The Horowitz Ridge ( 77°37′S 162°6′E / 77.617°S 162.100°E / -77.617; 162.100 ( Horowitz Ridge ) ) is a rock ridge between David Valley and King Valley in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land , Antarctica.
49-471: The Horowitz Ridge was named for Professor Norman Horowitz of the California Institute of Technology , whose interest in the analogy of Antarctica to Mars led him to suggest the value of Victoria Land Dry Valley studies in regard to Martian life detection. The studies were undertaken in 1966–68 by a United States Antarctic Research Program biological party led by Roy E. Cameron , who suggested
98-520: A United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) biological party to the valley in 1967-68, for Jonathan A. King, a member of that party. 77°36′09″S 162°11′28″E / 77.602379°S 162.191134°E / -77.602379; 162.191134 . A prominent mountain rising to 1,920 metres (6,300 ft) high between lower David Valley and Bartley Glacier. Named by the US-ACAN in 1997 after Osmund Holm-Hansen, plant physiologist, who, working in
147-733: A United States Antarctic Project (United States ArmyP) researcher, 1981-87, investigated sea ice microbial communities in the fast ice of McMurdo Sound, as well as krill associated with ice edge zones in Bellingshausen, Scotia and Weddell Seas. Served as the Manager, Laboratory Facilities, McMurdo Station for ITT Antarctic Services, 1988-90; Manager, Laboratory Science, 1990-96 and Chief Scientist from 1997 for Antarctic Support Associates (ASA). 77°37′59″S 162°04′27″E / 77.633068°S 162.074149°E / -77.633068; 162.074149 . A peak, 2,020 metres (6,630 ft) high, marking
196-527: A depth of 65 metres (213 ft). Increasing summer field activity and a clear need to establish a winter record led New Zealand's Antarctic Division and the National Science Foundation of the United States to plan a more permanent base in the valley. In 1968 New Zealand established Vanda Station near the eastern end of Lake Vanda. Download coordinates as: The Wright Valley is one of
245-468: A point was reached where the supply of one of these molecules limited further multiplication. By a process of mutation and natural selection, these life forms then evolved a catalytic activity for utilizing another related available molecule by catalyzing its conversion to the previously limiting molecule. When this precursor molecule was in turn eventually depleted, further mutations allowed the conversion of another available substrate (a pre- precursor) into
294-451: A single gene. His discovery helped to clinch the case for George Beadle and Edward Tatum 's " one gene-one enzyme hypothesis " (a term Horowitz coined for their concept). The importance of the “one gene-one enzyme” concept can only be understood in the context of how geneticists thought about the gene in the first half of the twentieth century. Many geneticists doubted that genes, as definable entities even existed. Rather they attributed
343-602: Is 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) wide and its floor, 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation, is nearly ice free. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1997) after Craig J. Martin , who had 10 years involvement in Antarctic construction and engineering projects at Siple, South Pole, and McMurdo Stations and various field camps in McMurdo Dry Valleys from 1977; from 1989, Director, Engineering, Antarctic Support Associates (ASA), with responsibility for
392-690: Is fed by the Onyx River. Its southwestern branch, South Fork , is the location of Don Juan Pond . The upland area known as the Labyrinth is at the valley's west end. Although portions of the interconnected valley system were discovered in 1903 by the Discovery expedition led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott , the Wright Valley located near the centre of the system was not seen until aerial photographs of
441-872: Is separated from the North Fork by the Dais. Named by the VUWAE, 1958-59. 77°32′S 161°33′E / 77.533°S 161.550°E / -77.533; 161.550 . Lake, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long, just east of the Dais in Wright Valley, Victoria Land. Named by the VUWAE (1958-59) after a dog used by C. Bull, leader of this party, in the British North Greenland Expedition. 77°32′S 161°42′E / 77.533°S 161.700°E / -77.533; 161.700 . Small lake 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) east of Lake Vanda. The name appears to have been applied in
490-765: The McMurdo Dry Valleys . It runs from Wright Upper Glacier in the west to Wright Lower Glacier to the east. It separates the Olympus Range to the north from the Asgard Range to the south. Features of the valley, from west to east, include the Labyrinth, Don Juan Pond, Dais, North Fork, South Fork, Lake Vanda, Lake Canopus, Onyx River and Lake Brownsworth. 77°33′S 160°50′E / 77.550°S 160.833°E / -77.550; 160.833 . An extensive flat upland area which has been deeply eroded at
539-695: The Viking Lander of 1976, the first U.S. mission to successfully land an unmanned probe on the surface of Mars. Horowitz was a member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1965 he began work with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena , serving for five years as chief of JPL's bioscience section and as a member of the science teams for
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#1732851368857588-570: The 1959-60 field season. 77°30′S 162°23′E / 77.500°S 162.383°E / -77.500; 162.383 . A small hanging glacier on the south wall of Wright Valley, between the Meserve and Goodspeed Glaciers. Named by United States geologist Robert Nichols for Roger Hart, geological assistant to Nichols at nearby Marble Point in the 1959-60 field season. 77°29′S 162°27′E / 77.483°S 162.450°E / -77.483; 162.450 . A small hanging glacier on
637-736: The 1959-60 season, was one of the first American scientists to visit and conduct research in both Taylor Valley and Wright Valley; Research Biologist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography from 1962; extensive field research from 1976 includes studies of microbial populations in McMurdo Sound, the Ross Sea, and other ocean areas south of the Antarctic Convergence. 77°35′00″S 162°11′00″E / 77.583333°S 162.183333°E / -77.583333; 162.183333 . A flat benchlike feature that rises to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) high on
686-648: The 1960's probably in association with nearby Bull Pass, or for physicist Colin Bull, for whom the pass is named. 77°33′S 161°31′E / 77.550°S 161.517°E / -77.550; 161.517 . A small lake 65 metres (213 ft) above the southern shore of Lake Vanda. Named by the Eighth VUWAE, 1963-64, after Canopus, pilot of Menelaus, the king of Sparta. 77°32′S 161°45′E / 77.533°S 161.750°E / -77.533; 161.750 . A meltwater stream which flows westward through
735-740: The Asgard Range. Named by the NZ-APC, presumably in association with nearby Mount Thundergut, "donner" being a German word for "thunder." 77°35′S 161°32′E / 77.583°S 161.533°E / -77.583; 161.533 . A north-flowing glacier located just east of Plane Table in the Asgard Range. Named by NZ-APC for N.Z. film director Jeremy Sykes who perished in a helicopter accident at nearby Mount McLennan, Nov. 19, 1969. 77°35′S 161°50′E / 77.583°S 161.833°E / -77.583; 161.833 . A small glacier just east of Siegfried Peak and Siegmund Peak on
784-461: The Biology Division from 1977 to 1980, and became professor emeritus in 1982. As a scientist, Horowitz is best known for his discovery and demonstration in 1944 that a metabolic pathway is a series of steps, each catalyzed by a single enzyme. Working with Neurospora crassa , Horowitz demonstrated that each step in the metabolism of arginine from its precursors depends on the intactness of
833-462: The Conrow Glacier and east of Horowitz Ridge. Named by Roy E. Cameron, leader of a USARP biological party to the valley in 1967-68, for Charles N. David, a member of that party. 77°37′S 162°03′E / 77.617°S 162.050°E / -77.617; 162.050 . A small ice-free valley lying above the Conrow Glacier and west of Horowitz Ridge. Named by Roy E. Cameron, leader of
882-473: The Dais in the South Fork of Wright Valley, Victoria Land. The pond was sighted on October 11, 1961 in a field reconnaissance by United States Navy helicopter. In the next three months, a USARP party with George H. Meyer and others made several trips to study the pond. They named it Don Juan Pond for Lieutenants Donald Roe and John Hickey, United States Navy Air Development Squadron Six, who were of assistance to
931-536: The Dais. https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=124047 77°33′S 161°16′E / 77.550°S 161.267°E / -77.550; 161.267 . An elongated mesa between Labyrinth and Lake Vanda in the western part of Wright Valley, in Victoria Land. Descriptively named by the VUWAE, 1958-59. 77°34′S 161°11′E / 77.567°S 161.183°E / -77.567; 161.183 . A shallow saline pond located south of
980-610: The Mariner and Viking missions to Mars. From 1977 to 1980, he was chairman of the biology division at Caltech. Since 2013, Horowitz was listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education . Among advocates of space exploration, he was noted for his opposition to a space program centered on the use of human astronauts. Charlene Anderson recalls, "In personal discussions, he could be particularly vociferous on
1029-520: The NZ-APC in 1984 after the Minotaur, in association with names from Greek mythology in the Olympus Range. 77°33′S 161°03′E / 77.550°S 161.050°E / -77.550; 161.050 . An ice-free col at 600 metres (2,000 ft), connecting the east edge of the Labyrinth and the west edge of the Dais, in Wright Valley, Victoria Land. Named by US-ACAN (1997) in association with
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#17328513688571078-666: The NZGB (1998) after a migratory bird which summers in New Zealand. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Norman Horowitz Norman Harold Horowitz (March 19, 1915 – June 1, 2005) was an American geneticist at Caltech who achieved national fame as the scientist who devised experiments to determine whether life might exist on Mars . His experiments were carried out by
1127-484: The New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (1998) after a New Zealand water bird. 77°28′00″S 162°40′00″E / 77.466667°S 162.666667°E / -77.466667; 162.666667 . A prominent cirque, 1.9 nautical miles (3.5 km; 2.2 mi) northwest of Mount Newall , Asgard Range, which occupies the south wall of Wright Valley between Denton Glacier and Nichols Range. The cirque
1176-642: The Wright Valley from Wright Lower Glacier to Lake Vanda. Mapped and named by the VUWAE, 1958-59. 77°28′S 161°42′E / 77.467°S 161.700°E / -77.467; 161.700 . A low pass through the Olympus Range, between Mount Jason and Mount Orestes , joining the McKelvey Valley and the Wright Valley. It was named by the VUWAE (1958-59) for C. Bull, who led this expedition. 77°26′S 162°45′E / 77.433°S 162.750°E / -77.433; 162.750 . A meltwater lake immediately west of Wright Lower Glacier at
1225-805: The divide between Rhone Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier . The mountain stands 1.3 nautical miles (2.4 km; 1.5 mi) northwest of Mount J. J. Thomson . Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (1998) after Marie Darby, marine biologist of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch.} Her January 1968 voyage to McMurdo Sound in the Magga Dan marks the first visit of a New Zealand woman scientist to Antarctica. 77°39′32″S 162°13′23″E / 77.658871°S 162.222984°E / -77.658871; 162.222984 . A glacier flowing eastward between Kennedy Glacier and Mount Darby into
1274-864: The east end of Wright Valley. The lake was mapped by USGS from surveys and air photos obtained in 1956-60. Named by US-ACAN for Frederick S. Brownworth, USGS topographic engineer who worked several seasons in Antarctica. In 1970-71 he supervised aerial photography of the dry valleys of Victoria Land, including this lake. Tributary valleys and hanging glaciers entering from the Asgard Range, from west to east, include Donner Valley, Sykes Glacier, Odin Valley, Heimdall Glacier, Bartley Glacier, Meserve Glacier, Hart Glacier, Goodspeed Glacier and Denton Glacier. 77°37′S 161°27′E / 77.617°S 161.450°E / -77.617; 161.450 . A small, mainly ice-free valley located north-northeast of Mount Thundergut in
1323-540: The endowed Norman H. Horowitz Fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh to support undergraduate research. He completed his PhD at Caltech in 1939 under embryologist Albert Tyler , and then became a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in the laboratory of George W. Beadle . Horowitz returned to Caltech as a faculty member in 1946 and stayed at the Institute for the remainder of his career. He served as chair of
1372-569: The field party. A new mineral, calcium chloride hexahydrate, was discovered in the pond. The name Antarcticite was proposed for the new mineral. 77°32′S 161°15′E / 77.533°S 161.250°E / -77.533; 161.250 . The northern arm of Wright Valley in Victoria Land. The feature is separated from the South Fork by the Dais. Named by the VUWAE, 1958-59. 77°34′S 161°15′E / 77.567°S 161.250°E / -77.567; 161.250 . The southern arm of Wright Valley in Victoria Land. The feature
1421-587: The first indication that there is no current life on the surface of Mars, it remains possible that life did exist on Mars in the distant past. Heimdall Glacier The Wright Valley ( 77°31′S 161°50′E / 77.517°S 161.833°E / -77.517; 161.833 ( Wright Valley ) ) is a large east–west trending valley, formerly occupied by a glacier but now ice free except for Wright Upper Glacier at its head and Wright Lower Glacier at its mouth, in Victoria Land , Antarctica. It
1470-540: The heads of Valhalla Glacier and Conrow Glacier . Mapped by the USGS in 1962 from United States Navy aerial photographs taken 1947-59. Named by the NZ-APC in 1983 from association with Mount Beowulf (q.v.) after Grendal (Grendel), the monster in the Old English epic poem Beowulf. 77°37′S 162°08′E / 77.617°S 162.133°E / -77.617; 162.133 . A small partially ice-free valley lying above
1519-496: The mesa is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long, averages 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) wide, and rises above the converging heads of David Valley, Bartley Glacier, Matterhorn Glacier, and the north flank of Rhone Glacier, all receiving ice that drains from the feature. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1997) after Steven T. Kottmeier, who as
Horowitz Ridge - Misplaced Pages Continue
1568-679: The naming. Download coordinates as: The Horowitz Ridge lies between King Valley to the northwest and David Valley to the east. The head of the Conrow Glacier , which flows north towards Wright Valley is to the north of the ridge. The head of the Rhone Glacier , which flows southeast towards Taylor Valley , is to the south. Features near to the ridge include, from south to north: 77°40′00″S 162°11′41″E / 77.66676°S 162.194664°E / -77.66676; 162.194664 . A mountain rising to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) on
1617-412: The north side of Mount Holm-Hansen. Named by the NZGB (1998) in association with names from Norse mythology in Asgard Range, Bifröst being a “bridge” linking Asgard (home of the gods) with earth. 77°35′37″S 162°12′36″E / 77.593659°S 162.209893°E / -77.593659; 162.209893 . A glacier that flows northeast from Mount Holm-Hansen into Bartley Glacier . Named by
1666-490: The phenotypes of mutants to altered properties of whole chromosomes. Even among geneticists who believed in the existence of individual genes, a vague concern was often expressed that there was no simple causative relationship between genes and proteins. Metzenberg remarked on the stubborn courage required for Horowitz to espouse and defend the initially unpopular idea of “one gene-one enzyme” and to see it through to general acceptance. Another important contribution of Horowitz
1715-663: The precursor. Horowitz considered that repetition of such mutation/selection events formed the basis of the evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Horowitz was head of the Pyrolytic Release experiment during the Viking program . Dr Beadle (1958 Nobel Prize winner in Medicine) gave credit to Dr. Horowitz for his original work on biological reactions. The results from incubating Martian soil with complex media, and from pyrolysis of soil followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of
1764-639: The pyrolysis products, suggested that the surface of Mars is lifeless. Furthermore, in the soil samples analyzed by the Viking program there were no detectable biochemical footprints in the form of organic compounds that might be expected if living organisms ever thrived on Mars. However, in 2013, NASA's Curiosity rover provided evidence of an ancient Martian lake (in existence about 3.7 billion years ago) that may have been capable of supporting life for long stretches --- perhaps for millions of years. Thus, although Horowitz's pyrolytic release experiments in 1976 provided
1813-425: The region were made in 1947. By the mid-1960s scientists were becoming increasingly intrigued by the paradoxical fact that the valley lay immediately adjacent to the permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet , yet had remained ice-free for at least thousands of years. Although Lake Vanda is covered by roughly 3 metres (9.8 ft) of ice year-round, lake temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) had been reliably measured at
1862-670: The south side of Wright Valley. The name, given by NZ-APC, is one in a group derived from Norse mythology, Heimdall being the warden of Asgard. 77°34′S 161°58′E / 77.567°S 161.967°E / -77.567; 161.967 . A small glacier in the Asgard Range located between Mount Valhalla and Conrow Glacier. It flows part way down the north wall of the range toward Wright Valley. Named by US-ACAN and NZ-APC in consultation. 77°34′S 162°07′E / 77.567°S 162.117°E / -77.567; 162.117 . A small glacier, next westward of Bartley Glacier, that drains north from Asgard Range partway down
1911-478: The south wall of Wright Valley, between the Hart and Denton Glaciers. Named by United States geologist Robert Nichols after Robert Goodspeed, geological assistant to Nichols at nearby Marble Point in the 1959-60 field season. 77°29′S 162°36′E / 77.483°S 162.600°E / -77.483; 162.600 . A small hanging glacier which drains the northwest slopes of Mount Newall and terminates on
1960-439: The south wall of Wright Valley. Named by Roy E. Cameron, leader of a USARP biological party to the area in 1966-67, for Howard P. Conrow, a member of that party. 77°32′S 162°13′E / 77.533°S 162.217°E / -77.533; 162.217 . A hanging glacier on the south wall of Wright Valley, just west of Meserve Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for construction driver Ollie B. Hartley, United States Navy, who
2009-441: The south wall of Wright Valley. Named by United States geologist Robert Nichols for George Denton, geological assistant to Nichols at nearby Marble Point in the 1958-59 field season. 77°29′05″S 162°34′19″E / 77.484849°S 162.571882°E / -77.484849; 162.571882 . A pond, 0.25 nautical miles (0.46 km; 0.29 mi) long, between Mount Loke and the west side of Denton Glacier. Named by
Horowitz Ridge - Misplaced Pages Continue
2058-452: The summit of Horowitz Ridge. The peak stands 1.8 nautical miles (3.3 km; 2.1 mi) west of Vogler Peak . Named by the NZGB (1998) after A. M. (Tony) Bromley, a New Zealand Polar Medalist involved in Antarctic meteorological research for 30 years; member of the 1974 Vanda Station winter party. 77°37′S 161°56′E / 77.617°S 161.933°E / -77.617; 161.933 . A small, mainly ice-free valley between
2107-549: The topic of human versus robotic exploration. Norm argued that human exploration could only interfere with scientific exploration and confuse the public as to why we should explore space. In his view, science should drive the endeavor, not a lust for adventure." Horowitz earned his BS in biology at the University of Pittsburgh in 1936 where his experience conducting research as an undergraduate helped to persuade him to pursue further graduate training in science. He later established
2156-504: The upper part of Matterhorn Glacier. Named by the NZGB (1998) after Baden Norris, Honorary Curator of the Antarctic collection, Canterbury Museum; historian who worked in Antarctica as a conservator of historic huts. 77°38′43″S 162°08′40″E / 77.645373°S 162.144533°E / -77.645373; 162.144533 . A prominent 2,120 metres (6,960 ft) high mesa, 2.8 nautical miles (5.2 km; 3.2 mi) northwest of Mount J. J. Thomson . Almost wholly ice covered,
2205-549: The upper reaches of the Heimdall Glacier and Rhone Glacier. The name, applied by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) and the US-ACAN in consultation, is one in a group in the range derived from Norse mythology, wherein Fenrir is a wolf chained by Tiw . 77°34′S 162°00′E / 77.567°S 162.000°E / -77.567; 162.000 . A peak rising to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high between
2254-493: The west end of Wright Valley, in Victoria Land. So named by the VUWAE (1958-59) because the eroded dolerite of which it is formed gives an appearance of a labyrinth. 77°30′S 160°50′E / 77.500°S 160.833°E / -77.500; 160.833 . A pass, or saddle, at about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) between Apollo Peak and Mount Electra in the Olympus Range, Victoria Land. The pass permits walking access to Wright Valley from McKelvey Valley. Named by
2303-452: Was his 1945 proposal on the “backward evolution” of biosynthetic pathways. This proposal provided a framework for understanding the evolution of biosynthetic pathways and presaged the study of molecular evolution . Horowitz proposed that the earliest life forms reproduced themselves by utilizing non-biologic organic molecules in the environment. Depletion of such organic molecules by the early reproducing life forms could have continued until
2352-508: Was killed on January 14, 1957, when the vehicle (weasel) he was driving dropped through the sea ice at Hut Point, McMurdo Sound. 77°31′S 162°17′E / 77.517°S 162.283°E / -77.517; 162.283 . A hanging glacier on the south wall of Wright Valley, between the Bartley and Hart Glaciers. Named by United States geologist Robert Nichols for William Meserve, geological assistant to Nichols at nearby Marble Point in
2401-648: Was named by the VUWAE (1958-59) for Sir Charles Wright , for whom the BrAE (1910-13) named the glacier at the mouth of this valley. The Wright Valley is the central one of the three large McMurdo Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains , located west of McMurdo Sound . Wright Valley contains the Onyx River , the longest river in Antarctica , Lake Brownworth, the origin of the Onyx River, and Lake Vanda , which
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