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61-579: North Bohemia roughly covers the present-day NUTS regional unit of CZ04 Severozápad and the western part of CZ05 Severovýchod . From an administrative perspective, North Bohemia is made up of the present day Ústí nad Labem Region , Karlovy Vary Region and Liberec Region . In German language usage the term Nordböhmen (North Bohemia) often refers to that part of the Sudetenland once mainly populated by Germans in North Bohemia between Karlovy Vary in

122-558: A liberal democracy , such as the freedom of expression . Turkey's large population would also alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 84 million inhabitants would bestow it the largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament . It would become the most populous country in the EU. Another problem is that Turkey does not recognise one EU member state, Cyprus , because of

183-456: A negotiating candidate is reached by the mutual signing of a negotiation framework at a first intergovernmental conference. The start of substantial negotiations with the EU, is subsequently marked by the opening of the first negotiating chapters at a second intergovernmental conference. Every 35 chapters of the accepted body of EU law (divided into 6 clusters) must be opened and closed during subsequent additional intergovernmental conferences, for

244-487: A number of active separatist movements within member states (for example in Catalonia and Flanders ) but there are no clear agreements, treaties or precedents covering the scenario of an existing EU member state breaking into two or more states, both of which wish to remain EU member states. The question is whether one state is a successor and one a new applicant or, alternatively, both are new states which must be admitted to

305-473: A political crisis for Catalonia. The EU's position is to keep distance from the crisis while supporting Spain's territorial integrity and constitution. While the debate around Scotland's referendum may inform the Catalan crisis, Catalonia is in a distinct situation from Scotland whereby the central government does not recognise the legitimacy of any independence declaration from Catalonia. If Spain does not recognise

366-599: A potential candidate for membership. When taking its candidacy decision for Ukraine and Moldova, the Council made opening the accession negotiations conditional to addressing respectively seven and nine key areas related to strengthening the rule of law, fighting corruption and improving governance processes. In his speech in Moldova on 28 March 2023, President of the European Council Charles Michel mentioned that "by

427-514: A state to conclude the negotiations by the signing of an accession treaty. After a reform in 2020, the 35 chapters have been divided into six main clusters, where all chapters of the first cluster are supposed to be opened together at the same time. The opening of chapters, can only happen by a unanimous decision by the Council of the European Union once the screening procedure has been completed for

488-544: A summit in Brussels on 17 December 2004 (following the major 2004 enlargement ) did the European Council announce that membership negotiations with Turkey were officially opened on 3 October 2005. Turkey is the eleventh largest economy in the world (measured as Purchasing Power Parity), and is a key regional power . In 2006, Carl Bildt , former Swedish foreign minister , stated that "[The accession of Turkey] would give

549-526: Is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard, adopted in 2003, is developed and regulated by the European Union , and thus only covers the EU member states in detail. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is instrumental in the European Union's Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund delivery mechanisms and for locating

610-467: Is based on the analysis performed by the online media outlet European Pravda for Ukraine; scores for other countries, as well as additional sections (public administration reform and economic criteria) were added based on official data from the European Commission's reports. The Maastricht Treaty (Article 49) states that any European country (as defined by a European Council assessment ) that

671-455: Is committed to democracy may apply for membership in the European Union. In addition to European states, other countries have also been speculated or proposed as future members of the EU. States in Europe that have chosen, for various reasons, not to join the EU have integrated with it to different extents according to their circumstances. Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein participate directly in

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732-466: Is considering submitting an application for membership. On 9 July 2024, following the adoption of a law by Georgia's ruling Georgian Dream party requiring non-governmental and media entities to register as "foreign agents", the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that it had suspended the country's accession to the bloc. The European Union has threatened Georgia with sanctions and suspension of relations if

793-460: Is too small or too large, a second and/or third level is created. This may be on the first level (ex. France, Italy, Greece, and Spain), on the second (ex. Germany) and/or third level (ex. Belgium). In countries with small populations, where the entire country would be placed on the NUTS 2 or even NUTS 3 level (ex. Luxembourg, Cyprus), the regions at levels 1, 2 and 3 are identical to each other (and also to

854-673: The Basque Country , makes possible the future existence of an independent Basque Country under different potential territorial configurations. In overall terms the Basque nationalism is pro-European. On 1 October 2017, the Catalan government held a referendum on independence , which had been declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain , with potential polling stations being cordoned off by riot police. The subsequent events constituted

915-588: The Cyprus problem and the Cypriot government blocks some chapters of Turkey's talks. Turkey's relations with the EU have seriously deteriorated in the aftermath of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and subsequent purges . On 26 July 2016, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker announced that Turkey's EU membership process would come to an end if the death penalty was reinstated in Turkey. On 24 November 2016,

976-477: The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU, which creates "framework for modernising [...] trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors" of their economies with EU standards. However,

1037-475: The European Parliament approved a non-binding resolution calling for the "temporary freeze of the ongoing accession negotiations with Turkey" over human rights and rule of law concerns. On 6 July 2017, the European Parliament accepted the call for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey. On 13 December, the European Council (comprising the heads of state or government of

1098-670: The European Union : Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , Moldova , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Serbia , Turkey , and Ukraine . Kosovo (the independence of which is not recognised by five EU member states ) formally submitted its application for membership in 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union. Due to multiple factors, talks with Turkey are at an effective standstill since December 2016. Six candidates are currently engaged in active negotiations: Montenegro (since 2012), Serbia (since 2014), Albania (since 2020), North Macedonia (since 2020), Moldova and Ukraine (since 2024). The most advanced stage of

1159-523: The Inner Six states in 1958 brought total membership of the EU to twenty-eight, although as a result of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom , the current number of EU member states is twenty-seven. Of the four major western European countries that are not EU members, Norway , Switzerland and Iceland have submitted membership applications in the past but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them, while

1220-651: The United Kingdom is a former member. Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, as well as Liechtenstein , participate in the EU Single Market and also in the Schengen Area , which makes them closely aligned with the EU; none, however, are in the EU Customs Union . The present enlargement agenda of the European Union regards three distinct groups of states: These states must negotiate the terms of their EU accession with

1281-497: The Balkans and difficulty in fully implementing the acquis communautaire (the accepted body of EU law). It was previously the norm for enlargements to see multiple entrants join the Union at once. The only previous enlargements of a single state were the 1981 admission of Greece and the 2013 admission of Croatia. However, the EU members have warned that, following the significant effect of

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1342-557: The EU a decisive role for stability in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe." However, others, such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and former German Chancellor Angela Merkel , expressed opposition to Turkey's membership. Opponents argue that Turkey does not respect the key principles that are expected in

1403-472: The EU did not expand further into the post-Soviet space in the 2010s. By January 2021, Georgia and Ukraine were preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024. However, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Ukraine submitted an application for EU membership on 28 February 2022, followed by Georgia and Moldova on 3 March 2022. On 23 June 2022, the European Council granted candidate status to Moldova and Ukraine, and recognized Georgia as

1464-445: The EU in 2004 , followed by Croatia in 2013 . Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , North Macedonia , and Serbia have all been officially granted candidate status. Kosovo , which is claimed by Serbia and not recognised by 5 EU states , applied on 14 December 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union. Serbia and Montenegro, the most advanced candidates in their negotiation processes with

1525-530: The EU law, for each specific chapter in concern. There are no requirement for completion of the screening procedure for all 35 negotiating chapters , before the start of the first and second intergovernmental conference. The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set the integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion. Slovenia was the first former Yugoslav country to join

1586-486: The EU, and the European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective, can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights." They also entered

1647-457: The EU, may join the EU sometime between 2025 and 2030. Montenegro's declared political goal is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028. The European Council had endorsed starting negotiations with Albania and North Macedonia on 26 March 2020, however, the negotiation process was blocked by Bulgaria for over two years. In June 2022 French President Emmanuel Macron submitted a compromise proposal which, if adopted by both countries, would pave

1708-491: The EU, which have been withdrawn or otherwise frozen. Such applications could be resubmitted in the event of a change in the political landscape. On 5 March 2024, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan said that his country would apply for EU candidacy by autumn 2024 at the latest. On 12 March 2024, the European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia met Maastricht Treaty Article 49 requirements and that

1769-480: The EU. In some cases, a region desires to leave its state and the EU, namely those regions wishing to join Switzerland . But most, namely the two movements that held referendums during the 2010s, Scotland and Catalonia, see their future as independent states within the EU. This results in great interest in whether, once independent, they would retain EU membership or conversely whether they would have to re-apply. In

1830-576: The European Union as a union of various European peoples, as well as recommendations for alignment within European directives. There is an active movement towards Flemish independence or union with the Netherlands . The future status of Wallonia and Brussels (the de facto capital of the EU ) are unclear as viable political states, perhaps producing a unique situation from Scotland and Catalonia . There are various proposals, both within and outside

1891-400: The European Union was well into a rupture in its relations with Turkey and that they could part ways during Turkey's European Union membership process. The table below shows the level of preparation of applicant countries with EU standards ( acquis communautaire ) on a 5-point scale, using data from the European Commission's 2024 reports. The analysis is based on the analysis performed by

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1952-810: The Jizera Mountains climb to heights of about 1,000 metres above sea level, and the region’s peat bogs have been opened up with interconnecting educational trails . The national nature reserve of the Jizera Mountain Beechwood Forest (Jizerskohorské bučiny) contains the largest beech woodland in the Czech Republic, covering 27 square kilometres (10 sq mi). Major cities and towns in North Bohemia include Česká Lípa , Děčín , Jablonec nad Nisou , Liberec , Litoměřice , Most , Ústí nad Labem , Chomutov , Žatec , Terezín , Louny , Karlovy Vary , Cheb , Kadaň , Duchcov and Teplice . In

2013-547: The Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any "European state" that respects the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is subject to political assessment by the EU institutions. Past enlargement since the foundation of the European Union as the European Economic Community by

2074-641: The NUTS Regulation, the average population size of the regions in the respective level shall lie within the following thresholds: For non-administrative units, deviations from these population marks exist for particular geographical, socio-economic, historical, cultural or environmental circumstances, especially for islands and outermost regions. Future enlargement of the European Union#Recognised candidates There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of

2135-516: The administrative system of the former Czechoslovakia there was a North Bohemia province ( Severočeský kraj ) from 1960 to 1990 that consisted of the present-day Ústí nad Labem Region and parts of Liberec Region. 50°30′00″N 13°30′00″E  /  50.5000°N 13.5000°E  / 50.5000; 13.5000 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS ( French : Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques )

2196-402: The area where goods and services subject to European public procurement legislation are to be delivered. For each EU member country, a hierarchy of three NUTS levels is established by Eurostat in agreement with each member state; the subdivisions in some levels do not necessarily correspond to administrative divisions within the country. A NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing

2257-476: The call for the de facto suspension of accession negotiations between the EU and Turkey. As of 2022, and especially following Erdoğan's victory in the constitutional referendum , Turkish accession talks are effectively at a standstill. In July 2023, Erdoğan brought up Turkey's accession to EU membership up in the context of Sweden's application for NATO membership . However, in September 2023, he announced that

2318-532: The core financial support of the growth plan, one of the additional embedded priority actions is granting access to the Single Euro Payments Area . On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended opening negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina once the necessary degree of compliance with the membership criteria is achieved. On 12 March 2024, the European Commission recommended opening EU membership negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina, citing

2379-505: The country becomes a "one-party state" without political opposition following parliamentary elections in October 2024. Turkey's candidacy to join the EU has been a matter of major significance and considerable controversy since it was granted in 1999. Turkey has had historically close ties with the EU, having an association agreement since 1964 , being in a customs union with the EU since 1995 and initially applying to join in 1987. Only after

2440-428: The country may apply for EU membership. At the 2024 Copenhagen Democracy Summit , Pashinyan stated that he would like Armenia to become a member of the European Union "this year." 51% in favour of rejoining, 35% against, 12% neither/ don't know (23-25 May 2024, Deltapoll ). Internal enlargement is the process of new member states arising from the break-up of an existing member state. There have been and are

2501-404: The country, as abbreviated in the European Union 's Interinstitutional Style Guide. The subdivision of the country is then referred to with one number. A second or third subdivision level is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level. Where the subdivision has more than nine entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering. Below

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2562-421: The current member states, and align their domestic legislation with EU law before joining. There are other states in Europe that either seek membership or could potentially apply if their present foreign policy changes or the EU gives a signal that they might now be included on the enlargement agenda. However, these are not formally part of the current agenda, which is already delayed due to bilateral disputes in

2623-512: The end of the year, the Council will have to decide on the opening negotiations with [Ukraine and Moldova]. It will be a political decision taking into account the report that will be published by the Commission. And I sincerely hope that a positive decision will be possible by the end of the year". On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended opening negotiations with Moldova and Ukraine, and granting candidate status to Georgia, and this

2684-437: The entire country), but are coded with the appropriate length codes levels 1, 2 and 3. The NUTS system favors existing administrative units, with one or more assigned to each NUTS level. Specific guidelines are based in population, leaving little or no role for other types of variables such as area, distance, topography, levels of jurisdiction or history, which can only be considered in (unspecified) types of special cases. From

2745-433: The fifth enlargement in 2004 , a more individual approach will be adopted in the future, although the entry of pairs or small groups of countries will most probably coincide. For an applicant to become a member state of the EU, several procedural steps need to get passed. These steps will move the status of the state from applicant (potential candidate) to candidate, and later again to a negotiating candidate. The status as

2806-409: The independence of a Catalan state, Catalonia cannot separately join the EU and it is still recognised as part of Spain's EU membership. Corsica has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement , with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence, the latter option with around 10–15% public support. The independist party Corsica Libera envisions an independent Corsica within

2867-518: The independentist movement, for what should happen to Brussels , ranging from staying part of the Belgian rump state, to joining the hypothetical Flemish state, to becoming a separate political entity. Sardinia has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement , with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence. Generally associated with left-wing politics , the Sardinian movement

2928-410: The later case, since new members must be approved unanimously, any other state which has an interest in blocking their membership to deter similar independence movements could do so. Additionally, it is unclear whether the successor state would retain any opt-outs that the parent state was entitled to. The presence of a strong Basque Nationalist movement, strongly majoritary in several territories of

2989-405: The member states) resolved that it would open no new areas in Turkey's membership talks in the "prevailing circumstances", as Turkey's path toward autocratic rule made progress on EU accession impossible. On 13 March 2019, the European Parliament accepted the call for a halt to the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey. On 19 May 2021, the European Parliament unanimously accepted

3050-533: The negotiations, defined as meeting the interim benchmarks for negotiation chapter 23 and 24 which allow the closing process of all negotiation chapters to start, has so far only been reached by Montenegro. Montenegro's declared political goal is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028. The accession criteria are included in the Copenhagen criteria , agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49). Article 49 of

3111-412: The online media outlet European Pravda for Ukraine; scores for other countries, as well as additional sections (public administration reform and economic criteria) were added based on official data from the European Commission's reports. The table below shows the progress over the past year of applicant countries on a 4-point scale, using data from the European Commission's 2024 reports. The analysis

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3172-461: The positive results from important reforms the country enacted. On 21 March 2024, all 27 EU leaders, representing the European Council , gathered for a summit in Brussels, where they unanimously approved opening EU membership negotiations for Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2005, the European Commission suggested in a strategy paper that the present enlargement agenda could potentially block

3233-528: The possibility of a future accession of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Georgia , Moldova , and Ukraine . Olli Rehn , the European Commissioner for Enlargement between 2004 and 2010, said on the occasion that the EU should "avoid overstretching our capacity, and instead consolidate our enlargement agenda," adding, "this is already a challenging agenda for our accession process." Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine ratified an Association Agreement with

3294-510: The same day, the start of negotiations was set for 19 July 2022. On 8 November 2023, the European Commission adopted a new Growth Plan for the Western Balkans , with the aim of bringing them closer to the EU through offering some of the benefits of EU membership to the region in advance of accession . The Growth Plan provides €6 billion financial grants and loans for the entire region in return of implementation of structural reforms. Beside

3355-472: The single market via the EEA , Switzerland does so via bilateral treaties and the other European microstates ( Andorra , Monaco , San Marino , Vatican City ) have specific agreements with the EU and neighbouring countries, including their use of the euro as their currency. Most of these countries are also part of the Schengen Area . Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland have all previously had live applications to join

3416-466: The specific chapters in concern (by a report outlining which legislative changes are needed), while there can also be set some "opening benchmarks" requiring a certain amount of legislative changes/implementation to be met even before the opening of the chapter. The closure of a chapter, is done provisionally by a unanimous decision by the Council of the European Union once the state demonstrates to have implemented and aligned their domestic legislation with

3477-470: The three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself. Metropolitan Cities i: ∪ of counties ; or ii: individual counties ; or iii: ∪ of districts in Greater London . [ ∪ ] NUTS regions are generally based on existing national administrative subdivisions. In countries where only one or two regional subdivisions exist, or where the population of existing subdivisions

3538-740: The three NUTS levels are local administrative units (LAUs). A similar statistical system is defined for the candidate countries and members of the European Free Trade Association , but they are not part of NUTS governed by the regulations. The current NUTS classification, dated 21 November 2016 and effective from 1 January 2018 (now updated to current members as of 2020 ), lists 92 regions at NUTS 1 , 244 regions at NUTS 2, 1215 regions at NUTS 3 level, and 99,387 local administrative units (LAUs). Not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. For example, Luxembourg and Cyprus only have local administrative units (LAUs);

3599-553: The way for the immediate adoption of negotiating frameworks for North Macedonia and Albania by the EU Council and for the organization of intergovernmental conferences with them. On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved the revised French proposal to lift the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia, with the Assembly of North Macedonia also doing so on 16 July 2022 allowing accession negotiations to begin. On

3660-731: The west and the Krkonoše in the east. North Bohemia is divided into many landscape areas including the Ore Mountains , the Bohemian Switzerland national park, Mácha’s Country , the Lusatian Mountains and Ještěd Ridge , Frýdlantsko and the Jizera Mountains . It is a popular tourist destination, much of which had been inaccessible until recently. The Jizera and Lusatian Mountains are protected landscape areas . The summits of

3721-529: Was agreed by the European Council on 14 December 2023. On 25 June 2024, the first Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was called by the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the EU, officially marking the start of the accession negotiations with Moldova and Ukraine. The Association Trio is sometimes expanded to the Trio + 1 with the inclusion of Armenia , which is not formally on the EU's enlargement agenda but

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