103-572: The North Laclo River ( Portuguese : Ribeira de Lacló do Norte or Rio Lacló do Norte , Tetum : Mota Lakló ) is the longest river in East Timor . It flows northeast into Wetar Strait , reaching the coast near the city of Manatuto . It has no connection to the South Laclo River, which flows into the Timor Sea . The river takes its name from the town of Laclo [ de ] , which
206-404: A drainage divide causes them to flow northwards and southwards, respectively, in each case later augmented by several tributaries. The headwaters of the river are in the portion of East Timor's central mountains ranging from Aileu municipality southwest of Manatuto city to Manatuto municipality to the city's south. From the headwaters, the river and its tributaries flow for the most part in
309-453: A bigger transmission pipe between those pumps and the reservoir, had been considered but rejected on the basis of demand and supply and cost-benefit analyses. The Manatuto portion of the Project was completed in 2016. The sea near the mouth of the river offers good fishing, including for mackerel , Spanish mackerel and two different species of prawns , mostly within 100 m (330 ft) of
412-468: A clear distinction between just two seasons, rainy and dry . The southwestern edges of the upper North Laclo catchment have an annual precipitation of around 2,000–2,500 mm (79–98 in), with a rainy season from October to April; the coastal part has a lower precipitation (500–1,000 mm (20–39 in) annually), and the river mouth has the shortest rainy season (3–5 months, from about November to about March). Based on records from 1952 to 1974,
515-512: A form of Romance called Mozarabic which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Berber. Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of loanwords from Greek , mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese evolved from
618-607: A large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and PALOP emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil. The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 million people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, juridical and social contact with it, varying from
721-624: A native language by vast majorities due to their Portuguese colonial past or as a lingua franca in bordering and multilingual regions, such as on the Brazilian borders of Uruguay and Paraguay and in regions of Angola and Namibia. In many other countries, Portuguese is spoken by majorities as a second language. There remain communities of thousands of Portuguese (or Creole ) first language speakers in Goa , Sri Lanka , Kuala Lumpur , Daman and Diu , and other areas due to Portuguese colonization . In East Timor,
824-660: A northeasterly to northern direction through Aileu, Ainaro , Manufahi , and Manatuto municipalities , and eventually into Wetar Strait just to the west of Manatuto, between the Ponta de Subaio and Lanessana Bay. At around 80 km (50 mi) in length, the river is the longest in East Timor. It is also one of the country's few perennial rivers ; its water level varies between the rainy and dry seasons . The river's channel width ranges from about 200 m (660 ft) to over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in some sections. Near Laclo,
927-525: A small scale, and all are mostly for local consumption. There are also limited areas of irrigated rice cultivation adjacent to the main channels of the river, mostly in its lower reaches between Laclo and Manatuto. The Sumasse River is the main provider of the water supply to the Laclo irrigation system, on the south and northwestern periphery of Manatuto city. The system supports extensive paddy fields , of about 660 ha (1,600 acres) in area. Established during
1030-531: A total estimated surface area of 114 ha (280 acres). It is made up of two zones, one 500 m (1,600 ft) upstream of the Manatuto Bridge, and the other 500 m downstream of the bridge and 500 m away from the Wetar Strait shoreline. [REDACTED] Media related to North Laclo River at Wikimedia Commons Portuguese language Portuguese ( endonym : português or língua portuguesa )
1133-437: A wizard') (Angola). From South America came batata (' potato '), from Taino ; ananás and abacaxi , from Tupi–Guarani naná and Tupi ibá cati , respectively (two species of pineapple ), and pipoca (' popcorn ') from Tupi and tucano (' toucan ') from Guarani tucan . Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and English . These are by far
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#17328515840221236-545: Is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . It is the official language of Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe , and has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone ( lusófono ). As
1339-623: Is also termed "the language of Camões", after Luís Vaz de Camões , one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem The Lusiads . In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo , Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in
1442-694: Is also the origin of the luso- prefix, seen in terms like " Lusophone ". Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples of the Migration Period . The occupiers, mainly Suebi , Visigoths and Buri who originally spoke Germanic languages , quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of
1545-710: Is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon , in central Portugal. Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. The same occur with
1648-412: Is considerably intelligible for lusophones, owing to their genealogical proximity and shared genealogical history as West Iberian ( Ibero-Romance languages ), historical contact between speakers and mutual influence, shared areal features as well as modern lexical, structural, and grammatical similarity (89%) between them. Portuñol /Portunhol, a form of code-switching , has a more lively use and
1751-504: Is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was returned to China and immigration of Brazilians of Japanese descent to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia , it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful Portuguese-speaking countries in
1854-676: Is located on its left bank, about 13 km (8.1 mi) from its mouth. English language sources conventionally refer to the river as the North Laclo River , as there is also another Laclo River, usually referred to in English as the South Laclo River , which discharges into the Timor Sea on the south coast of East Timor. The two rivers are not connected to each other; both rise in the uplands near Turiscai in Manufahi municipality , where
1957-538: Is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South America. Said code-switching is not to be confused with the Portuñol spoken on the borders of Brazil with Uruguay ( dialeto do pampa ) and Paraguay ( dialeto dos brasiguaios ), and of Portugal with Spain ( barranquenho ), that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thousands of people, which have been heavily influenced by Spanish. Parent rock In
2060-513: Is the Manatuto Bridge, a 280 m (920 ft)-long prestressed concrete girder structure that carries the Dili to Baucau highway over the river. The bridge was built in the late 2010s as part of a project to reconstruct the highway. It replaced an earlier bridge that had been funded by the Australian aid program , built by Indonesian public works engineers, and opened in 1984. The first bridge over
2163-681: Is understood by all. Almost 50% of the East Timorese are fluent in Portuguese. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks the Portuguese-based Cape Verdean Creole . Portuguese is mentioned in the Constitution of South Africa as one of the languages spoken by communities within the country for which the Pan South African Language Board
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#17328515840222266-613: Is usually listed as the fifth-most spoken native language , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers and the second-most spoken Romance language in the world, surpassed only by Spanish . Being the most widely spoken language in South America and the most-spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere , it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America , one of
2369-673: The Economic Community of West African States , the Southern African Development Community and the European Union . According to The World Factbook ' s country population estimates for 2018, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 300 million in January 2022. This number does not include
2472-456: The Loes River catchment, and also one of the few with a perennial stream . It is about 93 km (58 mi) in length, and extends over four municipalities , namely Aileu , Ainaro , Manufahi , and Manatuto . Excluding the portion downstream of the Laclo irrigation system's intake, the catchment is around 1,386 km (535 sq mi) or 138,600 ha (342,000 acres) in area, with
2575-789: The Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, French, German, and Italian), and Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, French and Arabic), in addition to being the official legal language in the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , also in Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization formed essentially by lusophone countries . Modern Standard European Portuguese ( português padrão or português continental )
2678-555: The Republic of the Congo , Senegal , Namibia , Eswatini , South Africa , Ivory Coast , and Mauritius . In 2017, a project was launched to introduce Portuguese as a school subject in Zimbabwe . Also, according to Portugal's Minister of Foreign Affairs, the language will be part of the school curriculum of a total of 32 countries by 2020. In such countries, Portuguese is spoken either as
2781-575: The West Iberian branch of the Romance languages , and it has special ties with the following members of this group: Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely French and Italian ) share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are fully mutually intelligible, and Spanish
2884-436: The earth sciences , parent rock , also sometimes substratum , is the original rock from which younger rock or soil is formed. In soil formation , the parent rock (or parent material ) normally has a large influence on the nature of the resulting soil; for example, clay soil is derived from mudstone while sandy soil comes from the weathering of sandstones . Parent rock can be sedimentary , igneous or metamorphic . In
2987-756: The pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which included the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes . Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian language of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with Galician since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other Celtic sources, often Gaulish . Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world. In
3090-507: The -s- form. Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original Lusitanian and Celtic Gallaecian heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery , it has a relevant number of words from the ancient Hispano-Celtic group and adopted loanwords from other languages around the world. A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to
3193-571: The 10 most influential languages in the world. When the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, they brought with them the Latin language , from which all Romance languages are descended. The language was spread by Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous Celtic civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason,
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3296-584: The 10 most spoken languages in Africa , and an official language of the European Union , Mercosul , the Organization of American States , the Economic Community of West African States , the African Union , and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization made up of all of the world's officially Lusophone nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of
3399-460: The 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana (' cutlass ') from Japanese katana , chá ('tea') from Chinese chá , and canja ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from Malay . From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade , and
3502-715: The 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania ) was conquered by the Germanic , Suebi and Visigoths . As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 Germanic words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to: The Germanic languages influence also exists in toponymic surnames and patronymic surnames borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as Ermesinde , Esposende and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from
3605-440: The 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia . They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)- , and include common words such as aldeia ('village') from الضيعة aḍ-ḍayʿa , alface ('lettuce') from الخسة al-khassa , armazém ('warehouse') from المخزن al-makhzan , and azeite ('olive oil') from الزيت az-zayt . Starting in
3708-651: The 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León , which had by then assumed reign over Galicia . In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania , much as Occitan
3811-584: The Americas are independent languages. Portuguese, like Catalan , preserves the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra ; Fr. pierre , Sp. piedra , It. pietra , Ro. piatră , from Lat. petra ("stone"); or Port. fogo , Cat. foc , Sard. fogu ; Sp. fuego , It. fuoco , Fr. feu , Ro. foc , from Lat. focus ("fire"). Another characteristic of early Portuguese
3914-531: The Germanic sinths ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic reths ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic toponymic origin include Henrique, Henriques , Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old Suebi and later Visigothic dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and Galicia . Between
4017-459: The Lusophone diaspora , estimated at 10 million people (including 4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. Additionally,
4120-522: The Northern Laclo River catchment, from southwest to northeast, are Aileu, Lequidoe , Remexio, Laclo and Manatuto. The elevation of the catchment ranges from 2,512 m (8,241 ft) AMSL at its southwestern edge to sea level at the river's mouth. Its topography is generally steep. About half the catchment is classified as being lands of between 15% and 40% slopes, and about one quarter has more than 40% slopes. There are small floodplains along
4223-674: The Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the nine independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language : Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe . Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010, a status given only to states with Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese became its third official language (besides Spanish and French ) in 2011, and in July 2014,
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4326-522: The Portuguese colonial era in the 1960s, the system was maintained by the Indonesian government during its occupation of East Timor until the end of 1999. However, it was damaged by a serious flood in 1996, and, as of the resumption of East Timorese independence in 2002, was not fully functional. In December 2001, the Government of Japan decided to extend emergency assistance for a UNDP project to rehabilitate
4429-584: The Santomean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean, Angolan and Cape Verdean dialects, being exclusive to Africa. See Portuguese in Africa . Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between
4532-588: The areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Você , a pronoun meaning "you", is used for educated, formal, and colloquial respectful speech in most Portuguese-speaking regions. In a few Brazilian states such as Rio Grande do Sul , Pará, among others, você is virtually absent from the spoken language. Riograndense and European Portuguese normally distinguishes formal from informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech employs tu followed by second person verbs, formal language retains
4635-1157: The average monthly discharge of the river is 29.3 m/s (62,000 cu ft/min), with the lowest being 8.1 m/s (17,000 cu ft/min) in September, and the highest being 69.8 m/s (148,000 cu ft/min) in March. The geological complexes and formations straddled by the catchment are the Aileu Complex, Maubisse Formation, Wailuli Formation, Lolotoi Complex, Aitutu Formation, Cribas Formation, and Ainaro Gravel. Within these complexes and formations are shales, phyllites, slate, meta-eruptive rocks, low-grade regional metamorphose sedimentary and eruptive rocks, calcirudites, calcarenites, quartz-arenites, tuffs, marls, silts, arenite, conglomerates, micaceous shales and siltstone, quartzarenite, and calcilutites nodules. The Aileu Complex and Maubisse Formation also contain eruptive rock and metaeruptive rocks. The catchment's main parent materials are limestone in its southern portion, and phyllite in its upper reaches. Phyllites are located in
4738-445: The award of mining rights in the concession areas. Each of the three rivers has abundant sediments transported from upstream in its catchment, or created by erosion of its banks. The sediments are deposited as either gravel or sand on the river's braided flood plains. After being deposited, the gravel and sand can be extracted and used primarily in the construction of small- to medium scale projects. The North Laclo River concession has
4841-493: The catchment between the central mountains at an elevation of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) AMSL and the river mouth at sea level. They are somewhat geologically fragile, and are easily eroded on being exposed to air after surface soil removal. In and around Manatuto city near the mouth of the river, the land is underlain by Quaternary River Valley Alluvium (Qa) , a shallow formation about 1–10 m (3 ft 3 in – 32 ft 10 in) deep deposited by water from
4944-404: The catchment, burning was still used to flush out game for hunting, but in other areas, it was banned, in compliance with local Tara Bandu [ de ] rules. A 2012 study concluded that erosion ( denudation ) of the catchment had become up to 20 times higher than over the last few thousand years. According to the report of the study, the most likely reason for the increased erosion
5047-498: The catchment, involving downcutting by rivers and erosion of steep hillslopes, is very high. In such erosion systems, physical erosion processes (such as landslides, river downcutting, and sheet erosion ) normally dominate over releases of fine sediment by erosion of weathered rocks. Observations of the catchment at the beginning of this century found evidence of widespread sheet erosion, on both grazing land and land used for shifting agriculture. Deep gullies were common, especially in
5150-456: The channel was about 50 m (160 ft) wide prior to 1960; it then became around 300 m (980 ft) wide, and difficult to cross during floods. In the second half of the twentieth century, the river's lower reaches widened by about 100 m (330 ft). Its tributary the Sumasse River (see below) similarly became wider. About 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream of the river's mouth
5253-655: The completion of the scheme in November 2015, rice productivity had exceeded the target value, but that since then productivity had been decreasing, due in part to a problem with sediments in the irrigation facilities. As the agricultural growing season is short, many farming households pursue a variety of supplementary income producing activities during the dry season. In the uplands, these include limited production of dry season vegetables, and small scale trading activities such as handwoven textiles, livestock trading, manufacture of palm wine ( Tetum : tuak ) and off-farm labouring. In
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#17328515840225356-504: The construction of a large scale multi-purpose dam to harvest raw water and generate hydroelectricity by hydropower . In November 2022, the East Timor government, through its Council of Ministers , approved the opening of concession areas in three rivers, including the North Laclo River, for the mining of industrial minerals to be used in the production of construction materials. Also approved in November 2022 were tender terms for
5459-585: The country was accepted as a member of the CPLP. Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese ) and of several international organizations, including Mercosul , the Organization of Ibero-American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Organization of American States , the African Union ,
5562-399: The dry season, a bar forms across the mouth , and the baseflow of the river is directed to a fast-flowing channel on the mouth's western side. The river has eight tributaries, two of which have a major branch. Some of the tributaries are intermittent . In order of entrance, the tributaries are as follows: The river's catchment or drainage basin is the second largest in East Timor after
5665-487: The eight tributaries. East Timor has been broadly divided into twelve ' hydrologic units ', groupings of climatologically and physiographically similar and adjacent river catchments. The North Laclo River catchment is one of the two major catchments in the Laclo hydrologic unit, which is about 2,031 km (784 sq mi) in total area; the other one is the Comoro River catchment. The major population centres in
5768-467: The end of the 20th century, being most frequent among youngsters, and a number of studies have also shown an increase in its use in a number of other Brazilian dialects. Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary , but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and
5871-688: The establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu , for example, came kifumate > cafuné ('head caress') (Brazil), kusula > caçula ('youngest child') (Brazil), marimbondo ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and kubungula > bungular ('to dance like
5974-414: The first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais , which later moved to Coimbra ) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas . By
6077-501: The form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese. Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet Olavo Bilac described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela ("the last flower of Latium , naïve and beautiful"). Portuguese
6180-413: The formal você , followed by the third person conjugation. Conjugation of verbs in tu has three different forms in Brazil (verb "to see": tu viste? , in the traditional second person, tu viu? , in the third person, and tu visse? , in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Pará, Santa Catarina and Maranhão being generally traditional second person,
6283-415: The formation of creole languages such as that called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão , "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period
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#17328515840226386-421: The growth of Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata ), which is toxic to cattle and also suppresses other ground vegetation. However, even in the 2010s about 18,000 head of cattle and buffalo were being raised in the catchment. Additionally, the catchment's comparatively harsh and dry conditions are particularly suitable for goat husbandry, although goats also have a negative impact on vegetation cover and tend to degrade
6489-449: The intake through a galvanised steel 6 in (150 mm) pipe underneath the North Laclo River to a pumping station, from where it was pumped to the Saututum Reservoir, approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) away. The river water intake pipe was subject to erosion and damage, because it had been laid in a flood-prone riverbank in an area where sand mining activities took place. As of 2010, more than 300 m (980 ft) of that pipe
6592-406: The kind that is used in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in Brazilian schools. The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established você as the pronoun of choice for the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the country's main cultural center, the usage of tu has been expanding ever since
6695-413: The land. Prior to the rehabilitation of Manatuto city's water supply system in the 2010s, the catchment was also the main source of water for that system. The river water intake of the system was located approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of the city, on a bushy and swampy portion of the right bank of the Sumasse River, about 150 m (490 ft) from its shoreline. Water was conveyed from
6798-435: The language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, Atlantic European Megalithic Culture and Celtic culture , part of the Hispano-Celtic group of ancient languages. In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as lusitana or (latina) lusitanica , after the Lusitanians , a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This
6901-523: The lowlands, the activities include fishing and gleaning, along with limited salt production. Other sources of income and wealth for rural households in the catchment include the raising of livestock. As in the rest of East Timor, there is widespread reliance upon poultry and pigs, and herds of Bali banteng cattle , buffalo, sheep and goats. During the Portuguese colonial era, the catchment was used extensively for cattle grazing. More recently, such grazing has become difficult, because deforestation has promoted
7004-430: The major rivers in the catchment; smaller river channels not flanked by floodplains are, in general, directly abutted by hillslopes. The catchment has a mixture of dendritic ( lit. ' tree-like ' ) and parallel drainage networks . In the upper catchment, drainage is predominantly dendritic; in its middle reaches, some of the drainage is parallel. Almost all of the catchment's rivers have braided gravel beds,
7107-436: The medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia , which the County of Portugal once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named Galician-Portuguese , Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from
7210-496: The mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to
7313-417: The military in efforts to curtail and restrict the activities of armed Timorese resistance groups. Deliberate burning by local people also increased. Over the last few decades of the twentieth century, the already degraded forest in the catchment became increasingly more degraded, due mainly to illegal cutting, firewood collection, wild fires and cattle grazing. The deforestation, in turn, caused tributaries in
7416-549: The minority Swiss Romansh language in many equivalent words such as maun ("hand"), bun ("good"), or chaun ("dog"). The Portuguese language is the only Romance language that preserves the clitic case mesoclisis : cf. dar-te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactá-los-ei (I'll contact them). Like Galician , it also retains the Latin synthetic pluperfect tense: eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vós vivêreis (you had lived). Romanian also has this tense, but uses
7519-1168: The most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete / crochê ('bracket'/'crochet'), paletó ('jacket'), batom ('lipstick'), and filé / filete ('steak'/'slice'), rua ('street'), respectively, from French crochet , paletot , bâton , filet , rue ; and bife ('steak'), futebol , revólver , stock / estoque , folclore , from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore." Examples from other European languages: macarrão ('pasta'), piloto ('pilot'), carroça ('carriage'), and barraca ('barrack'), from Italian maccherone , pilota , carrozza , and baracca ; melena ('hair lock'), fiambre ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with presunto 'dry-cured ham' from Latin prae-exsuctus 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured ( presunto cozido ) and dry-cured ( presunto cru )), or castelhano ('Castilian'), from Spanish melena ('mane'), fiambre and castellano. Portuguese belongs to
7622-470: The mouth of about 1 in 5 or 20%), with the consequence that sediment has not been deposited sufficiently to break even the nearshore surface. In that respect, the river differs from some of the other rivers on the north coast and most on the south coast (such as the Caraulun River , where the grade over the same distance from the mouth is only about 1 in 20 or 5%, and the river has formed a delta, even though
7725-462: The newspaper The Portugal News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America . Portuguese is a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, namely Argentina , Uruguay and Paraguay , Portuguese
7828-600: The north of the country), Paraguay (10.7% or 636,000 people), Switzerland (550,000 in 2019, learning + mother tongue), Venezuela (554,000), and the United States (0.35% of the population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007 American Community Survey ). In some parts of former Portuguese India , namely Goa and Daman and Diu , the language is still spoken by about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Approximately 2% of
7931-417: The number of Portuguese speakers is quickly increasing as Portuguese and Brazilian teachers are making great strides in teaching Portuguese in the schools all over the island. Additionally, there are many large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities all over the world. According to estimates by UNESCO , Portuguese is the fastest-growing European language after English and the language has, according to
8034-481: The only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. Portuguese is a mandatory subject in the school curriculum in Uruguay . Other countries where Portuguese is commonly taught in schools or where it has been introduced as an option include Venezuela , Zambia ,
8137-459: The peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the Umayyad conquest beginning in 711, Arabic became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian population continued to speak
8240-621: The people of Macau, China are fluent speakers of Portuguese. Additionally, the language is being very actively studied in the Chinese school system right up to the doctorate level. The Kristang people in Malaysia speak Kristang , a Portuguese-Malay creole; however, the Portuguese language itself is not widely spoken in the country. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (in Portuguese Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa , with
8343-456: The population of urban Angola speaks Portuguese natively, with approximately 85% fluent; these rates are lower in the countryside. Just over 50% (and rapidly increasing) of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, and 70% are fluent, according to the 2007 census. Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole
8446-539: The result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology. With approximately 236 million native speakers and 27 million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 263.8 million total speakers. It
8549-524: The river , and, by making its channels wider and braided, had caused its flows to become more erratic. Another factor in the erosion of the catchment is that Timor is the deformed northern margin of the Australian continent, where Australia is colliding with the Banda Arc . Due to the collision, much of the catchment is undergoing rapid uplift , at several mm/annum, and as a result, the natural erosion rate of
8652-424: The river, built in the 1960s, was washed away by floods, and its replacement collapsed a few years later. Between the opening of the 1984 bridge and 2005, the river bed at that location rose by about 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in). There is no delta at the river's mouth, presumably because the offshore slope is very steep (a near-constant grade over the 10 km (6.2 mi) from
8755-587: The river. The underlay has a variety of generally unconsolidated textures ranging from poorly sorted silts to cobbles. Most residents of the catchment are members of smallholder farmer households following a mix of extensive swidden agriculture . Upland farming focuses mainly on rainy season production of maize, which, for most rural families, is the food staple. Other cultivated products include pumpkin, sweet potato, cassava, and beans, often produced by shifting cultivation, and limited tree crops of coconuts, papaya, bananas and mangoes. Most of these products are grown on
8858-454: The safety and quality of drinking water in Manatuto and Pante Macassar . The Project included the rehabilitation of a groundwater source at Weten Spring, about 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Manatuto city, and the 15.3 km (9.5 mi) transmission pipe from that intake. Other water source upgrade options, including a new river water intake structure, new pumps for the river water pipe, and
8961-457: The shore after the rainy season. The productivity of the fishery appears to have little dependence (if any) upon river-derived materials; and the fishing is small-scale and of the subsistence variety. During the final years of the Portuguese colonial era, the fish that were being caught at that location were larger, and the prawns were more abundant. The local Sau clan now ritually manages the prawn fishery, according to its Tara Bandu rules. In
9064-602: The system. The project was completed in 2003. Subsequently, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) implemented a technical cooperation scheme, the "Irrigation and Rice Cultivation Project in Manatuto", to improve the productivity of rice growing in the area. According to a 2014 evaluation report of the scheme, frequent flooding during the rainy season had caused damage to the irrigation and related facilities, roads and paddy fields. A follow-up evaluation report, dated December 2019, noted that as of
9167-419: The twentieth century, fish and prawns could also be caught in the upper reaches of the catchment. The long-term decline of the fisheries in the river and near its mouth is possibly due to habitat change by sedimentation, a reduction in the nutrients being released from sandier sediment deposited offshore, and the pressure of fishing in those two locations. The catchment has been assessed as having potential for
9270-412: The uplands. There were shallow landslides, and a few deep landslides, but they were not as common as sometimes claimed. Riverbank erosion was also clearly evident. In 2010, landslides/slope failures in the catchment were reported to be concentrated in the upper part of Ue Coi, Sumasse, Eraibanaubere, Malikan and Lohun sub-catchments. East Timor's catchments are all exposed to a monsoon type climate , with
9373-476: The upper reaches of the catchment to become intermittent , and is believed by local people to have led to the drying up of springs in those uplands. The catchment was also disturbed by cultivation, shifting agriculture , construction of roads, villages and towns, and Indonesian transmigration and relocation policies. By contrast, in the early years of the twenty first century there was a reduction in local practices of deliberately burning grassland. In some parts of
9476-533: The wave climate is much more energetic). During the rainy season, the middle and lower reaches of the river have increased sedimentation rates, due to flash flooding , which, typically, causes the otherwise braided channel to become submerged. When flooded, the river carries abundant sediments from parent rock in the upper catchment, and deposits them in the channel and on the floodplain. The river then runs freely through its mouth, and large flows create turbid plumes that head eastwards along Wetar Strait. During
9579-545: The widest of which, reaching a maximum of 1.2 km (0.75 mi) across, are on the North Laclo River. In April 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry appointed the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to develop a community-based integrated watershed management plan for the Laclo and Comoro River catchments. JICA provided its report to the Ministry in March 2010. The catchment's original vegetation
9682-506: The world. Portuguese, being a language spread on all continents, has official status in several international organizations. It is one of twenty official languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO, the Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, French and English), and one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency . Portuguese is a working language in nonprofit organisations such as
9785-573: The world. The museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire, but restored and reopened in 2020. Portuguese is spoken by approximately 200 million people in South America, 30 million in Africa, 15 million in Europe, 5 million in North America and 0.33 million in Asia and Oceania. It is the native language of the vast majority of the people in Portugal, Brazil and São Tomé and Príncipe (95%). Around 75% of
9888-418: Was land use . In particular, the removal of vegetation from riverbanks ( riparian zones ) had caused widespread erosion, and its removal from hill slopes had promoted landslides . By increasing the river's sediment load, the greater catchment erosion had made the river shallower and wider, and thus increased the erosion of its riverbanks. The two forms of erosion, in turn, had combined to increase flooding in
9991-424: Was charged with promoting and ensuring respect. There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many territories including Andorra (17.1%), Bermuda , Canada (400,275 people in the 2006 census), France (1,625,000 people), Japan (400,000 people), Jersey , Luxembourg (about 25% of the population as of 2021), Namibia (about 4–5% of the population, mainly refugees from Angola in
10094-591: Was eroded, and the city's water supply system was therefore out of operation. Additionally, the transmission pipe from the pumping station to the reservoir passed through paddy fields, where it was at a high risk of being damaged by tractors and other agricultural equipment. In 2011, the East Timor government and the Asian Development Bank entered into an agreement for the funding of the District Capitals Water Supply Project, to improve
10197-523: Was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende , in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek because of the Renaissance (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from Renaissance Latin ,
10300-507: Was probably moist deciduous forest and semi-evergreen rainforest at high altitude, dry deciduous forest over the lower hills and valley floors, and thorn forest at the coast. However, large numbers of commercially valuable trees were removed during the Portuguese colonial era , and there was significant deforestation during the subsequent Indonesian occupation , when parts of the catchment, especially around military camps, were burned by
10403-550: Was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. The Occitan digraphs lh and nh , used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the orthography of Portuguese , presumably by Gerald of Braga , a monk from Moissac , who became bishop of Braga in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal . In 1290, King Denis of Portugal created
10506-585: Was the loss of intervocalic l and n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. Lat. salire ("to exit"), tenere ("to have"), catena ("jail"), Port. sair , ter , cadeia . When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. manum ("hand"), ranam ("frog"), bonum ("good"), Old Portuguese mão , rãa , bõo (Portuguese: mão , rã , bom ). This process
10609-462: Was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem , -anum and -onem became -ão in most cases, cf. Lat. canis ("dog"), germanus ("brother"), ratio ("reason") with Modern Port. cão , irmão , razão , and their plurals -anes , -anos , -ones normally became -ães , -ãos , -ões , cf. cães , irmãos , razões . This also occurs in
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