and to run on diesel, which increases the risk of asthma , heart attacks and strokes , lung cancer , and early death. New vehicle emission standards are expected to reduce local pollution around 2030 partly by encouraging electric trucks, they include
11682-632: The safest modes of electricity generation, comparable to solar and wind power plants. The first time that heat from a nuclear reactor was used to generate electricity was on December 21, 1951, at the Experimental Breeder Reactor I , powering four light bulbs. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power station to generate electricity for a power grid , the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant , commenced operations in Obninsk , in
11800-578: The sale, hire and maintenance of forklifts and other material-handling equipment . The Tanfield Group , an engineering company based in North East England, acquired the SEV Group in October 2004 for £2.2 million and one million new ordinary shares . Tanfield restored the Smith Electric Vehicles brand name and began research and development of new electric delivery vehicles. The Faraday,
11918-407: The same element. Different isotopes also have different half-lives . U-238 has a longer half-life than U-235, so it takes longer to decay over time. This also means that U-238 is less radioactive than U-235. Since nuclear fission creates radioactivity, the reactor core is surrounded by a protective shield. This containment absorbs radiation and prevents radioactive material from being released into
12036-454: The same price as an equivalent diesel vehicle). Electric vehicle sales for 2008 were £25.1 million, down from £26.1 million in 2007. The Tanfield Group cited a combination of supply-chain constraints, fleet-operator spending reductions and a lack of available credit for the decline in sales. The Great Recession also impacted the company's plans to open a production facility in the US. After restructuring its operations in line with
12154-693: The steam generator and the nuclear reactor is controlled using the feedwater system. The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water from the condensate system, increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam generators—in the case of a pressurized water reactor — or directly into the reactor, for boiling water reactors . Continuous power supply to the plant is critical to ensure safe operation. Most nuclear stations require at least two distinct sources of offsite power for redundancy. These are usually provided by multiple transformers that are sufficiently separated and can receive power from multiple transmission lines. In addition, in some nuclear stations,
12272-487: The steam turbine, so the turbine is kept as part of the radiologically controlled area of the nuclear power station. The electric generator converts mechanical power supplied by the turbine into electrical power. Low-pole AC synchronous generators of high rated power are used. A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the station, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work. Typically
12390-522: The summer of 2007, Smith produced its first vehicles for export (delivered to TNT N.V. in the Netherlands ). In December 2007, the company exhibited its Newton truck in North America and announced plans to establish a US production facility. In 2008, Smith appointed its first full-service distributor (Electric Vehicles Ireland). In April, Smith and Ford of Europe announced an "official collaboration" on
12508-477: The turbine generator can power the station's loads while the station is online, without requiring external power. This is achieved via station service transformers which tap power from the generator output before they reach the step-up transformer. Nuclear power plants generate approximately 10% of global electricity, sourced from around 440 reactors worldwide. They are recognized as a significant provider of low-carbon electricity , accounting for about one-quarter of
12626-470: The vehicle on either side), during the mid-1960s. The company produced four Cabac series: the 65, 75, Jubilee 77 and 85. Smith acquired competitor Wales & Edwards , which manufactured three-wheeled milk floats, in 1989. The company took its first steps into North America in 1962. Smith Delivery Vehicles, based in Gateshead , signed a partnership with coachbuilder Boyertown and the Exide Division of
12744-624: The world's largest fleet of new-technology electric commercial vehicles. Sales of electric vehicles declined from £25.1 million to £15.1 million in 2009. In 2010, the company supplied 10 Smith Edison vans to Ford of Europe for the colognE-mobil project in Cologne . The first phase of the project would examine the potential benefits of electric commercial vehicles in Cologne, then forecast how they might affect Germany 's plans to deploy one million zero-emission vehicles by 2020. In March, ElecTruckCity
12862-406: The world's supply in this category. As of 2020, nuclear power stood as the second-largest source of low-carbon energy, making up 26% of the total. Nuclear power facilities are active in 32 countries or regions, and their influence extends beyond these nations through regional transmission grids, especially in Europe. In 2022, nuclear power plants generated 2545 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity,
12980-417: Was a producer of electric-vehicle batteries , and Smith was a producer of electric delivery vehicles. Boyertown's contribution was its high-strength, lightweight alloy body. Early Battronics had a top speed of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), and could carry a 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) load up to 62 miles (100 km) on a single charge. The Potomac Edison Company of Hagerstown, Maryland, took delivery of
13098-490: Was appointed as Smith's French distributor. Phase one of the UK's Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme began in April 2010. Smith received 67 percent of the orders for electric vans , more than double the total of orders received by the programme's other two electric-van suppliers ( Modec and Allied Electric. At the UK's Commercial Vehicle Operator Show in 2010, the company celebrated its 90th anniversary. It announced SmithLink,
13216-409: Was based on the Ford Transit minibus chassis. In 2011, Smith's US subsidiary in Kansas City, Missouri acquired the parent company for $ 15 million and moved its headquarters to Kansas City International Airport. The new company announced that it was exploring the potential of an initial public offering (IPO). Although Tanfield initially maintained 49-percent ownership of the company, the percentage
13334-838: Was launched in Hue City through the local People's Committee for a pilot scheme in May 2023. This pilot was supported by the United Nations Development Programme's "Catalyzing a Sustainable Shift Towards E-Mobility in Vietnam" [1] , which is supported by government of Japan, through the Embassy of Japan in Vietnam. Launched by the California Air Resources Board in 2009, the California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project ( HVIP for short)
13452-477: Was not targeted by sanctions. However, some countries, especially in Europe, scaled back or cancelled planned nuclear power plants that were to be built by Rosatom. Modern nuclear reactor designs have had numerous safety improvements since the first-generation nuclear reactors. A nuclear power plant cannot explode like a nuclear weapon because the fuel for uranium reactors is not enriched enough, and nuclear weapons require precision explosives to force fuel into
13570-645: Was part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) project. Smith entered a letter of intent agreement the following month with battery supplier Sinopoly to develop markets in China and Taiwan. By the end of October, Tanfield's stake in Smith was less than six percent. In May 2014, Smith reached an agreement with Hong Kong-based battery manufacturer Sinopoly Battery Limited intended to raise $ 40 million for
13688-658: Was subject to dilution as SEV raised additional equity capital. Bryan Hansel was the company's CEO. The initial stock offering was not completed. Smith announced in June 2013 that it had over 700 vehicles deployed and over five million miles of operation. In August 2013, Smith signed a letter of intent to form a joint venture with Taikang Technology Corporation in Taiwan for electric-vehicle assembly and distribution. The company deployed its first vehicle-to-grid (V2G) vehicles at Fort Carson , Colorado , in September 2013. The deployment
13806-651: Was terminating its involvement in the electric Ford Transit Connect project in North America and Europe by mutual agreement with Ford. Smith cited the unexpected early success of its Newton electric truck in the US market; since Smith US had orders for 255 trucks, it decided to focus on the Newton. In Europe , Tanfield felt that the market for smaller vans was becoming too competitive. Smith UK appointed Sime Darby Motors its distributor for Hong Kong and Macau . It received repeat business from Sainsbury's, which ordered an additional 50 Smith Edison electric vans. Combined with Sainsbury's existing 20 electric vans, this created
13924-488: Was the first major truck manufacturer to introduce electric trucks, in 1923. The Kenworth T680E also became available in 2021. The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all-electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded 40-foot (12.2 m) cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a 60,000 lb (27,000 kg) cargo container at speeds up to 10 mph (16 km/h) and has
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