63-439: (Redirected from North Shewa ) North Shewa Zone may refer to: North Shewa Zone (Amhara) , Amhara Region, Ethiopia North Shewa Zone (Oromia) , Oromia Region, Ethiopia [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
126-523: A Jebena (coffee pot) with boiling water. When ready it is then served to people in little cups, up to three times per ceremony. The ceremony is typically performed by the woman of the household, or the female host and is considered an honor. Amhara women dress up for the occasion in a kemis , a traditional dress. Other locally produced beverages are tella (beer) and tej (honey wine), which are served and drunk on major religious festivals, Saints Days and weddings. Mackonen Michael (2008) noted that
189-568: A Semitic -speaking ethnic group indigenous to Ethiopia , traditionally inhabiting parts of the northwest Highlands of Ethiopia , particularly inhabiting the Amhara Region . According to the 2007 national census, Amharas numbered 19,867,817 individuals, comprising 26.9% of Ethiopia's population, and they are mostly Oriental Orthodox Christian (members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ). They are also found within
252-504: A Christian feudal culture, and by the adoption of Amharic , which from became the lingua franca . This population of a rather small province became the dominant group in the empire. Around this time, Medieval Arab historians state that Christian Ethiopia was under the sovereignty of "the Lord of Amhara" which confirms that the new Solomonic dynasty appears to be stock of the Bete Amhara in
315-650: A further 112 or 0.01% are pastoralists. A total of 429,423 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.28 persons to a household, and 413,235 housing units. The three largest ethnic groups reported in North Shewa were the Amhara (90.73%), the Oromo (7.14%), and the Argobba (1.71%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.42% of the population. Amharic is spoken as a first language by 92.97%, and 6.32% spoke Oromiffa ;
378-523: A rigid, endogamous and occupationally closed social stratification among the Amharas and other Afro-Asiatic-speaking Ethiopian ethnic groups. Some label it as an economically closed, endogamous class system with occupational minorities, whereas others such as David Todd assert that this system can be unequivocally labelled as caste-based. The Amhara speak " Amharic " (" Amarigna ", " Amarinya ") as their mother tongue . Its native speakers account for 29.3% of
441-410: A wat, or thick stew, served atop injera , a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour in the shape of pancakes usually of about 30 to 45 cm in diameter. When eating traditional injera dishes in groups, it's normally it eaten from a mesob (shared food basket), with each person breaking off pieces of injera flatbread using only the right hand, from the side nearest them and dipping it into stew in
504-437: Is a cultural identity; however, much of the scholarship indicates that it is solely a class-based identity, devoid of ethnicity". Solomon Gashaw asserts that "there is no intra-Amhara ethnic consciousness, except among northern settlers in southern Ethiopia". He notes that most Amharic-speaking people identify by their place of birth. He asks, "what is Amhara domination?", answering: "It is a linguistic and cultural domination by
567-917: Is a zone in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia . North Shewa takes its name from the kingdom and former province of Shewa . The Zone is bordered on the south and the west by the Oromia Region , on the north by South Wollo , on the northeast by the Oromia Zone , and on the east by the Afar Region . The highest point in the Zone is Mount Abuye Meda (4012 meters), which is found in the Gish woreda ; other prominent peaks include Mount Megezez . Towns in North Shewa include Ankober , Debre Birhan , and Shewa Robit . The administrative subdivisions of this Zone have been renamed, divided, and their boundaries were redrawn numerous times between
630-634: Is believed to have begun somewhere during the Aksumite period. The political importance of Amhara further increased after the fall of Aksum , which marked the shift of the political center of the Christian Ethiopian state from Aksum in the north to the Zagwe region of Lasta further inland. The Amhara nobles supported the Zagwe dynasty prince Lalibela in his power struggle against his brothers which led him to make Amharic Lessana Negus (lit. "language of
693-399: Is located to the south-east of Hayq , as well as to the north-east of Ancharo (Chiqa Beret). The decorations and symbols which are inscribed on the pottery substantiate the expansion of Aksumite civilization to the south of Angot. According to Karl Butzer "By 800, Axum had almost ceased to exist, and its demographic resources were barely adequate to stop the once tributary pastoralists of
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#1732844622071756-688: Is provided in the Historia Aethiopica by Hiob Ludolf , the data of which came from Abba Gorgoryos , himself a native of Amhara. On the map of Historia Aethiopica , Amhara is situated between the Abay River to the west, the Bashilo River in the north, the Afar Depression to the east and the Awash River to the south. The province consisted of much of Wollo and northern Shewa , and encompassed
819-543: Is slightly modified from the Ethiopic or Ge'ez script , an abugida . For centuries, the predominant religion of the Amhara has been Christianity , with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church playing a central role in the culture of the country . According to the 2007 census, 82.5% of the population of the Amhara Region was Ethiopian Orthodox; 17.2% of it was Muslim , 0.2% of it was Protestant (see P'ent'ay ) and 0.5% of it
882-406: Is solemnized in church, where divorce is forbidden, and usually observed among the orthodox priests. Patrilineal descent is the norm. While the wife had no inheritance rights, in case a child was conceived during the temporary damoz marriage, the child could make a claim a part of the father's property. Amhara cuisine consists of various vegetable or spicy meat side dishes and entrées, usually
945-612: The Eskista ; the most well known Amharan folk dance. The begena , a large ten-string lyre; is an important instrument solely devoted to the spiritual part of Amhara music. Other instruments includes the Meleket wind instrument, and the Kebero and Negarit drums. From the 1950s onward foreign influence i.e. foreign educated Ethiopians and the availability of larger quantities of new instruments led to new genre's of Amharic music and ushered in
1008-673: The Golden age such as Asnaketch Worku , Bahru Kegne, Kassa Tessema and Mary Armede were renowned for their mastery of traditionel instruments. The political turmoil during the Derg regime (1974-1991) led to censorship of music; night life came to a standstill through government imposed curfews and the curbing of musical performances. Notable Ethiopian musicians were jailed including those of Amhara descent such as Ayalew Mesfin and Telela Kebede . A revival of Qene ; Amharic poetic songs which uses double entendre known as sam-enna warq ( wax and gold )
1071-509: The 1960s and 1970s Golden Age of Ethiopian music . The popular Ethio-Jazz genre pioneered by Mulatu Astatke was created from the Tizita qañat of the Amhara combined with the use of Western instruments. Saxophone legend Getatchew Mekurya instrumentalized the Amhara war cry Shellela into an genre in the 1950s before joining the Ethio-Jazz scene later in his career. Other Amharic artists from
1134-709: The 1994 and 2007 national censuses far more often than any other Zone in the Amhara Region. As a result, its subdivisions can be very confusing; Svein Ege, in his comparison of how the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) and the Ethiopian Mapping Authority reported the administrative boundaries in this Zone and how they changed between 1994 and 2004, stopped halfway through this Zone, stating that he had run out of time to perform field checking. Northern Shewa
1197-746: The 1st century AD, the North and South branches of Ethio-Semitic diverged. Due to the social stratification of the time, the Cushitic Agaw adopted the South Semitic language and mixed with the Semitic population. Amharic thus developed with a Cushitic substratum and a Semitic superstratum . The proto-Amhara, or the northernmost South Ethio-Semitic speakers, remained in constant contact with their North Ethio-Semitic neighbors, evidenced by linguistic analysis and oral traditions. A 7th century southward shift of
1260-465: The 20th century, the minimum age was raised to 18, and this was enforced by the Imperial government. After a church wedding, divorce is frowned upon. Each family hosts a separate wedding feast after the wedding. Upon childbirth, a priest will visit the family to bless the infant. The mother and child remain in the house for 40 days after birth for physical and emotional strength. The infant will be taken to
1323-415: The 50 days between Easter and Pentecost . On all other days meat and dairy products are allowed. A variety of vegan dishes are consumed during fasting periods. Ethiopia is a Buna (coffee) exporter, but also has a very large domestic consumer base. During social gatherings Amharas drink Buna in a unique and traditional way known as a coffee ceremony . First the coffee is roasted, then ground and placed in
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#17328446220711386-733: The 9th century AD, when the Istifanos monastery was erected on Lake Hayq . Several other sites and monuments indicate the presence of similar Axumite influences in the area, such as the Geta Lion statues, which are located 10 km south of Kombolcha , and are believed to date back to the 3rd century AD, though they may even date back to pre-Axumite times. In 1998, ancient pieces of pottery were found around tombs in Atatiya in Southern Wollo, in Habru which
1449-708: The Amhara Region) and the equivalent of 0.9 heads of livestock. 15.7% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 21%. 48% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. 39% of the zone is exposed to malaria , and 14% to Tsetse fly . The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 487. 10°00′N 39°30′E / 10.000°N 39.500°E / 10.000; 39.500 Amhara people Amharas ( Amharic : አማራ , romanized : Āmara ; Ge'ez : ዐምሐራ , romanized: ʾÄməḥära ) are
1512-582: The Amhara identity is claimed to be composed of multiple ethnicities by some, whereas others "reject this concept and argue that Amhara exists as a distinctive ethnic group with a specific located boundary". He further noted that "although people from the Ethiopian highland areas think of themselves as Amharas, the Northern Shoans specifically call themselves Amhara. That is why the Oromo and Tigrian discourse associate
1575-425: The Amhara zone is the zone where the former kingdom, province currently zones of Shewa all started. The zone is also the launching pad for the expansion and annexation of the rest of southern Ethiopia. For example, R.H.Kofi Darkwah writes that "like his father before him, the major conquests of Sahla Selassie were made in the south and south west." Sahla Selassie is the grandfather of Menelik II . (Shewa Menilek and
1638-443: The Amhara, mostly a peasant population, is different from a mixed group of urban people coming from different ethnic background, who have adopted Amharic as a common language and identify themselves as Ethiopians". In a 2017 article, historian Brian J. Yates notes that some "scholars and politicians have attempted to sketch out what an Amhara is, but there are considerable divergences on the nature of this identity. Some argue that it
1701-598: The Donald Levine, these consisted of high-ranking clans, low-ranking clans, caste groups (artisans), and slaves. Slaves or rather servants were at the bottom of the hierarchy, and were primarily drawn from the pagan Nilotic Shanqella and Oromo peoples. Also known as the barya (meaning "slave" in Amharic), they were captured during slave raids in Ethiopia's southern hinterland. War captives were another source of slaves, but
1764-477: The Ethiopian Empire(1813-1889) page 26.). Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 1,837,490, an increase of 17.72% over the 1994 census, of whom 928,694 are men and 908,796 women. With an area of 15,936.13 square kilometers, North Shewa has a population density of 115.30. While 214,227 or 11.66% are urban inhabitants,
1827-520: The Ethiopian expatriate community, particularly in North America . They speak Amharic , an Afro-Asiatic language of the Semitic branch which serves as the main and one of the five official languages of Ethiopia. As of 2018, Amharic has over 32 million native speakers and 25 million second language speakers. The Amhara and neighboring groups in North and Central Ethiopia and Eritrea, more specifically
1890-513: The Ethiopian population. It belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and is the largest member of the Ethiopian Semitic group. As of 2018 it had more than 57 million speakers worldwide (32,345,260 native speakers plus 25,100,000 second language speakers), making it the most commonly-spoken language in Ethiopia in terms of first- and second-language speakers, and
1953-661: The Lord of the Jabarta." The cultural contact and interaction between the Amhara and the indigenous Agaw accelerated after the 14th century. As the Agaw adopted the Amharic language and converted to Orthodox Christianity , they increasingly succumbed to Amhara acculturation. Other South Semitic speakers like the Gafat and Argobba in Shewa also began to adopt Amharic and assimilate into Amhara society. By
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2016-444: The Northern Shoans as oppressive-Amharas." According to Gideon P. E. Cohen, writing in 2000, there is some debate about "whether the Amhara can legitimately be regarded as an ethnic group, [...] given their distribution throughout Ethiopia, and the incorporative capacity of the group that has led to the inclusion of individuals from a wide range of ethnic or linguistic backgrounds". Similarly, Tezera Tazebew notes that "the early 1990s
2079-483: The border marches from pillaging the defenseless countryside." With some of the common people the Axumite elite abandoned Axum in favor of central Ethiopia. Christian families gradually migrated southward into Amhara and northern Shewa. Population movement from the old provinces in the north into more fertile areas in the south seems to have been connected to the southward shift of the kingdom. The Christianization of Amhara
2142-710: The center of gravity of the Kingdom of Aksum and the ensuing integration and Christianization of the proto-Amhara also resulted in a high prevalence of Geʽez sourced lexicon in Amharic. By about the 9th century AD, there was a linguistically distinct ethnic group called the Amhara in the area of Bete Amhara . The origin of the Amhara name is debated. A popular Folk etymology traces it to amari ("pleasing; beautiful; gracious") or mehare ("gracious"). Another popular etymology claims that it derives from Ge'ez ዐም ( ʿam , "people") and ሐራ ( ḥara , "free" or "soldier"). "Amhara"
2205-503: The center of the basket. There is also a great variety of vegetarian stews such as lentils, ground split peas, grains, accompanied by injera and/or bread. Amharas adhering to any of the Abrahmic religions do not eat pork or shellfish of any kind for religious reasons. Amhara Orthodox Christians do not consume meat and dairy products (i.e. egg, butter, milk, and cheese) during specific fasting periods, and on every Wednesdays and Fridays except
2268-523: The church for baptism at 40 days (for boys) or 80 days (for girls). Surviving Amharic literary works dates back to the 14th century, when songs and poems were composed. In the 17th century Amharic became the first African language to be translated into Latin when Ethiopian priest and lexicographer Abba Gorgoryos (1595–1658) in 1652 AD made a European voyage to Thuringia in Germany . Gorgoryos along with his colleague and friend Hiob Ludolf co-authored
2331-511: The diaspora refer to themselves as "Habesha" ( Abyssinian ) people. Historically, the Amhara held significant political position in the Ethiopian Empire . They were the origin of the Solomonic dynasty and all the emperors of Ethiopia were Amhara with the exception of Yohannes IV since the restoration of the dynasty in 1270. The earliest extants of the Amhara as a people, dates to
2394-821: The earliest grammar book of the Amharic language, an Amharic-Latin dictionary, as well as contributing to Ludolf's book "A History of Ethiopia". Modern literature in Amharic however, started two centuries later than in Europe, with the Amharic fiction novel Ləbb Wälläd Tarik , published in Rome in 1908, widely considered the first novel in Amharic, by Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus . Amhara intellectual Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam pioneered African and Ethiopian theatre when he authored Fabula: Yawreoch Commedia , Africa's first scripted play. Since then countless literature in Amharic has been published and many modern-day writers in Amharic translate their work into English for commercial reasons. Up until
2457-554: The early 12th century in the middle of the Zagwe Dynasty, when the Amhara were recorded of being in conflict in the land of Wargih against the Wärjih in 1128 AD. A non-contemporary 13th or 14th century hagiographical source from Saint Tekle Haymanot traces Amhara even further back to the mid 9th century AD as a location. Amharic is a South Ethio-Semitic language, along with Gurage , Argobba and others. Some time before
2520-478: The end of the 16th century, the populations of Gojjam , Lasta and Begemder were almost completely made up of Christian Amharic speakers. Despite every work on Ethiopia stressing the political dominance of the Amhara people in the history of the Ethiopian Christian empire. In both Christian and Muslim written traditions up to the 19th century, and in the Ethiopian chronicles of the 14th to 18th centuries,
2583-726: The eyes of the contemporary. The Egyptian historian al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il in 704 Hijri (1304-1305 AD) labelled the Emperor of Abyssinia as al-Malik al-Amhari or "the Amhara King". In 1436 Ibn Taghribirdi wrote a passage about the death of Emperor Yeshaq referring to him as the Lord of Amhara, "The Hatse, the Abyssinian king, the infidel and the Lord of the Amhara in Abyssinia died (in this year). His estates were much enlarged after wars waged and led by him against Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din ,
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2646-449: The form of filigree jewelry and religious emblems. The Amhara culture recognizes kinship, but unlike other ethnic groups in the Horn of Africa region, it has a lesser role. Household relationships are primary, and the major economic, political and cultural functions are not based on kin relationships among the Amharas. Rather abilities of the individual matter. For example, states Donald Levine,
2709-512: The influence of clergy among the Amhara has been based on "ritual purity, doctrinal knowledge, ability to perform miracles and capacity to provide moral guidance". The social relationships in the Amhara culture are predominantly based on hierarchical patterns and individualistic associations. Family and kin relatives are often involved in arranging semanya (eighty bond marriage, also called kal kidan ), which has been most common and allows divorce. Other forms of marriage include qurban , which
2772-641: The king") as well as fill the Amhara nobles in the top positions of his Kingdom. Yekuno Amlak , a prince from Bete Amhara (lit: House of Amhara) claimed descent from Solomon , and established the Solomonic Dynasty in 1270 AD. The early rulers of the Solomonic Dynasty may have been referred to as the "kings of Amhara ", due to the origin of their founder, Yekuno Amlak , and therefore, their followers were called "Amhara" and brought this new name with them when they conquered new lands. Characterized by
2835-470: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Shewa_Zone&oldid=987155327 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages North Shewa Zone (Amhara) North Shewa ( Amharic : ሰሜን ሸዋ , romanized : Semiēn Shewa )
2898-462: The mid 20th century, Amharic music consisted mainly of religious and secular folk songs and dances. Qañat Amhara secular folk music developed in the countryside through the use of traditionel instruments such as the masenqo , a one-string bowed lute ; the krar , a six-string lyre ; and the washint flute played by the local village musicians called the Azmaris , and the peasantry dancing
2961-601: The mid-19th century. Within the broader territory of Amharic speakers, certain regions developed into autonomous political centers. To the south, beyond Lake Tana, the province of Gojjam developed a dynasty of rulers and became a powerful kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire . The district of Menz in Shewa became the center for the development of a political dynasty culminating in King Sahle Selassie , Emperor Menelik II and Emperor Haile Selassie . Through their control of
3024-449: The old tradition of sam-enna warq and used layered expression to evade skirt stringent censorship and oppressive laws (such as the anti-terror law) while reminding the people of their similarities and the importance of maintaining solidarity. In June 2022 Teddy Afro bashed Abiy Ahmed and his regime in a critical new song (Na'et), following the Gimbi massacre . In his song he tries to vent
3087-657: The perception, treatment and duties of these prisoners was markedly different. According to Levine, the widespread slavery in Greater Ethiopia formally ended in the 1930s, but former slaves, their offspring, and de facto slaves continued to hold similar positions in the social hierarchy. The separate Amhara caste system of people ranked higher than slaves was based on the following concepts: (1) endogamy, (2) hierarchical status, (3) restraints on commensality, (4) pollution concepts, (5) traditional occupation, and (6) inherited caste membership. Scholars accept that there has been
3150-402: The political center of Ethiopian society and via assimilation, conquests, and intermarriages, the Amhara have spread their language and many customs well beyond the borders of their primary homeland in Bete Amhara . This expansion served as a cohesive force, binding together the disparate elements of the larger Ethiopian polity. This cohesion proved crucial for the Ethiopian state as it engaged in
3213-427: The population said they were Muslim . According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 4% of the inhabitants of North Shewa have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 41.4 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers), the average rural household has 1.2 hectares of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.75 for
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#17328446220713276-563: The process of modern nation-building in the 19th century, thereby preserving its independence against potential threats from European colonial powers. Additionally, it facilitated various modernizing initiatives, including the abolition of the slave trade, the implementation of new communication and transportation systems, the establishment of schools and hospitals, and the creation of modern government institutions. Within traditional Amharic society and that of other local Afro-Asiatic -speaking populations, there were four basic strata. According to
3339-404: The region of Lake Hayq and the famous Istifanos Monastery . The Amhara monarchs moved continuously from region to region, showing a particular preference for the southernly regions of Ifat , Shewa and Dawaro until the political upheavals of the 16th century, after which the province of Begemder became home for the city of Gondar , royal capital for the Ethiopian polity from the 1630s to
3402-436: The remaining 0.71% spoke all other primary languages reported. 94.71% of the population said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 4.91% were Muslim . The zone had an estimated population of 3,550,000 in 2020. The 1994 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 1,560,916 in 340,413 households, of whom 784,207 were men and 776,709 women; 146,952 or 9.41% of its population were urban dwellers at
3465-517: The second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic . Most of the Ethiopian Jewish communities in Ethiopia and Israel speak Amharic. Many followers of the Rastafari movement learn Amharic as a second language, as they consider it to be a sacred language. Amharic is the working language of the federal authorities of the Ethiopian government, and one of the five official languages of Ethiopia. It
3528-491: The suppressed public anger and indignation, the swelling public resentment to the chaos in the country. Amhara art is typified by religious paintings. One of the notable features of these is the large eyes of the subjects, who are usually biblical figures. It is usually oil on canvas or hide, some surviving from the Middle Ages. The Amhara art includes weaved products embellished with embroidery. Works in gold and silver exist in
3591-505: The term "Amhara" is a region, not an ethnonym. In pre-17th century Ethiopia, Amhara was described as the heartland of the Empire and the cradle of the monarchy. Medieval European maps suggest that within the Ethiopian Empire , Amhara had a higher position as a "kingdom" among provinces. The Italian ( Venetian ) cartographer Fra Mauro , notes a Regno Hamara or "Kingdom of Amhara" in his famous Mappomondo in 1460. Important information on Amhara
3654-407: The time. The three largest ethnic groups reported in North Shewa were the Amhara (93.87%), the Oromo (4.27%), and the Argobba (1.73%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.13% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 95.44%, and 4.38% spoke Oromiffa ; the remaining 0.18% spoke all other primary languages reported. 94.56% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 5.26% of
3717-548: Was Jewish (see Beta Israel ). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church maintains close links with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . Easter and Epiphany are the most important celebrations, marked with services, feasting and dancing. There are also many feast days throughout the year, when only vegetables or fish may be eaten. Marriages are often arranged , with men marrying in their late teens or early twenties. Traditionally, girls were married as young as 14, but in
3780-421: Was for some time also the sole language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo and Tigrinya . Nevertheless, Amharic is still widely used as the working language of Amhara Region , Benishangul-Gumuz Region , Gambela Region and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region . The Amharic language is transcribed using a script ( Fidal ) which
3843-413: Was historically a medieval province located in the modern province of Wollo ( Bete Amhara ), the area which is now known as the Amhara Region was composed of several provinces which had little or no autonomy, these provinces included Dembiya , Begemder , Gojjam , Wollo, Lasta , Shewa , Semien , Angot and Wag . Evidence of a traceable Christian Aksumite presence in Amhara dates back to at least
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#17328446220713906-708: Was marked by debates, both popular and scholarly, on the (non-)existence of Amhara as a distinct ethnic group", giving the debate between the academic Mesfin Woldemariam and president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi in July 1991 as an example. Due to large amounts of assimilation into the northern Amhara culture after Ethiopian imperial expansion , Siegfried Pausewang concluded in 2005 that "the term Amhara relates in contemporary Ethiopia to two different and distinct social groups. The ethnic group of
3969-582: Was used for subversive dialogue and resistance to state censorship. Thousands of Ethiopians including musicians migrated during this period to form communities in different countries. Amharic songs of resistance against the autocratic EPRDF regime led by the TPLF (1991-2018) continued; with prevailing themes being rampant corruption, economic favoritism, excessive emphasis on ethnic identity and its ability to undermine national unity. Amharic musicians; such as Getish Mamo, Nhatty Man, Teddy Afro and others turned to
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