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93-486: Norrköping ( Swedish: [ˈnɔ̂rːˌɕøːpɪŋ] ) is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality , Östergötland County , about 160 km southwest of the national capital Stockholm , 40 km east of county seat Linköping and 60 km west of the Södermanland capital of Nyköping . The city has a population of 95,618 inhabitants in 2016, out of

186-469: A church in the 12th century. It was dedicated to Saint Olaf , Norway's patron . The first trace of the city's name is from 1283, when Sophia of Denmark donated her rights of salmon fishing to the Skänninge monastery. The town is estimated to have received city status in the early 14th century, although no written documents exist prior to a document from 1384. This document, signed by Albrekt of Sweden

279-521: A broad street along a broad canal with a good quay, so resources could be brought in at low cost by barge and by road. The refinery also had to stand somewhat free from other buildings. It required wind to dry the produce and to keep it from sweating, especially in Summer. The chimneys also had to significantly stick out above the surrounding buildings. From about 1800 the Industrial Revolution changed

372-485: A campus of Linköping University , its own symphonic orchestra , an airport called Kungsängen with 170,000 traveling (2006), a high-tech industry park called Norrköping Science Park , and Petroglyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age . Norrköping had a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) for the reference period of 1961–1990, but it was borderline four-season oceanic (Cfb) during that period and has since more resembled

465-597: A clarifier at one end and is heated to 88 °C while flowing through it. This forms a flocculent precipitate of calcium phosphate , entrapping some impurities and absorbing others. This floats to the top of the tank, where it is skimmed off by paddles. Decolorization follows after both carbonatation and phosphatation, which are both ended by filtering out finely dispersed particulate matter. The filtered clarified liquor can be decolorized by several means. Bone char consists of sintered long bones of cattle. It achieves decolorization, but also removes colloidal material and

558-437: A considerable amount of ash. Activated charcoal (GAC) by itself removes only color. Both are generally used in cylindrical 20–25 feet high columns of about 10 feet diameter through which the liquor is slowly filtered. Some modern plants use somewhat smaller cylinders with ion-exchange resins . These operate much faster. The decolorized liquor is then fed to an evaporator. This is a closed vessel heated by steam and placed under

651-403: A copper tube (or trough) that ended above a filter that was placed over the cistern. This filter was a piece of cloth in a basket and caught things like egg scales, nails, pieces of wood etc. At the time, the cleared juice cistern, was simply called cistern. It also served to hold the cleared juice while the first two pans were cleaned. The third step was equal to evaporation. Small portions of

744-478: A day, costing up four guilders for 100 in the winter. Adding fresh blood of oxen could help to further clarify sugar, but it was often used when not fresh, and as an alternative to expensive eggs. This led to rotten sugar, and in Holland it led to an official, but ineffective ban of its use. The second step was to filter and store the cleared liquor. For that it was brought to the cleared juice cistern by feeding it into

837-467: A major shift in the structure of the city labour market. Unqualified or highly structured industrial work in the private sector was replaced by more than 1 400 qualified and independent work positions in the public sector. At a later point, the Norrköping cluster of transport authorities was augmented by one more: In 1997, a state university also opened a subsidiary campus in Norrköping, again, relating to

930-589: A municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest municipality. The city is situated by the mouth of the river Motala ström , at Bråviken , an inlet of the Baltic Sea . Water power from the Motala ström and the good harbour were factors that facilitated the rapid growth of this once industrial city, known for its textile industry. It has several nicknames such as: "Sweden's Manchester ", " Peking " and "Surbullestan" (Surbulle [sour bun]

1023-540: A number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate , phosphate , citrate and oxalate , which precipitate as their calcium salts and large organic molecules such as proteins , saponins and pectins , which aggregate in the presence of multivalent cations . In addition, the alkaline conditions convert the simple sugars, glucose and fructose , along with the amino acid glutamine , to chemically stable carboxylic acids . Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of

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1116-505: A partially refined product called 'Plantation White' for their local market, but this is inferior to white sugar made by refineries. Beet sugar factories can also produce raw sugar, but this has an unpleasant taste. There is no separate raw sugar stage to the process; the sugar extract from the beet is, after cleaning, crystallised directly into white sugar. The origins of the art of refining sugar seem to stem from Khorasan in Persia. Next,

1209-420: A period of years in the early 1970s. While reorganized, restructured and renamed, in general, the same agencies are still headquartered in Norrköping, namely: The establishment of government agencies in Norrköping was partly understood as a response to the decline in the textile industry, which had struck Norrköping hard in the 1960s. The city needed new jobs. The relocation of government jobs, however, also meant

1302-546: A quarter became bastard sugar, and another quarter became molasses. The Steam Congress Company Archibald & Delafield used steam power and vacuum pans. The refinery of Teaman, Tobias & Co. on Liberty street was a wealthy company established in the building known as The Old Sugar House. The refinery of Meday & Ritter was also respectable. A refinery on the French method used steam for heating, but not for evaporation. In Baltimore, there were 9 sugar refineries in 1833. In

1395-480: A refinery in Salem these processed about 2,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Towards the west, the sugar refineries of New Orleans were rather atypical, because they had many sugar cane plantations in the surroundings. The New Orleans Sugar Refinery was a massive establishment, employing about 100 workers. It used vacuum pans and steam power. New Orleans also had a small refinery using the old methods. In Cincinnati there

1488-461: A separate factory. In 1833 an overview of the United States Sugar refineries was made. At the time, only three refineries had switched to evaporation in vacuum. The rest still relied on traditional methods. In Philadelphia there were 12 sugar refineries in 1833. These could process 14,000,000 pounds of raw sugar The refinery of Canby & Lovering used steam power and vacuum pans, but

1581-510: A statistical problem. The census of 1910 introduced the concept of "densely populated localities in the countryside". The term tätort (literally "dense place") was introduced in 1930. The municipal amalgamations placed more and more rural areas within city municipalities, which was the other side of the same problem. The administrative boundaries were in fact not suitable for defining rural and urban populations. From 1950 rural and urban areas had to be separated even within city limits, as, e.g.,

1674-542: A vacuum. The basic principle is that the juice enters the evaporator at a temperature higher than its boiling temperature under the reduced pressure, or is heated to this temperature. This results in a flash evaporation , which allows for concentration by multiple-effect evaporation . In the 1970s the American sugar refiners generally used double or triple effect evaporation. The result is "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to maple syrup . It

1767-459: Is also curator of numerous Bronze Age petroglyphs and ancient monuments situated in and around the city. Next to Norrköpings stadsmuseum, the Museum of Work ( Arbetets museum ) is located in iconic building Strykjärnet , a former weaving mill operated by Holmens Bruk until 1962. The museum documents work and everyday life by collecting personal stories about people's professional lives. Since 2009,

1860-637: Is also sterilized with UV light. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, spreading the load on later steps of the crystallization plant. Thick juice is mixed with low grade crystal sugar recycled from other parts of the process in a melter and filtered giving "standard liquor". The crystallization phase starts by feeding the standard liquor to the vacuum pans, typically at 76 Brix. These pans are essentially single-effect evaporators, with their own vacuum source and condenser. The sugar solution has to be supersaturated in order to grow sugar crystals. There are three phases of supersaturation, which

1953-425: Is determined by the sucrose concentration and temperature. In the metastable phase existing crystals grow, but no new ones are formed. By using seed crystals and keeping the vacuum pan in the metastable phase, a uniform size of crystals is produced. The seed crystals are introduced, typically as a slurry of known particle size and amount, into the pan. Once the initial crystals are established, further standard liquor

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2046-421: Is located in the old industrial area of Norrköping city centre, and mainly features paintings and sculptures, from the 1950s to contemporary works. Ståhl commenced his collection in 1981. The museum is privately held and operated. The Norrköping Symphony Orchestra ( Norrköpings symfoniorkester, SON ) is a professional symphony orchestra , consisting of 85 musicians and based at the concert hall De Geerhallen , in

2139-476: Is stored in the city archive today. Köping means there was a market there, while Nörr or Norr means "north". There is a smaller town nearby named Söderköping , or "South market". The city was the location of several battles in the ensuing centuries. As a consequence, nothing of the medieval Norrköping remains today. During the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), the entire southern part of Norrköping

2232-489: Is sugar that still contains molasses , giving it more colour (and impurities) than the white sugar which is normally consumed in households and used as an ingredient in soft drinks and foods. Raw cane sugar does not need refining to be palatable. It is refined for reasons such as health, color, and the requirement for a pure sugar taste. Raw sugar is stable for transport and can be from mills to locations for processing into white sugar. Cane sugar mills / factories often produce

2325-460: Is supplied to the pan as the crystals grow until they reach the desired size. The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a massecuite , from "cooked mass" in French . The syrup is called mother liquor , because the crystals grow from this liquor. The massecuite content of one pan is called a strike. The massecuite is then passed to the centrifuges , where the crystals are separated from

2418-653: Is trialling a three-year update period. The number of urban areas in Sweden increased by 56 to 1,956 in 2010. A total of 8,016,000 – 85 per cent – of the Swedish population lived in an urban area; occupying only 1,3 per cent of Sweden's total land area, and the most populous urban area is Stockholm at 1,4 million people. Sugar refineries A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar from cane or sugar extracted from beets into white refined sugar . Cane sugar mills traditionally produce raw sugar, which

2511-491: The Nederlandsche Suikerraffinaderij . The refining process was also extensively described in 1793. In 1833 another description referred to it as 'The old, or German Method, by Blood, Eggs, Clay etc. At the time refineries produced different kinds of sugar. Loaf sugar was the highest quality. Next came lump sugar, followed by bastard sugar. Bastard sugar was made from the drainings of loaf and lump sugar. It

2604-460: The United States . Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the towns/cities were regarded as urban areas. The built-up area and the municipal entity were normally almost congruent. Urbanization and industrialization created, however, many new settlements without formal city status. New suburbs grew up just outside city limits, being de facto urban but de jure rural. This created

2697-515: The 1750s the large scale influential snus industry was established. From this time stems the city churches of Saint Olof and Saint Hedvig, and several other old houses. In 1762, the first theater in Sweden outside of Stockholm was established in the city, the Egges Teater . Norrköping's importance again flourished. In 1769 the Swedish Riksdag assembled there. In 1800 King Gustav IV of Sweden

2790-713: The 1960s, the municipality film club Harlekin is hosted at the Norrköping Museum of Arts, before being established as Cnema in 2010, neighbouring Visualization Center C and Linköping University . The latter provide research in visualization and 3D technique as well as interactive experiences in an 8K 3D dome cinema. The film collective Crazy Pictures , founded in 2008, is based in Norrköping, and has produced its two full length feature films The Unthinkable ( Den Blomstertid nu kommer, 2018) and UFO Sweden in Norrköping. Author Emelie Schepp has her crime novels centering in and around Norrköping, with Jana Berzelius of

2883-568: The 1990s, many state-of-the art sugar refineries have been built in the Middle East and North Africa region, e.g. in Dubai , Saudi Arabia and Algeria . The world's largest sugar refinery company is American Sugar Refining with facilities in North America and Europe. The sugar refineries that were built from about 1500 AD to 1800 did not require purpose built buildings. Ideally, they were located on

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2976-474: The 8th century and a possible cult building. It has been theorized that the farmstead's location, near but not at the highest point in the landscape, may indicate an earlier burial ground adjacent to which the farm was constructed. The city has medieval foundations by settlers around the Motala stream estuary, who used the falls and rapids to power their mills. The stream was also full of fish such as salmon . Exact dates are uncertain, but there are mentions of

3069-479: The City Library. It was founded by a private donation in 1901, and is operated by Norrköping municipality. Norrköpings stadsmuseum , founded in 1981, tells the history of the city with a focus on its industrial history. Situated in the old industrial quarter on the river Strömmen , the permanent expositions describes the development of Norrköping from Bronze Age to the early 17th century industrial era. The museum

3162-768: The Love Lane refinery in the same city. In 1878 it opened the Thames Refinery at Silvertown in East London. Abram Lyle (1820–) became an important ship owner. In 1865 he bought part of the Glebe Sugar Refinery, but left it again in 1872. In 1883 he opened the Plaistow Refinery in London, only 1.5 miles from the Thames Refinery. In 1921 the two companies merged to become Tate & Lyle , a company that refined about 50% of

3255-488: The Norrköping Public Prosecution Area Office as the main character. The 2024 crime drama Jana: Marked for Life based on Schepp's novel with the same name, was filmed in Norrköping. Norrköpings konstmuseum ( Norrköping Museum of Art ) focusing on Swedish modernism and contemporary art. The museum building is designed by city architect Kurt von Schmalensee , situated at Kristinaplatsen next to

3348-752: The North Sea coast in Leith. However, the real center of the Scottish refining industry would be established in Glasgow's outport Greenock . Here, the first sugar refinery was established in 1765. Up till 1826 five others followed. By 1869 there were 14 sugar refineries in Greenock, with the two largest processing 14,000 tons of sugar per week. Four more sugar refineries were also located on the River Clyde , and two were in Leith. Glasgow

3441-617: The Southern Main Line. As preparation, the Kardonbanan freight feeder line from Norrköping Harbour to the Southern Main Line was inaugurated in February 2021. A new freight railway terminal and a relocation of Norrköping Central Station is currently being studied. Norrköping is one of two Swedish cities (the other being Gothenburg ) that retained its tram system after the 1967 conversion to right-hand drive, see Norrköping Tramway . From

3534-450: The Swedish government decentralisation policies of the 1960s and 1970s, a number of government agencies saw their national headquarters relocated from Stockholm to other parts of the country. A government inquiry suggested in 1970 that six such agencies should be relocated to Norrköping, with a particular focus on maritime and aviation transport and related services. After parliamentary debate, five agencies were established in Norrköping over

3627-787: The UK's sugar. After World War I, the British Sugar refining industry went downhill. The war made the government see the dangers of completely relying on cane sugar imports, and so the cultivation of sugar beet , processed in beet sugar factories was promoted. In 1973 the accession of the UK to the European Union meant that the British refining industry had to deal with European legislation, which favored production in Europe. In 2010 Tate & Lyle sold its sugar refining business to American Sugar Refining , which

3720-558: The Venetians produced a primitive form of refined sugar, resembling sugar candy . Approaching the end of the 16th century, the art of refining sugar had spread to Germany, Fifty years later, the Dutch started their refineries, which soon dominated the European market. The risks involved in large refineries stimulated developments in the insurance industry. In the early modern era (AD 1500 to 1800)

3813-401: The actual refining took place was behind the drying house. Here were the copper boilers called pans ( ziedpannen ) where the sugar was boiled. Most of the Dutch refineries had four pans, many had three, and only a few had two. If there were four, these pans occupied a length of at least 25 feet. Each pan rested on a brick vault under which was its own stove. The location of these pans was in

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3906-411: The affination process. The purpose of the affination step is to remove the molasses film / coating that still surrounds the raw sugar crystals while minimizing any dissolving of the crystals. The raw sugar is dropped into a mingler, typically a trough of about 35 feet length by 3 feet width and 4 feet depth. Here it is mixed with affination syrup to form a mixture called 'magma' of about 92 Brix. It exits

3999-500: The building that contained the pans also contained the two lime cisterns. These had to be founded at least 30 feet deep and stood 4 feet above ground level. They were 9 by 6 feet and stood opposite the pans. Behind the lime boxes were the scum boxes of 8–9 feet high. Opposite the first pans (counted from the street) was the cleared juice cistern klaarselketel . It was about 4 feet above ground and could contain about 8-9000 pounds of cleared sugar. The post 1800 industrial sugar refinery

4092-483: The city center. Norrköping has a long theatre and revue tradition, with East Gothland Theatre , opened in 1908, being Sweden's biggest regional theatre. Egges Theatre hosting the first Scandinavian performance of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet in 1776. Arbisteatern , dating from 1865, takes its name from Norrköpings Arbetareförenings teater , meaning The theatre of Norrköping's worker society. A 2016 Swedish drama/documentary, Sextemplet ( Sex Temple ), tells

4185-665: The city has a parade annexed. In connection to the latter is the industrial landscape where the old textile industries once were situated. In the summer, there is a cactus plantation in Carl Johans Park . 25,000 cacti planted there every summer. Kolmårdens Djurpark is a zoo located 30 km (19 mi) north of Norrköping. In connection to the large outdoor zoo, there is also Tropicariet , an aquarium, where for example snakes, crocodiles and sharks can be seen. The archipelagos 50 km (31 mi) away from Norrköping are called St Anna and Gryt. Other locations of note includes

4278-410: The clarified juice were fed to the first pan, which was brought to boil by a brisk fire. In about 12–30 minutes, evaporation would lead the liquor to attain its requisite degree of viscosity. In Holland fast evaporation was obvious only for sugar candy. The test whether the liquor could form threads between one's finger and thumb determined when the sugar was 'done'. The first option to continue refining

4371-399: The granulated sugar in molds. The first sugar refineries were located in coastal cities throughout western Europe. They did not necessarily have to be in a port city, because at the time goods were generally transloaded from a ship onto a barge before reaching their destination. Sugar refineries are often located in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan. Since

4464-411: The heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers). A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner, golden light-brown sugar solution called "thin juice". If phosphatation is applied, the melted liquor is heated to 60-70 °C and a bit of phosphoric acid is added. The mixture is immediately limed to pH 7.0-8.0. It then enters

4557-733: The huge wilderness around Kiruna had been declared a "city" in 1948. From 1965 only "non-administrative localities" are counted, independently of municipal and county borders. In 1971 "city" was abolished as a type of municipality. Urban areas in the meaning of tätort are defined independently on the division into counties and municipalities, and are defined solely according to population density. In practice, most references in Sweden are to municipalities, not specifically to towns or cities, which complicates international comparisons. Most municipalities contain many localities (up to 26 in Kristianstad Municipality ), but some localities are, on

4650-461: The industry changes and being an important part of the government response to unemployment and labour market policy. Although not a headquarter, it is the seventh government agency stationed in Norrköping, and with more than 5 000 students on campus it is a major hub of activities in the city. With a deep sea harbour, a position on the Southern Main Line railway, Norrköping Airport and being

4743-527: The intersection of European route E4 and European route E22 , Norrköping is particularly well situated for logistics related business. This is further underlined by the presence of three transport related government agencies, the national weather services and Linköping University transports and logistics research and education programmes in place. Norrköping is highly involved in the East Link , Ostlänken , which will increase travel speed and freight capacity on

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4836-425: The latter, with somewhat warmer temperatures year-round. In spite of it being located near the Baltic Sea , Norrköping has a relatively dry climate with precipitation levels averaging 508.2 millimetres (20.01 in) between 1961 and 1990. That would in turn be very low for a marine climate, but some way above more arid climates. The humidity for most of the year combined with there being no pronounced dry season keeps

4929-403: The mingler into a mixer through a grating that catches foreign matter and hard lumps. The mixer is typically a 37.5 feet long, 3 ft 4 inches wide and 8 ft 6 inches high. Here the magma is mixed and heated at a temperature between 43 and 60 °C. At the bottom of the mixer are chutes to the centrifuges. In the centrifuges , the syrup is separated from the magma by pushing it through

5022-514: The museum also houses the EWK – Center for Political Illustration Art, based on the work of satirist Ewert Karlsson . The museum is operated by a charity established by national trade union centers LO and TCO , two popular education organizations and the consumer cooperative KF . Ståhl Collection opened in October 2020, and hosts the private collection of local housing magnate Mikael Ståhl . The museum

5115-522: The other hand, multimunicipal. Stockholm urban area is spread over 11 municipalities. When comparing the population of different cities, the urban area ( tätort ) population is preferred to the population of the municipality. The population of, e.g., Stockholm should be accounted as about 1.6 million rather than the approximately 990,000 of the municipality, and Lund rather about 94,000 than about 130,000. Before 2015 delimitation of localities were made by Statistics Sweden every five years, since then it

5208-513: The outside of the form was scraped off and collected. The loaves were carefully ticked out of the molds. The British refining industry started in about 1544, when two sugar refineries were established in London. These were also known as 'sugar houses'. At first, their success was limited because of the strong competition from Antwerp. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, the sugar refining industry in London expanded. The first sugar refinery in Bristol

5301-423: The pan which occupied between 33 and 40% of its circumference, and was about two feet high. After the lower part of the pan had been filled, the brace was fixed in place to allow further filling. The mixture would then be left to stand during the night to dissolve the sugar. On the morrow, the fire below the pan was lit, and the mixture was slowly heated. It was regularly stirred to prevent the sugar from attaching to

5394-401: The pan. Stirring was decreased when the sugar had completely dissolved. When the sugar had almost reached the boiling point, the fire was almost extinguished. During heating the lime bound to impurities and formed a solidified scum, which was removed with a skimmer, resembling a perforated spade , with a 6–8 feet long handle. As soon as this was done a solution of eggs in water was plunged into

5487-606: The past, these refineries used to refine 9-10 million pounds of raw sugar from Cuba and Brazil, but in 1833 the Baltimore refineries were in serious trouble, and only about 2 million pounds were processed. A large steam and vacuum factory had burned down, and had not been rebuilt. The refinery of G.W. and H. Miller on Concord Street was still doing quite well. It benefitted from an abundant supply of fresh water, and clay from nearby Federal Hill . In Boston there were three refineries owned by Mr. Doane, Mr. Andrews and Mr. White. Together with

5580-512: The process to acquire sugar from sugar beets, many sugar factories were founded to produce raw beet sugar. Near Magdeburg there were about 400 of these, one in almost every village. In 1894 these raw sugar factories founded the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery Zücker Raffinerie Hildesheim which processed their raw beet sugar. In 1913 it was estimated that 63% of German sugar beets were turned into raw sugar which

5673-467: The rear of the refinery in order to have as much light as possible, and as little draft as possible. The light came from the rear façade of the building, which ended on an open space of about 25 feet long. Here earth and coal were stored. Below the refinery was a lead tube that allowed to pump fresh water that, in Amsterdam, was brought by barge schuitwater to the rear of the building. The same part of

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5766-411: The refinery for 3–4 months. Behind the storage for raw materials was the drying house, also called drying stove or oven. One or two houses were for drying the sugar loaves, two more were for making candy. These drying rooms were 10 feet long, 12 feet wide and 30 feet high. Each contained an iron stove burning on coal. It was set in brick, and fed from outside the room. The part of the refinery where

5859-422: The refinery would be on the street/canal side. It had to be at least 30 feet wide, 40 feet long and 20 feet high, with enough natural light and two 10 feet doors to let pass 2000-3000 pound barrels. The warehouse needed a windlass for vertical transport and a scale to weigh at least 1,800 pounds. Ideally, the warehouse and the refinery were separate buildings, but with the high real estate prices in Holland, this

5952-593: The refining process by introducing steam power and all kinds of machinery. It led to the construction of specialized building that could be recognized by having a large number of very shallow floors. The pre-1800 refinery was extensively described in the Netherlands, because the Dutch Republic dominated the trade in and refining of sugar for a long time. In Holland , the ideal refinery was at least 150 Rijnland feet (0.3140 m) long and 30 feet wide. The warehouse of

6045-439: The renowned Holmen paper mill, with its 350 years long history, announced closure, and another 900 people were let go. To counter the effects, several governmental authorities were relocated to Norrköping from Stockholm . See also Braviken Paper Mill . As of 2002, Norrköping is now seeing a revival, as a center of culture and education. The Norrköping symbol represents the "new" Norrköping. The Motala ström river flows through

6138-404: The retaining screen in the centrifuge's side. This leaves the crystals in the centrifuge and also a residual syrup film that is removed by hot-water (82 °C+) washing of the crystals while still in the basket. The washed crystals are then plowed from the centrifuge. This 'affination sugar' is then brought to the melter. This typically is a round tank of 12 feet diameter and 6 feet height. Here

6231-427: The room. They were then stacked up to each other while the outer rows were supported by prefixes voorzetsels , i.e. broken molds that were not fit for any other purpose. The day after, the molds were brought to one of the upper floors. Here the stop of the forms was removed, and over a few days syrup leaked out and was gathered into collection pots. The forms were then put on top of a box, where sugar that stuck to

6324-618: The story of Arbisteatern as a burlesque stage in the 2010s. Urban areas in Sweden In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population. Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort . The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, " locality " ( Swedish : ort ). It could be compared with " census-designated places " in

6417-411: The sucrose. The most important clarification processes are carbonatation and phosphatation. If carbonatation is applied, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate ( chalk ). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where

6510-441: The sugar is mixed with high-purity sweetwater and agitated by paddles. This mixture is heated by steam, melting the crystals in the sweetwater to form a liquor commonly called melt liquor. The purification step consists of combinations of clarification and decolorization. All clarification treatments include mixing the melted liquor with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). This treatment precipitates

6603-462: The sugar mixture. This was done for the egg white or albumen, which bound more impurities. This led to more scum being scraped off. This was repeated 5-6 times, till a white slimy layer appeared on the surface instead of more scum. The solution was then called klaarsel for being cleared. Here clear also meant transparent . For purifying very rough sugar, ground water was used, and more lime and more eggs. The total use of eggs could be 400 or 500

6696-432: The sugar refinery process consisted of some standard steps. First the raw sugar was put in a copper boiler and mixed with bullock's blood and lime-water. The mixture was then left to stand for a night in order to dissolve. In the morning, a fire was lit under the pan or boiler. The albumen of the blood then coagulated and entangled the mechanical impurities of the sugar, forming a scum that was constantly removed. The simmering

6789-475: The surroundings green in spite of the rain shadow effect. Winter precipitation is quite low, but often falls as snow. On August 26, 2016, Norrköping set a nationwide record for the hottest temperature in the latter parts of August with 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) during a sudden and brief burst of extreme heat. The warmest temperature on record was set in July 2022 with 35.6 °C (96.1 °F). Speedway As part of

6882-710: The time. During the remaining 19th century, the industries kept expanding. The area by the Motala Stream was developed further with the construction of a cotton refinery, and a paper mill was constructed in 1854, specializing in newspaper, and is still today exporting to customers around the world. The industry, including textile manufacturers, also expanded into the 20th century. In 1950 a total of 54 factories had 6,600 employees in town. By 1956, however, 18 of them had been closed due to competition from countries abroad with lower wages, such as Italy and Japan . In 1970 only 10 factories and 1,200 employees remained. In that year,

6975-411: The total building, i.e. at least 30 feet. In the 16–18 feet of width that was left there were all kinds of tools, and things like baskets to move the scum. Near the first box, there was a hole in the ceiling and all the floors above, in order to transport goods vertically by rope. On the first floor, there was a storage for lime, which was the same size as the pans, so enough lime could be stored to operate

7068-420: Was 'done' (i.e. boiled), it was transferred to a cooling pan. when it had sufficiently cooled, the sugar would form a crust. Ideally, the next batch of boiled sugar was done at this exact moment and was then added to the cooling pan. A cooling pan could be filled with up to five batches. Also see granulation above. Filling the molds was the fifth step. Sugar candy was made by drying the sugar by heat. For this it

7161-580: Was Sweden's second largest city. The city again burnt in 1655, and again in 1719 during the Russian Pillage of 1719-21 when the Russians burnt it to the ground. Stones from the Johannisborg castle were used to build new houses, and today only a few stones remain. During the 18th century it was rebuilt and several industries soon got a stronghold: In the 1740s, Norrköping boasted three sugar refineries ; in

7254-598: Was a local nickname for the textile workers, and stan is short for Staden, which means The City or The Town in Swedish). In 1993–1994, archaeological excavations at Borg in Norrköping revealed a farmstead established in the 7th century and continuously used through the Middle Ages, later becoming a royal manor under King Magnus Eriksson in the 14th century. Structures dating from the late 7th century to around 1000 AD were uncovered, along with evidence of ritual activities beginning in

7347-595: Was a struggling sugar refinery which relied on raw sugar from New Orleans. In 1974 there were 29 sugar refineries in the USA. Raw sugar may be stored for months at both the sugar mill and the sugar refinery. While stored, the raw sugar crystals are still surrounded by a fine film of molasses left by the final crystallization step at the sugar mill. This film of molasses offers an incubator for microbial growth, leading to quality loss related to storage. Nowadays many sugar refineries buy such high pol sugar, that they can do without

7440-470: Was about to be joined by another. The refinery of J.G. Smith & Son on Vine street was spacious and clean. The refinery of Paul Lajus & Co. on Bread Street had switched to the French method. This involved bascule pans hung on chains, which were far more effective than fixed pans, when open fire was used for evaporation. In New York, the sugar refineries could process about 9,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Slightly more than half would become refined sugar,

7533-630: Was also allowed to use the name for these activities. In Germany, Hamburg was an early center of sugar refineries, rivalling the importance of Amsterdam. By 1727 there were about 200 refineries (known as Zuckersiederei ) in Hamburg, dominating the German market. From 1830 to 1850 this Hamburg industry was almost completely annihilated. Hamburg's last cane sugar refinery was the Dampfzuckersiederei von 1848, which closed down in 1885. After discovery of

7626-454: Was an important center for the production of the very heavy machinery required for cane sugar mills. This probably contributed to the growth of Greenock as a center for sugar refining, which required lighter, but comparable machinery. In 1859 Henry Tate (1819–1899) became a partner in a sugar refinery in Liverpool, which he soon came to control. In 1872 his company Henry Tate & Sons opened

7719-439: Was brought to the drying house by transport bucket. Here the sugar was put in candy pots. The operation to put the sugar in the transport buckets and to fill the pots could take about two-three minutes. Ideally, the second pan was by then ready to fill the transport buckets. If candy sugar was made, the drying room could contain about 150 pots of candy made from the raw sugar of four pans after about 6 hours of work. The drying room

7812-487: Was burnt. It was rebuilt by John III of Sweden , who designed the current street pattern. In 1618, a weapon industry was established by supervision of Gustavus Adolphus . The harbour also attracted ships due to its proximity to the industries of Finspång . In addition to the weapon industry, a large scale industry of textile was also initiated. An important benefactor was the industrial man Louis De Geer (1587–1652) . At De Geer's death, Norrköping had 6,000 inhabitants and

7905-679: Was characterized by using gravity to transport sugar downwards through the building as it went through several refining steps. In combination with some other features, this led a recognizable type of 19th century sugar refinery building. Examples were buildings of: the Domino Sugar Refinery , the Boston Sugar Refinery , the Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij , the Wester Suikerraffinaderij and

7998-610: Was crowned in the Church of Saint Olof. In the later 18th and early 19th Centuries, Norrköping was one of the three Swedish cities where Jews were allowed to live (see History of the Jews in Sweden ). The city again suffered fires in 1822 and 1826. Thereafter wooden houses were banned. In 1841 a ship industry was initiated as a branch of Motala Verkstad in Motala . In 1850 the industry had over 600 employees making it Sweden's largest ship industry at

8091-401: Was generally ground and sold as powder sugar. Sugar candy consisted of very large crystals formed around threads. It was either white or brown, depending on the quality of the sugar that was used. The first step, roughly equal to purification, was to fill the pans with fresh water and some lime water. Next raw sugar was put into the pan. The pans had a brace, which was a part of the front of

8184-412: Was rare. The refinery was often directly behind the warehouse in the same building. Closest to the warehouse was the storage for raw materials. Here, there were 4 rooms/boxes to store different kinds of raw sugar, which was fed into the boxes from the first floor. These were each 6 feet long and 12–14 feet wide, making that the raw sugar storage part of the refinery was about 30 feet long, and as wide as

8277-526: Was started in 1607, when Robert Aldworth founded a single pan refinery. Sugar trade and refining would become the main source of prosperity for Bristol in the 18th century. At one time, there were some 20 refineries in Bristol. In Liverpool, the first sugar refinery was established in 1667. The sugar refinery industry in Scotland started in 1667. By 1715 there were refineries on the Atlantic coast in Glasgow and on

8370-405: Was then cleaned, shut off, and the fire in its stove was lit. If sugar loaves or lump sugar was made, the sugar was brought to the filling room, see image: Filling molds in 1793. Here, the molds were filled. These had a conical shape with a hole in the tip, which was stopped by a piece of cloth. In the filling room, the molds were filled and then placed on their pointy end, starting in a corner of

8463-401: Was then continued till a sample of the mixture appeared transparent. It was then rapidly boiled down till such consistency that it could form threads between one's finger and thumb. At which point the fire was damped. The second step was granulation. For this, the syrup was transferred to a vessel called a cooler, where it was agitated with wooden oars till it granulated. The third step was to put

8556-663: Was then processed in a separate sugar refinery. In the United States this percentage was zero. This caused a lot of confusion. In 1938 the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery acquired the Zuckerraffinerie Braunschweig and closed it down the next year. Eventually the concentration of raw sugar factories meant that (central) refineries became superfluous. The raw (beet) sugar factories became so big that it became sensible to process raw beet sugar on-site instead of at

8649-447: Was to drain off the remaining water by using gravity, which would result in loaf, lump or bastard sugar. The other option was to evaporate the remaining water by heat, resulting in Sugar candy . The fourth step cooling, was not applicable to sugar candy. For loaf sugar the third or fourth pan were used as cooling pans. For lump sugar three pans were used for cooling. As soon as a pan of sugar

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