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90-661: Boden Artillery Regiment ( Swedish : Bodens artilleriregemente , A 8) is an artillery unit within the Swedish Army that operated in various forms from 1919 to 2004 and again from 2022. It is based in Boden Garrison in Boden . The unit was raised on 10 September 1919, by a division of the Boden-Karlsborg Artillery Regiment (A 8), where the parts placed at Karlsborg formed Karlsborg Artillery Corps (A 10), and

180-445: A common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den , in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det . The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number . By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to

270-470: A guttural or "French R" pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects ; consequently, these dialects lack retroflex consonants . Swedish is a stress-timed language, where the time intervals between stressed syllables are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be syllable-timed . Any stressed syllable carries one of two tones , which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. Prosody

360-545: A center of expertise for the artillery function through the Artillery Combat School ( Artilleriets stridsskola , ArtSS) which was already located to Kristinehamn. The government thus chose to propose the liquidation of Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 8). But in the same proposal, the government considered it important to have winter artillery connections. Thus, an artillery battalion would be retained in Boden, and placed under

450-522: A change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø , as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas. Old Swedish (Swedish: fornsvenska )

540-518: A conversation. Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages, a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are able to understand Swedish. There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries , but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages (with the exception of Finnish ), expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as

630-727: A group. According to the 2000 United States Census , some 67,000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on the degree of language proficiency. Similarly, there were 16,915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census. Although there are no certain numbers, some 40,000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom. Outside Sweden and Finland, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses. In

720-609: A large proportion of the remaining 100,000 in the Scandinavian countries, France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia. Over three million people speak Swedish as a second language, with about 2,410,000 of those in Finland. According to a survey by the European Commission , 44% of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold

810-425: A more abstract sense, such as that set of fish; while fisken means "the fish". In certain cases, the definite form indicates possession, e. g., jag måste tvätta hår et ("I must wash my hair"). Adjectives are inflected in two declensions – indefinite and definite – and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number. The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding

900-435: A noun. They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as här ("here") or där ("there") to form den/det här (can also be "denna/detta") ("this"), de här (can also be "dessa") ("these"), den/det där ("that"), and de där ("those"). For example, den där fisken means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish; den fisken is less definite and means "that fish" in

990-588: A proximity to Norrbotten Wing (F 21) in Luleå . Furthermore, it was considered that locating the artillery to Boden would secure the service branch's subarctic capability. In this, the government proposed in its Bill 2004/05:5 that the Artillery Regiment should be relocated from Kristinehamn to Boden. Furthermore, the artillery battalion of the Norrbotten Regiment (I 19) was to be disbanded and incorporated into

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1080-667: A special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok , a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden. From the 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia , particularly on

1170-442: A suffix ( -t or -a ) to the common form of the adjective, e. g., en grön stol (a green chair), ett grönt hus (a green house), and gröna stolar ("green chairs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form, e. g., den gröna stolen ("the green chair"), det gröna huset ("the green house"), and de gröna stolarna ("the green chairs"). Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides

1260-413: A village, Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak a Swedish dialect and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although their dialect is most likely facing extinction. From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as

1350-693: Is co- official language . Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia , although the current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora , most notably in Oslo , Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification, it belongs to

1440-477: Is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Capitalization during this time

1530-538: Is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles . The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative , a highly variable consonant phoneme . Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number . Nouns are of common gender ( en form) or neuter gender ( ett form). The gender determines

1620-563: Is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb (V) appears in the second position (2) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases – nominative and genitive (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in

1710-613: Is one of the official languages of the European Union , and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs. The Swedish Language Council ( Språkrådet )

1800-475: Is termed nusvenska (lit., "Now-Swedish") in linguistics, and started in the last decades of the 19th century. It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so-called boksvenska (literally, "book Swedish"), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. With

1890-517: Is the predominant language; in 19 municipalities , 16 of which are located in Åland , Swedish is the sole official language. Åland county is an autonomous region of Finland. According to a rough estimation, as of 2010 there were up to 300,000 Swedish-speakers living outside Sweden and Finland. The largest populations were in the United States (up to 100,000), the UK, Spain and Germany (c. 30,000 each) and

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1980-450: Is the regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the Académie française does for French . However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up

2070-407: Is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as Finnish (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some municipalities . Swedish

2160-621: Is the term used for the medieval Swedish language. The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that Västgötalagen ("the Västgöta Law") is believed to have been compiled for the first time. It is among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script and the oldest Swedish law codes . Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska (1225–1375) and yngre fornsvenska (1375–1526), "older" and "younger" Old Swedish. Important outside influences during this time came with

2250-457: The Gustav Vasa Bible , a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri . The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to

2340-741: The Artillery Regiment (A 9), the Artillery Regiment came to take over the traditions of the Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 4) and the Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8). A new colour was presented to the unit in Kristinehamn by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 15 April 2002. It was drawn by Kristina Holmgård-Åkerberg and embroidered by machine in insertion technique by Sofie Thorburn. Blazon : "On blue cloth in

2430-656: The East Scandinavian languages , together with Danish , separating it from the West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic , and Norwegian . However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during

2520-463: The French vous (see T-V distinction ). Ni wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du , the singular second person pronoun, used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s, these class distinctions became less important, and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though

2610-489: The Norrbotten Armoured Battalion (P 5) 1957–1975. Blazon: "Azure, powdered with estoiles or, the provincial badge of Västerbotten, a reindeer courant argent, armed and langued gules. The shield surmounted two arms in fess, embowed and vambraced, the hands holding swords in saltire, or". By the end of the 1800s, Norrbotten Regiment adopted the march " Norrbottens fältjägare " (Sundgrén). In 1916 it adopted

2700-556: The Norrbotten Regiment and Norrbotten Brigade (MekB 19). What spurred a disbandment was great distances and limited opportunities to co-operate with most of the ground forces and schools for officer training. What spoke to keep A 9 in Kristinehamn was the proximity to Älvdalen training area and the possibility of co-operation with a large number of units in southern and central Sweden, but also that Kristinehamn already constituted

2790-483: The Norrlands artilleriregementes (A 8) minnesmedalj ("Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 8) Commemorate Medal") in silver (NorrlartregSMM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is of yellow moiré with narrow orange edges and a broad red stripe on each side followed by a blue line. In 2005, the Norrlands artilleribataljons minnesmedalj ("Norrland Artillery Battalion Commemorate Medal") in silver (NorrlartbatMSM) of

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2880-511: The United States , particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a significant Swedish-speaking immigrant population. This was notably true in states like Minnesota , where many Swedish immigrants settled. By 1940, approximately 6% of Minnesota's population spoke Swedish. Although the use of Swedish has significantly declined, it is not uncommon to find older generations and communities that still retain some use and knowledge of

2970-517: The fourth most spoken Germanic language , and the first among its type in the Nordic countries overall. Swedish, like the other Nordic languages , is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on

3060-581: The nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of

3150-410: The object form) – although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers – plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness . The definiteness of nouns

3240-399: The 1950s, when their use was removed from all official recommendations. A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s, with the so-called du-reformen . Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr." or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs." or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was considered

3330-638: The 1960s, the regiment, as the only unit in Sweden, was supplied with 26 units of the Bandkanon 1 self-propelled artillery vehicle. In connection with the OLLI reform, which was carried out within the Swedish Armed Forces between 1973 and 1975, the Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8) was amalgamated with Boden Defence District ( Bodens försvarsområde , Fo 63) and formed on 1 July 1975 the försvarsområdesregemente ("defence district regiment") A 8/Fo 63. This resulted in

3420-478: The 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse , evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish , while

3510-532: The 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is of blue moiré with broad yellow edges followed first by a narrow red stripe and the by a white line. A running reindeer in silver is attached to the ribbon. Listed below are the commanding officers during the years 1919–2000. Between 1975 and 1994, the regimental commander also served as the Commandant in Boden Fortress as well as Defence District Commander . During

3600-459: The 9th size was established. The medal ribbon is of yellow moiré with narrow orange edges and a broad red stripe on each side followed on the inner side by a blue line. In 1994, the medal was renamed Norrlands artilleriregementes hedersmedalj ("Norrland Artillery Regiment Honorary Medal") (NorrlartregGM) and in 2000 it was renamed Norrlands artilleribataljons hedersmedalj ("Norrland Artillery Battalion Honorary Medal") (NorrlartbatGM). In 2000,

3690-469: The Artillery Regiment. On 31 December 2004, the battalion was disbanded, and from 1 January 2005, the battalion transitioned to a Decommissioning Organization until the disbandment was completed by 30 June 2006. On 23 May 2005, a joint disbandment ceremony was conducted for the battalions in Boden affected by the Defence Act. The ceremony was held at the Norrbotten Regiment's barracks yard. On 20 December 2005,

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3780-570: The Boden Artillery Regiment becoming an A-unit (defence district regiment), and other units within the defence district becoming a B-unit (training unit). Within a defence district, the A units had overall mobilization and material responsibility. Unique to Boden Artillery Regiment was that together with Uppland Regiment (S 1/Fo 47) and the Life Guard Dragoons (K 1/Fo 44), it was a defence district regiment. Normally, regiments which raised brigades were defence district regiments. On 1 July 1994,

3870-602: The Boden Defense Museum ( Försvarsmuseum Boden ). A colour was presented to the unit by His Majesty the King Gustaf V on 16 June 1938. On 28 April 1951, the regiment took over the standard of Norrbotten Artillery Corps (A 5). From 1 January 1998, the regiment also carried on the name and standard of Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 4). From 1 July 2000 the standard was passed on to Norrland Artillery Battalion. In conjunction with Norrland Artillery Battalion amalgamated with

3960-418: The Defence Act, the activities of the artillery battalion should as far as possible be a reflection of the Artillery Regiment (A 9), though on a smaller scale. The new artillery battalion came to consist of twelve Haubits 77B vehicle-drawn howitzer. Bandkanon 1 was never adopted in the new organization, but began to be phased out and was completely discontinued in 2003. The Defence Act of 2004 decided that

4050-464: The Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative [ʃ] and later into [ɧ] . There was also the gradual softening of [ɡ] and [k] into [j] and the fricative [ɕ] before front vowels . The velar fricative [ɣ] was also transformed into the corresponding plosive [ɡ] . The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today

4140-405: The Norrbotten Regiment (I 19). On 30 June 2000, Norrland Artillery Regiment was disbanded as an independent unit. From 1 July 2000, the artillery battalion was organized as a training battalion in Norrbotten Regiment (I 19). The new battalion adopted the name Norrland Artillery Battalion (Artbat/I 19). The battalion consisted of a battalion staff, an artillery company and a staff company. According to

4230-524: The Norrland Artillery Battalion from 2000 to 2004. Blazon : "Argent, the town badge of Boden, a wall throughout embattled gules with a gatetower, mansoned in the first colour. The shield surmounted two gunbarrels of older pattern in saltire or. The gunbarrels may be sable." In 1989, the Bodens artilleriregementes hedersmedalj ("Boden Artillery Regiment Honorary Medal") in gold (BodensartregGM) of

4320-584: The Swedish Language Council, the Swedish Academy (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the spelling dictionary Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( SAOL , currently in its 14th edition) and the dictionary Svenska Akademiens Ordbok , in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Although the dictionaries have a prescriptive element, they mainly describe current usage. In Finland,

4410-498: The administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II , that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain. Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel phonemes , 9 long and 9 short. As in the other Germanic languages, including English, most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of

4500-413: The artillery battalion marched symbolically into the new barracks area. From 1 January 2006, the artillery battalion became part of the Artillery Regiment (A 9) in Boden. When the unit was raised in 1909 as Boden Artillery Battalion, it was located to a newly erected barracks area along the Åbergsleden. In 1940 another barracks were erected in this area. The unit remained on Åbergsleden until 2005. However,

4590-524: The artillery of the future, it was considered that Kristinehamn had limited operations in one locality. Kristinehamn thus had limited opportunities for co-operation with other functions within the Swedish Army. Regarding Boden, the government considered that the site had a more suitable infrastructure and general skills for artillery training. Furthermore, with Norrbotten Regiment (I 19), Boden was an integrated platform with training of several functions, and had

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4680-450: The artillery regiment staff would be disbanded, and that the organization be reduced by three artillery battalions 77B, and that only one geographical location be retained for the training of artillery. In the organization, a Haubits 77B battalion would be maintained in low readiness, and that the Haubits 77BD battalion should be organized at the earliest in 2010. In the government's balancing of

4770-466: The battalion staff was co-located with Norrbotten Regiment in the years 2000–2005. On 20 December 2005, the Norrland Artillery Battalion marched symbolically into its new barracks area on Sveavägen. This was in connection with the battalion being amalgamated into the Artillery Regiment , which had been relocated from Kristinehamn to Sveavägen in Boden from 31 December 2005. The former barracks area on Åbergsleden houses, among other things, since June 2006

4860-426: The centre the lesser coat of arms of Sweden , three yellow crowns placed two and one. In the first corner the town badge of Boden; a white wall with a gate tower embattled (the original name of the battalion was Boden Artillery Regiment, A 8), in the second corner two crossed yellow gunbarrels of older pattern, in the third corner the provincial badge of Västerbotten , a white reindeer at speed, armed red (a legacy from

4950-498: The colloquial spoken language of its day, it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms. It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography . It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally, given the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden, which

5040-403: The declension of the adjectives . For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender ( en fisk ) and can have the following forms: The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix ( -en , -n , -et or -t ), depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles den , det , and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of

5130-399: The defence district staff was separated from the regiment, and Boden Artillery Regiment then became a B-unit. The defence district staff, in turn, formed an independent unit under the name of Boden Defence District ( Bodens försvarsområde , Fo 63). By the Defence Act of 1996, Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 4) was disbanded on 31 December 1997. In traditional terms, Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8)

5220-501: The dialect and accent of the speaker. Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century, and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized . Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where its status

5310-527: The dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as

5400-540: The firm establishment of the Christian church and various monastic orders, introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords. With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century, Middle Low German became very influential. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of Low German -speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their native languages into

5490-448: The former Norrbotten Artillery Corps , A 5) and in the fourth corner the provincial badge of Jämtland , a white elk passant, attacked on its back by a rising falcon and in the front by a rampant dog, both yellow; all animals armed red (a legacy from the former Norrland Artillery Regiment , A 4). The coat of the arms was used by Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8) from 1977 to 1997, the Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 8) from 1997 to 2000 and by

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5580-430: The industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature . Many scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the emerging national language, among them prolific authors like the poet Gustaf Fröding , Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf and radical writer and playwright August Strindberg . It

5670-603: The islands (e. g., Hiiumaa , Vormsi , Ruhnu ; in Swedish, known as Dagö , Ormsö , Runö , respectively) along the coast of the Baltic , communities that today have all disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament , and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, around 1,000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine , where they founded

5760-484: The language, particularly in rural communities like Lindström and Scandia . Swedish is the official main language of Sweden. Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland. In Sweden, it has long been used in local and state government, and most of the educational system, but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009. A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language, but failed to pass by

5850-480: The last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic. By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and

5940-560: The narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a pairing-off failure. A proposal for a broader language law, designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages, was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008. It was subsequently enacted by the Riksdag , and entered into effect on 1 July 2009. Swedish

6030-421: The national standard languages. Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish In

6120-424: The north. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as

6210-441: The only acceptable way to begin conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni —the standard second person plural pronoun)—analogous to

6300-402: The original Germanic three- gender system. Nouns , adjectives , pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases; besides the extant nominative , there were also the genitive (later possessive ), dative and accusative . The gender system resembled that of modern German , having masculine, feminine and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into

6390-602: The parts placed at Boden Fortress formed Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8). On 1 July 1937, an air defense company was added to the regiment, which was later transferred to Luleå Anti-Aircraft Corps (Lv 7). After World War II , the idea was that the Swedish defense would be disarmed. This was stated in the Defense Committee's report of 1945, which, prior to the Defence Act of 1948, suggested, among other things, that Norrbotten Artillery Corps (A 5) should be amalgamated with Boden Artillery Regiment (A 8). Instead of cooling off

6480-480: The reform was not an act of any centralized political decree, but rather the result of sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years, from the late 1960s to early 1970s. The use of ni as a polite form of address is sometimes encountered today in both the written and spoken language, particularly among older speakers. Swedish is the sole official national language of Sweden , and one of two in Finland (alongside Finnish ). As of 2006, it

6570-463: The rune for the vowel u , which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i , also used for e . From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in

6660-568: The security policy situation in Europe after the war, a new security policy was initiated through the Cold War . This prompted the Minister of Defence to advocate strengthening the defense instead. In December 1947, the Defense Committee's proposal fell and instead a reinforcement was decided. However, the Riksdag adopted the Defense Committee's proposal, which in practice meant that Norrbotten Artillery Corps

6750-444: The short /e/ (transcribed ⟨ ɛ ⟩ in the chart below). There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, / ɧ / and /r/ , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of /r/ (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants ; alveolarity of the pronunciation of /r/ is a precondition for this retroflexion. /r/ has

6840-428: The short vowels, and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar quality , but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized. In contrast to e.g. Danish, which has only tense vowels, the short vowels are slightly more lax, but the tense vs. lax contrast is not nearly as pronounced as in English, German or Dutch. In many dialects, the short vowel sound pronounced [ɛ] or [æ] has merged with

6930-443: The subject in a clause, a trait that is restricted to North Germanic languages: Norrbotten Brigade The Norrbotten Brigade ( Swedish : Norrbottensbrigaden ), also NMekB 19 , is a Swedish Army mechanized brigade located in the province of Norrbotten , active since 2022. It was previously active from 1949 to 2000. The brigade is located at Boden Garrison , Norrbotten Regiment (I 19) in Boden . Norrbotten Brigade

7020-526: The two cases and two genders of modern Swedish. A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered a , and "oe" became o . These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä , å and ö . The first time the new letters were used in print

7110-517: The two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders den and det , usually termed common and neuter . In recent years, a gender-neutral pronoun hen has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form. Hon , for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms: Swedish also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to

7200-439: The vocabulary. Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish (at the time Swedish and Danish were much more similar than today). Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and also retained

7290-540: The years 2000–2005, the commander was a lieutenant colonel and was referred to as battalion commander. Swedish language This is an accepted version of this page Swedish ( endonym : svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family , spoken predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland . It has at least 10 million native speakers, making it

7380-500: Was amalgamated with the disbanded Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 4), which was manifested at a ceremony on 31 December 1997, and from 1 January 1998 the name of Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 8) was adopted. Furthermore, two A 4 artillery battalions were added. By the Defence Act of 2000 , the Swedish government considered that only four artillery battalions were needed in the future rapid reaction organisation ( insatsorganisation ). What

7470-439: Was clearly ahead of the Defence Act was that Wendes Artillery Regiment (A 3) and Gotland Artillery Regiment (A 7) should be disbanded. Which regiment was to be retained in the future organization was between Norrland Artillery Regiment (A 8) and Bergslagen Artillery Regiment (A 9). What spoke for retaining A 8 was the direct proximity to training areas, as well as a possible garrison coordination and collaboration with primarily

7560-405: Was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . The unit was re-established following the Defence Act of 2020  [ sv ] . The Norrbotten Regiment and Norrbotten Brigade inherited heraldry and traditions from the Norrbotten Regiment . The coat of arms of the Norrbotten Regiment and Norrbotten Brigade (MekB 19) 1994–2000 was also used by

7650-412: Was disbanded on 30 June 1951 and was amalgamated into the Boden Artillery Regiment. From 1 July 1951 the artillery division from Norrbotten Artillery Corps (A 5) was added. Initially, Boden Artillery Regiment was a fortress artillery regiment, but more and more developed into a movable artillery regiment. Among other things, through the artillery division that was supplied from Norrbotten Artillery Corps. In

7740-484: Was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906. With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into

7830-636: Was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ("By the Devil's temptation") published by Johan Gerson in 1495. Modern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska ) begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation . After assuming power, the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible . The New Testament was published in 1526, followed by a full Bible translation in 1541, usually referred to as

7920-519: Was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or blackletter typeface that was used to print the Bible. This typeface was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface (often Antiqua ). Some important changes in sound during

8010-475: Was originally an infantry brigade which in 1964 became the second of a total of five brigades, which was organised as an arctic brigade. In 1994, the brigade, along with the regiment (I 19/P 5) formed the Norrland Mechanised Brigade (MekB 19). The brigade consisted of two tank battalions equipped with Leopard 2s and Combat Vehicle 90s , and two mechanised battalions equipped with CV90. The unit

8100-526: Was the sole native language of 83% of Swedish residents. In 2007, around 5.5% (c. 290,000) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish, partially due to a decline following the Russian annexation of Finland after the Finnish War 1808–1809. The Fenno-Swedish - speaking minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish

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