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48-793: The territory of the lowland is one of the Great Russian Regions . Administratively it is mostly part of the Krasnoyarsk Krai , with a small section in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The main towns are Dudinka , Norilsk and Khatanga . The North Siberian Lowland lies between the lower reaches of the Yenisey and Olenyok rivers in Krasnoyarsk Krai and Yakutia . It is 1,400 km long and up to 600 km wide. This lowland plain features flat-topped ridges approximately 200-300 m high, which rise over broad and heavily swamped degradations with

96-711: A connection with the hydronym Irtesh . The Turkic peoples associated the Itil's origin with the Kama . Thus, a left tributary to the Kama was named the Aq Itil 'White Itil' which unites with the Kara Itil 'Black Itil' at the modern city of Ufa . The name Indyl ( Indɨl ) is used in the Cherkess language. In Asia the river was known by its other Turkic name Sarı-su 'yellow water', but

144-771: A large number of thermokarst lakes. Rivers Pyasina , Taymyra , Kheta and Kotuy flow over the North Siberian Lowland, as well as further east the Khatanga , Popigay , Kuoyka , Beyenchime , Bur , Buolkalakh , as well as the Anabar with its tributaries the Suolama and Udya , and the Uele . There are many lakes in the North Siberian Lowland, the biggest one is Lake Taymyr . The North Siberian Lowland has deposits of oil, natural gas and coal (Taymyr Basin). The North Siberian Lowland

192-531: A length of about 160 kilometres (99 miles) and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest estuary in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where pelicans , flamingos , and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. The Volga drains most of Western Russia . Its many large reservoirs provide irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Moscow Canal ,

240-676: A vast alluvial plain , swampy and dotted with thousands of lakes. The region includes the Yana-Indigirka , Kolyma and Aby lowlands, as well as the New Siberian Islands . Area about 1,100,000 km (420,000 sq mi). East Siberian Mountains , a large mountainous area located in northeastern Siberia. It includes two large mountain systems, the Verkhoyansk Range and the Chersky Range , as well as other minor ones. To

288-518: Is 250–300 millimetres (9.8–11.8 in) per year. Sparse forest in the west consists mainly of Siberian larch . Eastern parts of the lowland are covered with Dahurian larch . Lichen tundra dominates northern parts of the lowland, while southern parts are full of shrubbery vegetation. Great Russian Regions Geomorphological regions of Russia [REDACTED] Topographic map of Russia The Great Russian Regions are eight geomorphological regions of

336-684: Is formed by marine and ice-laid deposits, underlaid with sandstones and argillites . Permafrost is a common phenomenon in this area. The climate is subarctic continental with long (7–8 months) cold winters and short cool summers. Average temperature in January is −30 °C (−22 °F) in the West and down to −35 to −37 °C (−31 to −35 °F) in the East. Temperature in July is around 6–10 °C (43–50 °F). Snow cover stays for approximately 265 days. Precipitation

384-475: Is preserved in many Slavic languages, vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Bulgarian vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Czech vláha 'dampness', Serbo-Croatian : vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Slovene vlaga 'moisture', Polish wilgoć 'moisture' and Macedonian vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', among others. The Scythian name for the Volga was Rahā , literally meaning 'wetness'. This

432-456: Is related to the Avestan name for a mythical stream, Raŋhā ( 𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁 ), which means "wet" or "moisture", and was derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁res- or *h₁ers- ). This name can be compared to several Indo-Iranic terms, such as: The Scythian name survives in modern Moksha as Rav ( Рав ). The Greek author Herodotus recorded two more ancient Iranic names of

480-678: Is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia , it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea . The Volga has a length of 3,531 km (2,194 mi), and a catchment area of 1,360,000 km (530,000 sq mi). It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between 8,000 m /s (280,000 cu ft/s) and 8,500 m /s (300,000 cu ft/s) – and of drainage basin . It

528-774: Is the Ob – Irtysh river system. It belongs to the closed basin of the Caspian Sea , being the longest river to flow into a closed basin. The source of the Volga lies in the village of Volgoverkhov'e in Tver Oblast . Rising in the Valdai Hills 225 meters (738 ft) above sea level northwest of Moscow and about 320 kilometers (200 mi) southeast of Saint Petersburg , the Volga heads east past Lake Sterzh , Tver , Dubna , Rybinsk , Yaroslavl , Nizhny Novgorod , and Kazan . From there it turns south, flows past Ulyanovsk , Tolyatti , Samara , Saratov and Volgograd , and discharges into

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576-485: Is widely regarded as the national river of Russia . The hypothetical old Russian state, the Rus' Khaganate , arose along the Volga c.  830 AD . Historically, the river served as an important meeting place of various Eurasian civilizations. The river flows in Russia through forests , forest steppes and steppes . Five of the ten largest cities of Russia , including the nation's capital, Moscow , are located in

624-922: The Altai Mountains to the southeast. The southern end extends into Kazakhstan . Area 2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi). Landscapes [ edit ] [REDACTED] Central Siberian Plateau, Putorana Mountains . [REDACTED] Central Yakutian Lowland, Tukulan area in the taiga . [REDACTED] East European Plain, Khopyor River near Novokhopersk . [REDACTED] East Siberian Lowland, Lake Ozhogino . [REDACTED] East Siberian Mountains, view of Bilibino . [REDACTED] North Siberian Lowland, tundra and snowfield in Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets District . [REDACTED] South Siberian Mountains, Kuznetsk Alatau . [REDACTED] West Siberian Lowland,

672-633: The Arab world . Khazars were replaced by Kipchaks , Kimeks and Mongols , who founded the Golden Horde in the lower reaches of the Volga. Later their empire divided into the Khanate of Kazan and Khanate of Astrakhan , both of which were conquered by the Russians in the course of the 16th century Russo-Kazan Wars . The Russian people's deep feeling for the Volga echoes in national culture and literature, starting from

720-764: The Battle of Stalingrad , possibly the bloodiest battle in human history, in which the Soviet Union and the German forces were deadlocked in a stalemate battle for access to the river. The Volga was (and still is) a vital transport route between central Russia and the Caspian Sea, which provides access to the oil fields of the Absheron Peninsula . Hitler planned to use access to the oil fields of Azerbaijan to fuel future German conquests. Apart from that, whoever held both sides of

768-665: The Buzan river in the Astrakhan Oblast . Buzhan ( Persian : بوژان‎ , romanized :  Būzhān ; also known as Būzān ) is also a village in Nishapur , Iran . In late 8th century the Russian state Russkiy Kaganate is recorded in different Northern and Oriental sources. The Volga was one of the main rivers of the Rus' Khaganates culture. Subsequently, the river basin played an important role in

816-997: The Ob by Novosibirsk . [REDACTED] Map naming the seven geomorphological regions of the Russian Federation that are located east of the Urals. (In German) See also [ edit ] Federal districts of Russia Outline of Russia Siberia§Geography References [ edit ] ^ А.Г. Исаченко. Ландшафтоведение и физико-географическое районирование. — Москва: Высшая школа, 1991. — ISBN   5-06-001731-1 (A.G. Isachenko, Landscape Science and Physiogeographical Zoning. ) ^ А. Д. Некипелов и др. Новая Российская Энциклопедия, т. 1. (A. D. Nekipelov et al. New Russian Encyclopedia, vol. 1) — М.: Энциклопедия, 2003. — 969 с. — ISBN   5-94802-003-7 . ^ Central Yakutian Lowland - Great Soviet Encyclopedia , Vol. 28, p. 513 ^ Oleg Leonidovič Kryžanovskij, A Checklist of

864-551: The Oirats also used their own name, Ijil mörön or 'adaptation river'. Presently the Mari , another Uralic group, call the river Jul ( Юл ), meaning 'way' in Tatar . Formerly, they called the river Volgydo , a borrowing from Old East Slavic . The Volga is the longest river in Europe , and its catchment area is almost entirely inside Russia , though the longest river in Russia

912-711: The Russian Federation displaying characteristic forms of relief. Seven of them are parts of Siberia , located east of the Ural Mountains . Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Russia Central Siberian Plateau , a large elevated zone between the Yenisei and Lena rivers composed of various plateaus ( Putorana Plateau , Anabar Plateau , Vilyuy Plateau , and Lena Plateau among others) deeply dissected by river valleys. Area 3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi). Central Yakutian Lowland ,

960-733: The Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts of Russia, as well as partly in Mongolia . Area approximately 1,500,000 km (580,000 sq mi). West Siberian Plain , large alluvial plain between the Urals to the west and the Yenisei River to the east, beyond which rises the Central Siberian Plateau. The lowland is bound by the coast of the Kara Sea to the north and by the foothills of

1008-774: The Volga–Don Canal , and the Volga–Baltic Waterway form navigable waterways connecting Moscow to the White Sea , the Baltic Sea , the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea . High levels of chemical pollution have adversely affected the river and its habitats. The fertile river valley provides large quantities of wheat and other agricultural produce, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centers on

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1056-459: The 12th century Lay of Igor's Campaign . The Volga Boatman's Song is one of many songs devoted to the national river of Russia. Construction of Soviet Union -era dams often involved enforced resettlement of huge numbers of people, as well as destruction of their historical heritage. For instance, the town of Mologa was flooded for the purpose of constructing the Rybinsk Reservoir (then

1104-665: The 8th centuries, the Alans settled in the Middle Volga region and in the steppes of Russia's southern region in the Pontic–Caspian steppe . The area around the Volga was inhabited by the Slavic tribes of Vyatichs and Buzhans , by Finno-Ugric , Scandinavian , Baltic , Hunnic and Turkic peoples ( Tatars , Kipchaks ) in the first millennium AD, replacing the Scythians . Furthermore,

1152-540: The Caspian Sea below Astrakhan at 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. The Volga has many tributaries , most importantly the Kama , the Oka , the Vetluga , and the Sura . The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which flows through an area of about 1,350,000 square kilometres (521,238 square miles) in the most heavily populated part of Russia. The Volga Delta has

1200-788: The East Slavs. The Russian ethnicity in Western Russia and around the Volga river evolved to a very large extent, next to other tribes, out of the East Slavic tribe of the Buzhans and Vyatichis . The Vyatichis were originally concentrated on the Oka river. Furthermore, several localities in Russia are connected to the Slavic Buzhan tribe, like for example Sredniy Buzhan in the Orenburg Oblast , Buzan and

1248-4781: The Ground-beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands. p. 16 ^ Gvozdetsky N. A. & Mikhailov N. I. Physical geography of the USSR. M., Thought, 1978 ^ John Kimble (ed.), Cryosols: Permafrost-Affected Soils ^ Mountains of South Siberia in the book: Gvozdetsky N. A., Mikhailov N. I. Physical geography of the USSR. M., Thought, 1978. ^ Западная Сибирь: краткий физико-географический обзор v t e Geography topics Glossary History Philosophy Index Outline Branches Human Behavioral Cognitive Critical Cultural Animal Children's Economic Agricultural Cyber Development Financial Histo-economic Labor Marketing Retail Theoretical economic Transport Language Linguistics Music Vernacular Moral Psychological Emotional Neo Sexuality Religion Food Health Historical Palaeo Imagined Internet Political Critical geopolitics Electoral Geopolitics Strategic Military Population Settlement Regional Urban Music Transport Social Tourism Tropical Physical Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Earth science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Environmental science Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Geobiology Geophysics / Geodesy Earth system science Geomorphology / Geology Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Soil science ( Pedology / Edaphology ) Quaternary science Technical Geodesign Geodesy Geoinformatics Geographic information science Geomatics Statistical geography Spatial analysis Integrated Environmental social science Environmental studies Landscape architecture Landscape ecology Time geography Techniques and tools Quantitative Cartography Computer cartography Web mapping Geochronology Geographic information system Distributed GIS Internet GIS Web GIS Geologic modelling Geomathematics Geostatistics Geovisualization Global Positioning System Hydrography Map algebra Participant observation Photogrammetry Remote sensing Statistical survey Surveying Land change modeling Qualitative Ethnography Geopoetics Interview (research) Survey (human research) Institutions Geographic data and information organizations Geographical societies Geoscience societies National mapping agency Education Geography education Geo-literacy Geographers on Film International Geography Olympiad National Council for Geographic Education Spatial citizenship [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Portal [REDACTED] Commons [REDACTED] WikiProject v t e Physical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Portal [REDACTED] Commons v t e Russia  articles History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans Scythians Sarmatians Early Slavs East Slavs Kievan Rus' Mongol invasion Feudal Rus' Novgorod Vladimir Moscow Expansion (1500–1800) Tsardom of Russia Army Russian Empire February Revolution Russian Republic October Revolution Civil war Russian state Russian SFSR Soviet Union Great Patriotic War Eastern Bloc Dissolution Russian Federation Union State By topic Economy Journalism Judaism Internet Judicial system of

1296-621: The Middle East met the Varangian people of the Nordic countries through trading. In the 8th and 9th centuries colonization also began from Kievan Rus' . Slavs from Kievan Rus' brought Christianity to the upper Volga, and a portion of non-Slavic local people adopted Christianity and gradually became East Slavs . The remainder of the Mari people migrated to the east far inland. In the course of several centuries

1344-1233: The Russian Empire LGBT Military Outline Postal Historical cities Geography Borders Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Environment Environmental issues Extreme points European Russia Central Russian Upland Northwest Russia Meshchera Lowlands Oka–Don Lowland Smolensk Upland Fjords Geology Glaciers Great Russian Regions Highest points Islands Lakes Caspian Sea Mountains Caucasus Urals Volcanoes North Asia Siberia West Siberian Plain Russian Far East North Caucasus Rivers Protected areas Wildlife Far North Politics Anarchism Capital punishment Civil Service Classified information Conscription Constitution Criminal code Elections Far-right politics Federal budget Foreign relations ( Foreign Relations of Russia since

1392-3665: The Russian invasion of Ukraine ) Freedom of assembly Government ( Apparatus ) Judiciary Law Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Political abuse of psychiatry Political divisions Propaganda Liberalism Conservatism Imperialism Irredentism Nationalism Martial law Monarchism Media freedom Neo-Nazism Military Intelligence agencies Opposition Political parties President of Russia Prime Minister of Russia Commonwealth of Independent States Collective Security Treaty Organization State of emergency Civil defense Search and rescue Urban planning Mass surveillance Separatism Term limits Terrorism Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Banking Droughts and famines Car industry Central Bank Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Financial districts Gambling Homelessness Mining Petroleum industry Postal codes Russian oligarchs Ruble (currency) Science and technology Academy of Sciences Shipbuilding Social security system Space industry Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Waste Water supply and sanitation Society Abortion Alcohol Anti-American sentiment Cannabis Censorship Citizens Corruption Crime Deafness Demographics Domestic violence Doping Education Ethnic groups Feminism Forced public apologies Funerals Gun control Health Healthcare HIV/AIDS Mental health Human rights LGBTQ Immigration Illegal Labour Languages Life expectancy Open access Orphans Polygamy Prostitution Racism Religion Scouting Slavery Social entrepreneurship Sociology Smoking Suicide Wedding Witch trials Women in army Culture Architecture Armorial Army culture Honorary weapons Arts Ballet Cinema Cuisine Wine Fashion Fairy tales Fashion Festivals Folklore Traditions and superstitions Forms of addressing Graffiti Heraldry Internet Inventions Literature Martial arts Mass media Music Names of Russia Russian given name Nobility National symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Russian tsars regalia Opera Personification Playing cards Philosophy Political jokes Public holidays Russian language tea culture Television Seven Wonders Sports Unified Sports Classification System World Heritage sites Outline Category Portal Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Russian_Regions&oldid=1235168799 " Categories : Geography of Russia Geomorphology Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Volga River 8,103.078 m /s (286,157.5 cu ft/s) 2,806.467 m /s (99,109.4 cu ft/s) Yaroslavl (Basin size: 153,657.8 km (59,327.6 sq mi): 1,008.277 m /s (35,607.0 cu ft/s) The Volga ( Russian : Волга , pronounced [ˈvoɫɡə] )

1440-698: The Slavs assimilated the indigenous Finnic populations, such as the Merya and Meshchera peoples. The surviving peoples of Volga Finnic ethnicity include the Maris , Erzyas and Mokshas of the middle Volga. Also Khazar and Bulgar peoples inhabited the upper, middle and lower of the Volga River basin. Apart from the Huns , the earliest Turkic tribes arrived in the 7th century and assimilated some Finno-Ugric and Indo-European population on

1488-826: The Volga formed the boundary between the territories of the Cimmerians in the Caucasian Steppe and the Scythians in the Caspian Steppe. After the Scythians migrated to the west and displaced the Cimmerians, the Volga became the boundary between the territories of the Scythians in the Pontic and Caspian Steppes and the Massagetae in the Caspian and Transcaspian steppes. Between the 6th and

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1536-534: The Volga valley. Other resources include natural gas , salt , and potash . The Volga Delta and the Caspian Sea are fishing grounds . A number of large hydroelectric reservoirs were constructed on the Volga during the Soviet era . They are: The Volga– Oka region has been occupied for at least 9,000 years and supported a bone and antler industry for producing bone arrowheads, spearheads, lanceheads, daggers, hunters knives, and awls. The makers also used local quartz and imported flints. During classical antiquity ,

1584-537: The Volga's drainage basin. Because the Volga drains into the Caspian Sea , which is an endorheic body of water, the Volga does not naturally connect to any of the world's oceans. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world are located along the Volga River. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture – Russian literature and folklore often refer to it as Волга-матушка Volga-Matushka (Mother Volga). The Russian hydronym Volga ( Волга ) derives from Proto-Slavic * vòlga 'wetness, moisture', which

1632-417: The Volga, slightly smaller on some of the other rivers and canals) and it spans many thousands of kilometers. A number of formerly state-run, now mostly privatized, companies operate passenger and cargo vessels on the river; Volgotanker , with over 200 petroleum tankers , is one of them. In the later Soviet era , up to the modern times, grain and oil have been among the largest cargo exports transported on

1680-450: The Volga: The Turkic peoples living along the river formerly referred to it as Itil or Atil . In modern Turkic languages , the Volga is known as İdel ( Идел ) in Tatar , Atăl ( Атӑл ) in Chuvash , Iźel in Bashkir , Edıl in Kazakh , and İdil in Turkish . The Turkic names go back to the ancient Turkic form " Etil / Ertil ", the origin and meaning of which are not clear. Perhaps this form has

1728-403: The Whites eastward, from the Middle Volga at Kazan to the Kama and eventually to Ufa on the Belaya . During the Civil War, Joseph Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several military specialists on a barge in the Volga and the sinking of a floating prison in which the officers perished. During World War II, the city on the big bend of the Volga, currently known as Volgograd , witnessed

1776-493: The alluvial plain of the middle Lena River separating the Central Siberian Plateau to the west and the East Siberian Mountains to the east. Area 300,000 km (120,000 sq mi). East European Plain , a very large area that comprises the plains and depressions west and southwest of the Urals crossed by numerous large rivers, such as the Volga , Dnieper , Don and Pechora . Area approximately 4,000,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi). East Siberian Lowland ,

1824-462: The development of modern Russians. Among the first recorded people along the upper Volga were also the Finnic Mari (Мари) and Merya (Мäрӹ) people. Where the Volga flows through the steppes the area was also inhabited by the Iranian people of the Sarmatians from 200 BC. Since ancient times, even before Rus' states developed, the Volga river was an important trade route where not only Slavic, Turkic and Finnic peoples lived, but also Arab world of

1872-450: The east it reaches Cape Dezhnyov in the Bering Strait . Area approximately 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi). North Siberian Lowland , a plain with a relatively flat relief separating the Byrranga Mountains of the Taymyr Peninsula in the north from the Central Siberian Plateau in the south. Area approximately 400,000 km (150,000 sq mi). South Siberian Mountains , stretching roughly from east to west in

1920-405: The lakes of the North ( Lake Ladoga , Lake Onega ), Saint Petersburg and the Baltic Sea are possible through the Volga–Baltic Waterway ; and commerce with Moscow has been realised by the Moscow Canal connecting the Volga and the Moskva River . This infrastructure has been designed for vessels of a relatively large scale (lock dimensions of 290 by 30 metres (951 ft × 98 ft) on

1968-410: The largest artificial lake in the world). The construction of the Uglich Reservoir caused the flooding of several monasteries with buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. In such cases the ecological and cultural damage often outbalanced any economic advantage. During the Russian Civil War , both sides fielded warships on the Volga. In 1918, the Red Volga Flotilla participated in driving

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2016-406: The middle and lower Volga. The Turkic Christian Chuvash and Muslim Volga Tatars are descendants of the population of medieval Volga Bulgaria . Another Turkic group, the Nogais , formerly inhabited the lower Volga steppes. The Volga region is home to a German minority group, the Volga Germans . Catherine the Great had issued a manifesto in 1763 inviting all foreigners to come and populate

2064-528: The movements of peoples from Asia to Europe . A powerful polity of Volga Bulgaria once flourished where the Kama joins the Volga, while Khazaria controlled the lower stretches of the river. Such Volga cities as Atil , Saqsin , or Sarai were among the largest in the medieval world. The river served as an important trade route connecting Scandinavia , Finnic areas with the various Slavic tribes and Turkic, Germanic , Finnic and other people in Old Rus' , and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria , Persia and

2112-402: The other side from the banks of the river. In these battles, the Soviet Union was the main offensive side, while the German troops used a more defensive stance, though much of the fighting was close quarters combat , with no clear offensive or defensive side. Many different ethnicities lived on the Volga river. Numerous were the Eastern Slavic Vyatchi tribes which took a decisive role in

2160-470: The region, offering them numerous incentives to do so. This was partly to develop the region but also to provide a buffer zone between the Russians and the Mongols to the east. Because of conditions in German territories, Germans responded in the largest numbers. Under the Soviet Union a slice of the region was turned into the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . The Volga, widened for navigation purposes with construction of huge dams during

2208-495: The river could move forces across the river, to defeat the enemy's fortifications beyond the river. By taking the river, Hitler's Germany would have been able to move supplies , guns , and men into the northern part of Russia. At the same time, Germany could permanently deny this transport route by the Soviet Union, hampering its access to oil and to supplies via the Persian Corridor . For this reason, many amphibious military assaults were brought about in an attempt to remove

2256-612: The river played a vital role in the commerce of the Byzantine people . The ancient scholar Ptolemy of Alexandria mentions the lower Volga in his Geography (Book 5, Chapter 8, 2nd Map of Asia). He calls it the Rha , which was the Scythian name for the river. Ptolemy believed the Don and the Volga shared the same upper branch, which flowed from the Hyperborean Mountains. Between 2nd and 5th centuries Baltic people were very widespread in today's European Russia. Baltic people were widespread from Sozh River till today's Moscow and covered much of today's Central Russia and intermingled with

2304-431: The years of Joseph Stalin 's industrialization , is of great importance to inland shipping and transport in Russia: all the dams in the river have been equipped with large (double) ship locks , so that vessels of considerable dimensions can travel from the Caspian Sea almost to the upstream end of the river. Connections with the river Don and the Black Sea are possible through the Volga–Don Canal . Connections with

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