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39-464: Cheongju is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong, with other major cities including Chungju and Jecheon . North Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the northeastern half of the territory, and is South Korea's only landlocked province. North Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-hoku Prefecture during

78-464: A collection of excerpts from the analects of the most revered Buddhist monks throughout successive generations. Baegun compiled it as a guide for students of Buddhism , then Korea's national religion under the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). The text propounds the essentials of Korean Seon , the predecessor to Japan's Zen Buddhism. The Jikji consists of two volumes. The metal-print Jikji that

117-449: A full restoration of the two volumes of Jikji . The completed restoration of the Jikji metal movable type was revealed at its Metal Type Casting Training Center, having successfully replicated the 31,200 characters in the upper and lower volumes of Jikji with a total of 78 plates engraved with 400 characters per plate. This restoration work, done by expert Im In-ho, was done by reproducing

156-1107: Is a temperate zone, so there are four seasons. The climate is a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm. From 1 July 2014, Cheongju and Cheongwon County unified, and administrative districts were changed to the following: Osong-eup, Gangnae-myeon, Oksan-myeon, Uncheon-dong, Sinbong-dong, Bokdae1-dong, Bokdae2-dong, Gakyeong-dong, Bongmyeong1-dong, Bongmyeong2-dong, Songjeong-dong, Gangseo1-dong, Gangseo2-dong, Ochang-eup Nami-myeon, Hyeondo-myeon, Sajik1-dong, Sajik2-dong, Sachang-dong, Mochooung-dong, Sugok1-dong, Sugok2-dong, Sannam-dong, Bunpyeong-dong, Seonghwa-dong, Geasin-dong, Jookrim-dong Nangseong-myeon, Miwon-myeon, Gaduk-myeon, Namil-myeon, Mooni-myeon, Joongang-dong, Seongan-dong, Top-dong, Deasung-dong, Yeongun-dong, Geumcheon-dong, Yongam-dong, Myeongam-dong, Sinsung-dong, Yongam1-dong, Yongam2-dong Nesoo-eup, Buki-myeon, Wooam-dong, Neduk1-dong, Neduk2-dong, Yoolang-dong, Sacheon-dong, Ogeunjang-dong, Ochang-eup The headquarters of

195-498: Is between 4:00 am and 11:40 pm. Cheongju Express Bus Terminal provides some bus lines for Seoul (Gangnam, Sangbong, South Seoul, East Seoul, Busan, East Deagu, Gwangju). In 2023, the Cheongju tunnel flooded during the annual monsoon which trapped 15 vehicles and resulted in at least 7 deaths and 11 reported missing. Cheongju is the site of several tertiary institutions, including: The Cheongju International Craft Biennale

234-535: Is divided into 3 cities ( si ) and 8 counties ( gun ). Each entity is listed below in English, Hangul , and Hanja . Religion in Chungcheongbuk-do (2015) According to the 2015 census, 16.3% of the population follows Buddhism and 23.1% follow Christianity (15.8% Protestantism and 7.3% Catholicism ). 59.9% of the population is not religious and 0.7% of the population follows other religions. Chungcheongbuk-do

273-624: Is mostly mountainous, dominated by the Noryeong Mountains to the north and the Sobaek Mountains to the east. Agricultural products includes rice , barley , beans , and potatoes , but the province specializes in ginseng and tobacco . The tobacco was introduced from the US in 1912, transplanted from Virginia . There are mineral reserves of gold , iron , coal , steatite , fluorite , and molybdenum , as well as marble and limestone in

312-541: Is the site of several tertiary institutions, including: Cheongju Cheongju ( Korean :  청주 ; Korean pronunciation: [tɕʰʌŋ.dʑu] ) is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong Province in South Korea. Cheongju has been an important provincial town since ancient times. In the Cheongju Mountains, particularly in the area where Sangdang Sanseong is located, ruins dating from

351-603: Is usually held in September or October. There is also the Osong Cosmetic and Beauty Expo. Jikji Jikji ( Korean :  직지 ; Korean pronunciation: [tɕiktɕ͈i] ) is the abbreviated title of a Korean Buddhist document whose title can be translated to "Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests' Zen Teachings". Printed during the Goryeo Dynasty in 1377, it is the world's oldest extant book printed with movable metal type . UNESCO confirmed Jikji as

390-608: The Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945. The province is part of the Hoseo region , and is bounded on the west by Chungcheongnam-do province, on the north by Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do provinces, on the south by Jeollabuk-do province, and on the east by Gyeongsangbuk-do . Chungcheongbuk-do is the only land-locked province in South Korea . The province

429-689: The Jikji in Seoul and took it to France, where it is now kept at the National Library of France in Paris . In May 1886, Korea and France concluded a treaty of defense and commerce, and as a result in 1887 official diplomatic relations were entered into by the treaty's official ratification by Kim Yunsik (1835–1922) and Victor Emile Marie Joseph Collin de Plancy . Plancy, who had majored in law in France and went on to study Chinese, had served for six years as translator at

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468-406: The Jikji should remain in France, while Korean activists argue it should belong to Korea. The National Library of France says that as an important historical artifact of all mankind, the Jikji should remain in France as it represents a common, worldwide heritage, and does not belong to any one country. In addition, they claim the Jikji would be better preserved and displayed in France because of

507-815: The Jikji was formally added to UNESCO 's Memory of the World . The Jikji Memory of the World Prize was created in 2004 to commemorate the creation of the Jikji . The restoration process of the lower volume of Jikji was completed in 2013, restoring pages 2 to 14 by January 2012 and pages 15 to 29 in January of 2013. In March 2013, the Cheongju Early Printing Museum commissioned the Humanities Research Institute at Kyungpook National University to research further restoration processes to complete

546-558: The Jikji , should the French high-speed rail technology be exported to Korea. From April to June 2011, 297 volumes with 191 different Uigwes of the Kyujanggak (Oegyujanggak), were shipped back in four separate installments and subsequently kept at the National Museum of Korea . However, Jikji was not included, following opposition in France, including a protest lodged by the librarians at

585-705: The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety are located in the Osong Health Technology Administration Complex. Cheongju International Airport provides scheduled flights within Korea and to China. The main train station is located at Ogeunjang approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the city hall. This station is on the Chungbuk Line . Cheongju Bus Terminal provides almost all of the bus lines to bus terminals located in other cities. Ticketing time

624-532: The National Library of France (BnF). The BnF has hosted a digital copy online. Jikji Simche means "If you look at a person's heart correctly through the Zen meditation, you will realize that the nature of the heart is the heart of Buddha". Jikji was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun (1298–1374, Buddhist name Gyeonghan). In May of 1351, Baegun sought the teachings of Chinese Buddhist Master Seok-ok. After receiving

663-653: The National Library of France , gaining it worldwide attention for the first time. The book was "rediscovered" by Dr. Park Byeongseon who was working as a librarian in the National Library of France. Dr. Park died in 2011. The Jikji was printed using metal print in Heungdeok Temple outside Cheongjumok in July 1377, a fact recorded in its postscript. The fact that it was printed in Heungdeok Temple in Uncheondong, Cheongju ,

702-630: The French Legation in China, between 1877 and 1883. In 1888 he went to Seoul as the first French consul to Korea, staying until 1891. During his extended residence in Korea, first as consul and then again as full diplomatic minister from 1896–1906, Victor Collin de Plancy collected Korean ceramics and old books. His official secretary, Kulang, who had moved to Seoul, classified them. Although the channels through which Plancy collected his works are not clearly known, he seems to have collected them primarily during

741-555: The Korean Peninsula. During the Goryeo era, particularly during the reign of Gwangjong, several monuments related to Buddhism were created. Among them is Cheol Danggan, built in the year 962 in the center of the city near the remains of Yongdu Temple. Cheol Danggan is a flagpole used to hang the Dang flag, which is raised to pay tribute to Buddha. It was listed as a National Treasure in 1962 by

780-778: The Old Stone Age to the Bronze Age have been discovered. Settlements associated with the Paleolithic Age have also been found in Cheongju, such as the Durubong Cave Site. After the unification of the kingdoms by Silla in 676, various parts of Korea, including Cheongju, began to adopt Buddhism. This was influenced by the Silla culture's connection with the Silk Road, which facilitated the spread of Buddhism from Nepal across Northern China to

819-686: The Silla Dynasty period. Cheongju temples were also significant in the advancement of Korean printing, including book printing. One of the important documents printed in Cheongju was done so at Heungdeok Temple during the Goryeo Dynasty, specifically in the year 1377. One of the first schools established in North Chungcheong Province was founded in Cheongju during 1896. During the Baekje Dynasty period, several tombs were built around

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858-683: The South Korean government. In the Joseon period, the Cheongju region began to adopt Confucianism as its main religion. Throughout the history of Cheongju, various temples were established during different periods in the history of the Korean peninsula. Examples include the Buddhist Yonghwasa Temple, dating back to the Goryeo period, and the Bulguksa Temple, established in the 8th century during

897-583: The city, in addition to Joseon Dynasty period forts such as Sangdangsanseong, which served to connect the northern and southern provinces after the Japanese invasion of 1592. In 1593, the Battle of Cheongju took place between Japanese forces and the Joseon kingdom that then ruled the Korean peninsula during the Hideyoshi's Invasions of Korea , in which more than 8,000 Korean warrior monks participated. The government of

936-501: The early 1900s. Most of the old books Plancy collected in Korea went to the National Library of France at an auction in 1911, while the metal-printed Jikji was purchased in that same year for 180 francs by Henri Véver , a well-known jewel merchant and old book collector, who in turn donated it to the French National Library in his will. The right of ownership remains disputed, with the French National Library maintaining that

975-650: The first volume of Bulgyeongjisimcheyojeol from Seok-ok, he began practicing Buddhist teachings. Baegun was also taught by the Indian high priest Jigonghwasang. He later served as the chief priest of Anguksa and Shingwangsa temples in Haeju , Hwanghae Province, and was published in two volumes in Seongbulsan in 1372. Baegun wrote and edited Jikji at Chwiamsa Temple in Yeoju in 1374, where he lived until death. The Jikji comprises

1014-406: The largest population growths in Korea, having almost quadrupled its population from 147,000 in 1970 to 582,158 in 2000. Geum River goes through the center of Cheongju. Additionally, the tributaries of Musim and Miho flow together in the northern part of the city. To the east and west, there are the mountains of Wuam and Bumo. Musimcheon River also goes through the middle of Cheongju. Cheongju

1053-479: The last page of Jikji is recorded details of its publication, indicating that it was published in the 3rd Year of King U (July 1377) by metal type at Heungdeok temple in Cheongju . The Jikji originally consisted of two volumes totaling 307 chapters, but the first volume of the metal printed version is no longer extant. There is a record indicating that in 1377 Baegun's students, priests Seoksan and Daldam, helped in

1092-523: The metal type printed Jikji remains, missing information was filled in by referring to the woodblock print version of Jikji , published a year after the metal type printed version. The new restoration then now includes the page of the lower volume that was lost in the copy at the French National Library . The typeface replicates the type of Jabi doryang chambeop jihae, which is known to have been produced at Heungdeoksa Temple in Cheongju around

1131-531: The northern part of the province. Silk weaving plays an important role. The main attractions in the province are Mount Songni (1,058 metres [3,471 ft]) in the Sobaek mountains and its national park. Beopjusa , the site of one of the oldest temples of Korea is located in this national park, as is Guinsa , the headquarters of the Cheontae sect. There is another national park around Mount Worak . Chungcheongbuk-do

1170-512: The original. The cover on the surviving volume of the metal type edition records in French "The oldest known Korean book printed with molded type, with 1377 as date", written by Maurice Courant. The lines are not straight, but askew. The difference of the thickness of ink color shown on drawn letter paper is large, and spots often occur. Even some characters, such as 'day' (日) or 'one' (一), are written reversely, while other letters are not printed out completely. The same typed letters are not shown on

1209-660: The prestige and resources the Library possesses. On the other hand, Korean organizations claim that it should belong to its country of origin and that it carries historical significance for the Korean people. The Committee to Bring Jikji Back to Korea led by American Richard Pennington is one such organization in Seoul , Korea that is working to repatriate the Jikji back to Korea from France . The French President François Mitterrand promised to investigate ways to return various Korean books including

North Chungcheong Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-404: The printed type of Jikji using the wax casting method that was used widely at the time of Jikji's original creation. The wax casting method engraves letters by attaching the letters to beeswax that were procured by heating honeycomb. A mold of the letter is then made by wrapping it with soil and pouring molten iron into the spaces where the wax has melted. Because only one incomplete copy of

1287-541: The province relocated here from Chungju in 1908. The opening of the Chungbuk-line in 1926 sparked regional development. In 1946, Cheongju and Cheongwon-gun were separated, and in 1949, Cheongju was made a city. Afterwards, it went through the separation of administrative dong and their transfer to Cheongwon-gun, with 2 branch offices (East and West) established in July 1989 that were upgraded to Sangdang District and Heungdeok District in January. Cheongju experienced one of

1326-481: The publication of Jikji by using moveable metal type and the priestess Myodeok contributed her efforts as well. Although made using movable type , Jikji used different printing methods from Johannes Gutenberg . The surviving metal type's dimensions are 24.6 × 17.0 cm (9.7 x 6.7 in). Its paper is very slight and white. The whole text is doubly folded very slightly. The cover looks re-made . The title of Jikji also seems to be written with an Indian ink after

1365-524: The same paper, but the same typed letters appear on other leaves. There are also blurs and spots around the characters. The metal-printed Jikji became known to the world in 1901 through its inclusion in the appendix of the Hanguk Seoji , compiled by the French sinologist and scholar of Korea, Maurice Courant (1865–1935). In 1972 the Jikji was displayed in Paris during the " International Book Year " hosted by

1404-565: The same time period. Characters not found in the Jabi doryang chambeop jihae were created by combining strokes as printed in the lower volumes of Jikji . In total, Cheongju city invested a total of ₩1.81 billion(~$ 1.5 million) on the Goryeo era metal type restoration project from 2011 to 2016. Towards the end of the Joseon Dynasty , French diplomat Victor Collin de Plancy bought the second volume of

1443-573: The world's oldest metalloid type in September 2001 and includes it in the Memory of the World Programme . Jikji was published in Heungdeok Temple in 1377, 78 years prior to Johannes Gutenberg 's acclaimed "42-Line Bible" printed during the years 1452–1455. The greater part of the Jikji is now lost; today only the last volume survives, and is kept at the Manuscrits Orientaux division of

1482-511: Was confirmed when Cheongju University excavated the Heungdeok Temple site in 1985. Heungdeok Temple was rebuilt in March 1992. In 1992, the Early Printing Museum of Cheongju was opened, and it took the Jikji as its central theme from 2000. Only the final volume of the Jikji is preserved by the Manuscrits Orientaux department of the National Library of France. On September 4, 2001,

1521-576: Was published in Heungdeok Temple is kept in the Manuscrits Orientaux division of the National Library of France, with the first page of the last volume (Book 1 in Chapter 38) torn off. A wood-carving print of Jikji published in Chwiamsa Temple contains the complete two volumes. This is kept in the National Library of Korea and Jangsagak and Bulgap temples as well as in the Academy of Korean Studies . On

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