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97-596: The name Njombe originated from a name of a tree species called ‘ Mdzombe ’ for singular and Mazdombe for plural which then dominant in one of its localities known as Mdandu. And it was in Mdandu where the Germans chose to build an administrative and defence block; the Boma . The Njombe Region is situated in Tanzania's Southern Highlands Zone. It shares borders with the regions of Iringa to

194-476: A designer , a contractor , a construction manager , or other advisors); such specialists are normally appointed for their expertise in project delivery and construction management and will help the owner define the project brief , agree on a budget and schedule , liaise with relevant public authorities, and procure materials and the services of other specialists (the supply chain , comprising subcontractors and materials suppliers). Contracts are agreed for

291-422: A "live" environment (where residents or businesses remain living in or operating on the site) requires particular care, planning and communication. When applicable, a proposed construction project must comply with local land-use planning policies including zoning and building code requirements. A project will normally be assessed (by the 'authority having jurisdiction', AHJ, typically the municipality where

388-555: A boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...' Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's ' Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon ' (1920), which indicates

485-480: A borrowing from Persian (p. 295). At any rate, the word was in circulation before the British Empire began colonizing. Moreover, no such entity as the 'British Overseas Management Administration' ever existed. Construction This is an accepted version of this page Construction is a general term meaning the art and science of forming objects , systems , or organizations . It comes from

582-445: A building or other asset that affect safety, including its use, expansion, structural integrity, and fire protection , usually require municipality approval. Depending on the type of project, mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers may participate in creating an overall plan for the financial management of a construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since

679-640: A business to lead both design and construction ( design-build ); or they may directly appoint a designer, contractor and specialist subcontractors ( construction management ). Some forms of procurement emphasize collaborative relationships ( partnering , alliancing) between the client, the contractor, and other stakeholders within a construction project, seeking to ameliorate often highly competitive and adversarial industry practices. DfMA (design for manufacture and assembly) approaches also emphasize early collaboration with manufacturers and suppliers regarding products and components. Construction or refurbishment work in

776-479: A conceptual cost estimate performed by a building estimator . As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carry forward. Public–private partnerships (PPPs) or private finance initiatives (PFIs) may also be used to help deliver major projects. According to McKinsey in 2019,

873-600: A livestock enclosure, a boma is the equivalent of kraal . The former term is used in areas influenced by the Swahili language , and the latter is employed in areas influenced by Afrikaans . In the form of fortified villages or camps, bomas were commonplace in Central Africa in the 18th and 19th century. They were commonplace throughout Africa, including in areas affected by the slave trade , tribal wars and colonial conquest, and were built and used by both sides. Apart from

970-433: A rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community). During the construction of a building, a municipal building inspector usually inspects the ongoing work periodically to ensure that construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete, any later changes made to

1067-439: A sizable plateau section, the area's common landform, adds to its distinctiveness. The Ruhuji, Hagafilo, Ruaha , Mbarali, and Ruhuhu are the only long-lasting, significant rivers in the area. The agricultural industry dominates the local economy of Njombe Region. Agriculture made up 42.3 percent of the economy in 2016, 48.4 percent in 2017, 47.4 percent in 2018, and 45.2 percent in 2019. The second-largest contributor to GDP ,

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1164-796: Is divided into six districts , each administered by a council: New heatlh facilities are still being built in Njombe Region in an effort to improve the health care system. The number of institutions expanded from 3 in 1961 to 146 in 2003 (10 hospitals, 19 health centers, and 117 dispensaries), 241 in 2012 (10 hospitals, 22 health centers, and 209 dispensaries), and 273 in 2018 (10 hospitals, 33 health centers, and 230 dispensaries). The most dispensaries are found in Njombe Town Council (59). The least number of dispensaries were located in Makambako Town Council (7). Similarly, Njombe Town Council had

1261-540: Is followed by a chilly, dry season that lasts from May to September. Depending on the altitude, the temperature in the area can range from 0°C in May and June to roughly 20°C to 24°C in October and November. Furthermore, there can be significant temperature changes between day and night, with scorching afternoons reaching temperatures of up to 26 °C and chilly evenings and nights reaching temperatures of less than 0 °C. The Njombe region

1358-590: Is grown with short grass with glittering outgrows during rainy season. There are some unreadable inscriptions which, according to local legend, appeared naturally. It is located in Igodiva village, about three kilometres from Nyumba Nitu forest. Luhuji waterfall in Njombe town is a tourist attraction, used for filming and picnics. Old colonial buildings including a Catholic Cathedral and a Lutheran church are located in Njombe town. A memorial monument to honour Tanzanians who fought

1455-465: Is home to the Kitulo National Park . Nyumba Nitu forest, meaning a Black house, consists of natural caves and a natural forest located at Mlevela village in Mdandu ward, approximately 15 kilometers away from Njombe Township. The forest has its root from Nyumba Nitu caves, since the caves are very dark for one to see and they are associated by the myth of black cows which lived in the cave. Inside

1552-518: Is located on Tanzania's southern plateau, which rises from 600 to 3,000 meters above sea level. A significant scarp that can reach 800 meters in height, which is the eastern portion of the Kipengere Range , surrounds the area on all sides. Massive outcrops escarpments and metamorphic rocks are a notable aspect of the land escarpment in Makete and Ludewa DCs. These outcrops, also known as inselbergs , are

1649-626: Is the ancestral homeland to the following people groups: Bena , Pangwa , Kinga , Wanji , Poroto , Kisi , Mwelya , Sandia and Manda . The majority of the District is populated by the Bena ethnic group, while the majority of the Ludewa DC is made up of Pangwa, Manda, and Kisi. Wanji ethnic group is only present in Makete DC, while Ngoni and Nyakyusa make up the majority of Njombe TC and Makete DC. According to

1746-405: Is the discipline of safely and efficiently tearing down buildings and other artificial structures . Demolition contrasts with deconstruction , which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes ( recycling – see also circular economy ). The output of the global construction industry was worth an estimated $ 10.8 trillion in 2017, and in 2018

1843-937: Is the process of adding structures to areas of land, also known as real property sites. Typically, a project is instigated by or with the owner of the property (who may be an individual or an organisation); occasionally, land may be compulsorily purchased from the owner for public use. Residential construction may be undertaken by individual land-owners ( self-built ), by specialist housebuilders , by property developers , by general contractors , or by providers of public or social housing (e.g.: local authorities, housing associations ). Where local zoning or planning policies allow, mixed-use developments may comprise both residential and non-residential construction (e.g.: retail, leisure, offices, public buildings, etc.). Residential construction practices, technologies , and resources must conform to local building authority's regulations and codes of practice . Materials readily available in

1940-413: Is the second largest construction market with a 2018 output of $ 1.581 trillion. Construction is a major source of employment in most countries; high reliance on small businesses, and under-representation of women are common traits. For example: According to McKinsey research, productivity growth per worker in construction has lagged behind many other industries across different countries including in

2037-550: The Bronze Age , a class of professional craftsmen , like bricklayers and carpenters , appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages , the artisan craftsmen were organized into guilds . In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later, diesel- and electric-powered vehicles such as cranes , excavators and bulldozers . Fast-track construction has been increasingly popular in

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2134-482: The Latin word constructio (from com- "together" and struere "to pile up") and Old French construction . To 'construct' is a verb : the act of building, and the noun is construction: how something is built or the nature of its structure. In its most widely used context, construction covers the processes involved in delivering buildings , infrastructure , industrial facilities, and associated activities through to

2231-727: The Second World War is found in Njombe. This bears inscriptions of the veterans who fought under the command of King’s African Rifles (KAR) of the British Army . An early German built Primary Magistrate’s Court and a German administrative block are historical sites found in Njombe Township. A mass grave of the local Wabena warriors killed during the Maji Maji war in 1906 is found in Utengule village. The mass grave bears hundreds of remains of

2328-587: The United States and in European countries. In the United States, construction productivity per worker has declined by half since the 1960s. The twenty-five largest countries in the world by construction GVA (2018) Some workers may be engaged in manual labour as unskilled or semi-skilled workers; they may be skilled tradespeople; or they may be supervisory or managerial personnel. Under safety legislation in

2425-474: The architect , engineer or builder acts for the client as the project coordinator. They design the works, prepare specifications and design deliverables (models, drawings, etc.), administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. In parallel, there are direct contractual links between the client and the main contractor, who, in turn, has direct contractual relationships with subcontractors. The arrangement continues until

2522-496: The colonial era in Africa. The myth holds that the term has since been adopted into Swahili and several other vernacular Bantu languages of former British East Africa (for example, Chichewa and Chitumbuka in Malawi ) to mean government in general, or locations of governmental offices, such as district centers. In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in

2619-496: The education sector between 2016 and 2018. Agriculture and livestock are second with 4.3 percent of employment, followed by the health industry with 22 percent. With only 0.3% of the region's total employees working in the government , the natural resources sector had the lowest percentage of employees. Makambako TC (26.6%) contributed the most to the region's GDP in 2016, followed by Njombe TC (24.8%) and Wanging'ombe DC (2.4%). (13.9 percent). The two districts that contributed

2716-414: The type of building , non-residential building construction can be procured by a wide range of private and public organisations, including local authorities, educational and religious bodies, transport undertakings, retailers, hoteliers, property developers, financial institutions and other private companies. Most construction in these sectors is undertaken by general contractors . Civil engineering covers

2813-581: The "vast majority of large construction projects go over budget and take 20% longer than expected". A construction project is a complex net of construction contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, and provides structures to manage issues. For example, construction delays can be costly, so construction contracts set out clear expectations and clear paths to manage delays. Poorly drafted contracts can lead to confusion and costly disputes. At

2910-530: The 2012 population census, there are 702,097 people living in the Region, with women making up 53.1% of that total population (or 372,738) and men making up 46.9% (329,359).The number of residents in the region increased significantly by 49,052 individuals between the 2002 and 2012 censuses, from 653,045 to 702,097, or 7.5%, according to the 2012 Population Census. The region had 1.6 percent of Tanzania's Mainland's overall population of 43,625,354 in 2012. From 2002 to 2012,

3007-461: The 21st century. Some estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction. Broadly, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial: The industry can also be classified into sectors or markets. For example, Engineering News-Record ( ENR ), a US-based construction trade magazine, has compiled and reported data about the size of design and construction contractors. In 2014, it split

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3104-447: The 21st-century introduction of building information modeling (BIM) processes has involved the use of computer-generated models that can be used in their own right or to generate drawings and other visualisations as well as capturing non-geometric data about building components and systems. On some projects, work on-site will not start until design work is largely complete; on others, some design work may be undertaken concurrently with

3201-547: The 911 recorded deaths in 2016, followed by clinical AIDS (20.5%), acute respiratory infections (ARI) (13.8%), specified symptoms (13.2%), and severe malaria (9.9 percent). Diarrhoea, non-infectious illnesses, TB , and simple malaria were among the other illnesses. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) (12.2 percent), severe malaria (29.4 percent), diarrhoea (6.6 percent), and anemia were the top five causes of death for inpatients of all ages in 2018. (4.5 percent). Fractures, clinical AIDS, burns, poisoning, and other diagnoses were among

3298-577: The Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian . The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use in written English to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley , in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.' The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone (1871) '...we pitched our camp, built

3395-563: The Council level in 2018. Makete DC (103 schools, 20.5 percent) and Wanging'ombe DC (109 schools, 21.9 percent) came in second and third, respectively. In 2018 in the Region, Makambako Town Council has the fewest number of primary schools (40 schools, 8.0%). As the region included 463 villages and 483 public/government operated primary schools in 2018, there was an average of one primary school per village. The average number of primary schools per village varied between Ludewa and Makambako, with 1.4 being

3492-532: The Form VI exam. At the district level, the Makete district excelled, achieving 100% in both 2016 and 2018. Since all district councils in the Njombe Region achieved a pass rate of at least 97 percent over the course of two years, overall Form VI performance was good.Boys performed better than girls in terms of performance in 2014, with 73 percent of boys passing exams compared to 67.4 percent of girls, whereas in 2018, both boys and girls passed exams equally (83 percent). At

3589-748: The Njombe region and travels to Mbeya and New Kapiri Mposhi . These two railroad stations act as a hub for transporting large commodities and services to the area. There are just two aerodromes in the area that cater to air passengers. The two small airports are at Njombe TC and Wanging'ombe DC, respectively, but due to the lack of regular flights, there is no information on passengers boarding and disembarking at either location. Their earth-surfaced airstrips can only accommodate tiny aircraft or charter flights. The Njombe region has 349 landline telephone services, no TV stations, 8 radio stations, 7 internet cafés, 6 mobile phone providers, four post offices, and three sub-post offices, according to information received from

3686-484: The Tanzanian Mainland, making it the fifth-smallest region in terms of total area in the entire nation. At the district level, Ludewa District Council has the most land (8,397 sq km, or 33.6%), with a land area of 6,325 sq km and a water area of 2,072 sq km. With a surface size of 5,800 sq. km., Makete DC comes in second, followed by Wanging'ombe DC, which has 3,570 sq. km. The Makambako Town Council recorded

3783-539: The United Kingdom, for example, construction workers are defined as people "who work for or under the control of a contractor on a construction site"; in Canada, this can include people whose work includes ensuring conformance with building codes and regulations, and those who supervise other workers. Laborers comprise a large grouping in most national construction industries. In the United States, for example, in May 2021

3880-413: The area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g.: brick versus stone versus timber ). Costs of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, access routes, local regulations, economies of scale (custom-designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. Depending upon

3977-465: The area in the 1970s. However, there were now 114 secondary schools. There were 116 secondary schools in operation in 2018.11,882 students took the PSLE (Primary leaving exams) in total, and 98.9% of them were accepted into the region's Form One schools (Table 5.31). The similar thing occurred in 2018, when all 13,735 PSLE-passing students entered form 1. In 2016 and 2018, more than 98 percent of students passed

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4074-554: The asset as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. For buildings, building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge. Traditionally, design has involved the production of sketches , architectural and engineering drawings , and specifications . Until the late 20th century, drawings were largely hand- drafted ; adoption of computer-aided design (CAD) technologies then improved design productivity, while

4171-419: The budget on the job, and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it. Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements and legal issues, environmental impact of the project, scheduling , budgeting and bidding , construction site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics, and inconvenience to

4268-657: The caves, local Wabena people hid or took refugee during tribal wars between rival Wahehe fighters during Chief Mkwawa conquests in Iringa Region, back in last quarter of 19th century. The caves also provided safe hideout from German forces during the Maji Maji uprising. “Lwivala Stone”, or Glittering stone, the slab-rock has a feature similar to a map of Africa. It is located in Lwivala natural forest which local communities perform rituals and traditional ceremonies. The7.5-acre rock

4365-447: The client enters into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), a construction manager , and individual trade contractors . The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work smoothly and effectively together. This approach is often used to speed up procurement processes, to allow

4462-410: The client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, to enable the appointment of individual work contractors, to separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control. In the industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. Most commonly (i.e.: in a design-bid-build project),

4559-404: The completion rate was 79.5 percent, primary schools performed somewhat better in 2018 with a completion rate of 79.7 percent (Table 5.28a) (Table 5.29). Moreover, the completion rate for girls was greater in 2017 (84.0%) than in 2018 (85.2%). Table 5.28a at the council level reveals that in 2018, Makambako Town Council had the lowest completion rate at 74.9 percent, while Njombe District Council had

4656-665: The construction sector employed just over 7.5 million people, of whom just over 820,000 were laborers, while 573,000 were carpenters , 508,000 were electricians , 258,000 were equipment operators and 230,000 were construction managers. Like most business sectors, there is also substantial white-collar employment in construction – 681,000 US workers were recorded by the United States Department of Labor as in 'office and administrative support occupations' in May 2021. Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. A project manager normally manages

4753-602: The courses provided. Boma (enclosure) A boma is a livestock enclosure, community enclosure, stockade , corral, small fort or a district government office, commonly used in many parts of the African Great Lakes region, as well as Central and Southern Africa . It is particularly associated with community decision making. The word originally may be from Bantu or Persian , and it has been incorporated into many African languages, as well as colonial varieties of English , French and German . As

4850-750: The data into nine market segments: transportation, petroleum , buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewage/waste, telecom , hazardous waste , and a tenth category for other projects. ENR used data on transportation, sewage, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors. The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System classify companies that perform or engage in construction into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for professional services firms (e.g., engineering , architecture , surveying , project management ). Building construction

4947-426: The delivery of services by all businesses, alongside other detailed plans aimed at ensuring legal, timely, on-budget and safe delivery of the specified works. Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must be adequate to build

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5044-440: The design provided and must pay amounts that are legally owed. Legal structures integrate design with other activities and enforce financial and other construction processes. These processes also affect procurement strategies. Clients may, for example, appoint a business to design the project, after which a competitive process is undertaken to appoint a lead contractor to construct the asset ( design–bid–build ); they may appoint

5141-451: The design team is employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Depending upon the type of project, a design team may include architects , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. A 'lead designer' will normally be identified to help coordinate different disciplinary inputs to

5238-821: The design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment , including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, airports, water and sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. Some general contractors have expertise in civil engineering; civil engineering contractors are firms dedicated to work in this sector, and may specialise in particular types of infrastructure. Industrial construction includes offshore construction (mainly of energy installations: oil and gas platforms , wind power ), mining and quarrying , refineries , breweries , distilleries and other processing plants, power stations , steel mills , warehouses and factories . Some construction projects are small renovations or repair jobs, like repainting or fixing leaks, where

5335-443: The desire to prevent indisputably bad phenomena, e.g. explosions or bridge collapses. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or factors that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses from a business district or residences from a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that

5432-597: The district level, Njombe TC had the highest performance in 2014 with a pass rate of 76.5 percent, and Wanging'ombe DC had the best performance in 2018 with an 89.3 pass percentage. And Ludewa DC had the poorest results, with pass rates of 58.4% in 2014 and 74.6 percent in 2018. There were 26 vocational training centers in the region as of 2018, and they were spread over Makambako TC, Njombe TC, Wanging'ombe DC, Makete DC, Ludewa DC, and Njombe DC. Automobile mechanics, auto electrical installation, agricultural and animal husbandry, carpentry, tailoring, masonry, and driving are among

5529-535: The early stages of on-site activity (for example, work on a building's foundations may commence while designers are still working on the detailed designs of the building's internal spaces). Some projects may include elements that are designed for off-site construction (see also prefabrication and modular building ) and are then delivered to the site ready for erection, installation or assembly. Once contractors and other relevant professionals have been appointed and designs are sufficiently advanced, work may commence on

5626-467: The end of their life. It typically starts with planning , financing , and design that continues until the asset is built and ready for use. Construction also covers repairs and maintenance work, any works to expand, extend and improve the asset, and its eventual demolition , dismantling or decommissioning . The construction industry contributes significantly to many countries' gross domestic products ( GDP ). Global expenditure on construction activities

5723-526: The fallen warriors who were slaughtered by German colonial forces. The region of Njombe has a total of 6,403.49 kilometers of roads. Trunk roads made up 6.1 percent of the regional network, regional roads 12.45 percent, and district roads made up a total of 81.45 percent of the network (Paved roads 0.52, Gravel 19.93 and Earth 60.8). Wanging'ombe (1,305.07 kilometers), Ludewa DC (1,369.35 kilometers), Njombe TC (1,359.19 kilometers), Makete DC (946.9 kilometers), Njombe DC (724.07 kilometers), and Makambako TC make up

5820-412: The first feature of the permanent structure has been put in place, such as pile driving, or the pouring of slabs or footings. Commissioning is the process of verifying that all subsystems of a new building (or other assets) work as intended to achieve the owner's project requirements and as designed by the project's architects and engineers. A period after handover (or practical completion) during which

5917-483: The highest at 83.0 percent. Makambako Town Council had the most school dropouts at the council level (181), followed by Wanging'ombe DC (144) and Makete DC (127). The least number of dropouts occurred in Ludewa DC (9). In 2018, Makete DC had the most dropouts (189), followed by Makambako (152) and Wanging'ombe (152). (60). The least number of dropouts occurred in Njombe DC (28). There were just three public high schools in

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6014-440: The highest average number (0.6). 17,832 students (79.5%) of the 22,431 students enrolled in standard one in 2011 finished standard seven in 2017. In 2017, more girls than boys (9,509, 53.3%) completed primary education (8,323, 46.7%). Njombe Town Council had the highest completion rate, at 87.8%, while Makambako Town Council had the lowest, at 61.2 percent, along with the differences seen among councils. When compared to 2017, when

6111-615: The least land area at 862 square kilometers, or 3.4 percent. Additionally, it was noted that the town councils of Njombe and Makambako do not have any water areas, although Ludewa DC (2,072 sq. km) and Wanging'ombe DC both have tiny water areas (226 sq.kms). The Njombe Region, a part of Tanzania's Southern Highlands zone, has extensive rainy seasons and brief dry seasons , which are typically cool with moderate winds. The yearly total rainfall varies greatly geographically, seasonally, and annually, ranging from 600mm to 1,600mm. A single, very distinct rainy season that lasts from November through May

6208-451: The least to the region's GDP were Njombe (10.4%) and Makete (10.6 percent). From 2017 to 2019, the economic performance trend shifted, with Njombe TC having a large percentage of the region's GDP (27.7 percent in 2017, 26.6 percent in 2018, and 27.4 percent in 2019), followed by Makambako TC (24.4% in 2017, 24.8 percent in 2018, and 24.6 percent in 2019). On the other hand, Njombe DC's part of the GDP

6305-498: The most health centers (9) compared to Makambako Town Council, which had the least (3). The most hospitals were located in the district councils of Makete and Ludewa (3 each). The number of health facilities in the Region increased from 237 in 2015 to 273 in 2018, an increase of 36 establishments (69.2 percent). From 183 in 2015 to 211 in 2018, the number of publicly owned health facilities increased by 28 facilities (15.3 percent). From 27 in 2015 to 42 in 2018, Makete District Council saw

6402-552: The most increase in the number of public health facilities. Unusual tendency led to a reduction of three and four public health facilities in the Ludewa and Makambako Councils, respectively. From 54 in 2015 to 62 in 2018, the region's private healthcare facilities saw an increase of eight (14.8%). From 11 in 2015 to 18 in 2018, Njombe Town Council saw the largest rise in the number of private health facilities by 7 (63.6 percent). The Region's leading cause of morbidity for outpatients in 2016

6499-452: The neatly built stockades shown in illustrations of bomas, the term, in practice, more often resembled the structure shown in the illustration accompanying this article. In that form, they often were referred to by the likes of J. A. Hunter and Henry Morton Stanley . A popular myth told to tourists in the African Great Lakes states that BOMA stood for 'British Overseas Management Administration' or 'British Officers Mess Area' during

6596-472: The north, Morogoro to the east, Mbeya to the west, Ruvuma to the south, and the Republic of Malawi to the north west via Lake Nyasa. The Njombe region has a total surface area of 24,994 square kilometers, of which 3,695 square kilometers (14.8 percent) are water from Lake Nyasa, and 21,299 square kilometers (85.2 percent) are land. The Njombe region occupies around 2.8 percent of the 881,300 sq. km. of territory on

6693-427: The other ailments. Out of the 503 elementary schools in the Region as of 2018, 483 (96.0%) were owned by the government, while 20 (4.0%) were privately held. From 497 in 2016 to 503 in 2018, the region's primary school enrollment increased by six schools (1.2%). Only Njombe TC and Wanging'ombe DC saw a rise in the number of primary schools. Ludewa DC (110 schools, 21.9%) led the Region in the number of primary schools at

6790-486: The overall budget is adequate, presenting a temporary issue. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid. Fraud is also an issue of growing significance within construction. Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with

6887-441: The overall design. This may be aided by integration of previously separate disciplines (often undertaken by separate firms) into multi-disciplinary firms with experts from all related fields, or by firms establishing relationships to support design-build processes. The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of a project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of

6984-409: The owner may act as designer, paymaster and laborer for the entire project. However, more complex or ambitious projects usually require additional multi-disciplinary expertise and manpower, so the owner may commission one or more specialist businesses to undertake detailed planning, design, construction and handover of the work. Often the owner will appoint one business to oversee the project (this may be

7081-405: The owner may identify any shortcomings in relation to the building specification ('defects'), with a view to the contractor correcting the defect. Maintenance involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery , building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial, business, governmental, and residential installations. Demolition

7178-478: The owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Professionals including cost engineers, estimators and quantity surveyors apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Financial planning ensures adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before

7275-457: The populace were living in poverty. Njombe TC , which had 16.1% of its population below the poverty line for basic requirements, and Makambako TC, which had 23.5 percent, were the two districts with the lowest percentages of people living poverty. The worst district in the Njombe region in terms of the rate of poverty gap was Ludewa, with 6.9 percent, followed by Wanging'ombe DC and Njombe DC, with 6.4 and 5.8 percent, respectively. Makete DC, which

7372-611: The population of the Njombe region increased by 7.5%, but the rate of growth differed at the council level. Makambako experienced the highest growth, at 35.9%, followed by Njombe TC (14.6%) and Wanging'ombe DC (6.3 percent). Njombe DC (4.0%) and Ludewa DC (4.0%) (1.9 percent). A distinct picture emerges from the council population growth between 2002 and 2012, with Makete DC experiencing negative growth (-8.0 percent). The region's two most densely inhabited district councils in 2012 were Makambako TC (109 people per square kilometer) and Wanging'ombe DC (48 people per square kilometer). Njombe Region

7469-414: The project brief and then selects a preferred supplier. Often this will be a consortium involving a design firm and a contractor (sometimes more than one of each). In the United States, departments of transportation usually use design-build contracts as a way of progressing projects where states lack the skills or resources, particularly for very large projects. In a construction management arrangement,

7566-435: The project is ready for handover. Design-build became more common from the late 20th century, and involves the client contracting a single entity to provide design and construction. In some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents. Typically, the client invites several Design & Build (D&B) contractors to submit proposals to meet

7663-405: The project is started, and ensures that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials; such problems may arise even when

7760-518: The project site. Typically, a construction site will include a secure perimeter to restrict unauthorised access, site access control points, office and welfare accommodation for personnel from the main contractor and other firms involved in the project team, and storage areas for materials, machinery and equipment. According to the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction's definition, construction may be said to have started when

7857-745: The project will be located) for its potential impacts on neighbouring properties, and upon existing infrastructure (transportation, social infrastructure, and utilities including water supply, sewerage, electricity, telecommunications, etc.). Data may be gathered through site analysis , site surveys and geotechnical investigations . Construction normally cannot start until planning permission has been granted, and may require preparatory work to ensure relevant infrastructure has been upgraded before building work can commence. Preparatory works will also include surveys of existing utility lines to avoid damage-causing outages and other hazardous situations. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or

7954-628: The public, including those caused by construction delays . Some models and policy-making organisations promote the engagement of local labour in construction projects as a means of tackling social exclusion and addressing skill shortages. In the UK, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation reported in 2000 on 25 projects which had aimed to offer training and employment opportunities for locally based school leavers and unemployed people. The Foundation published "a good practice resource book" in this regard at

8051-417: The region's GDP. After agriculture, services are the second-most significant economic sector, accounting for around 32.6% of the region's GDP in 2019. The third largest economic contributor to the region's GDP is the industry and construction sector. In 2019, the sectors are predicted to contribute roughly 22.1% of the GDP. Of this more than half (73.5 percent) of all service jobs in the Njombe Region were in

8148-759: The region's road network is usable throughout the year, especially during the rainy season. Tarmac and gravel roads made up 39.20 percent of the network. The length of the tarmac and gravel road network is 606.63 kilometers in Makete DC, followed by 563.8 kilometers in Ludewa DC, 463.41 kilometers in Wanging'ombe DC, 425.07 kilometers in Njombe TC, 328.01 kilometers in Njombe DC, and 123.44 kilometers in Makambako TC. The TAZARA railway line, which runs through Makambako Station in Makambako Ward and Utiga in Wanging'ombe Ward, serves

8245-552: The region's total 6,403.49 kilometers of highways (698.91 kilometers).In the Njombe region, 3.29.43 kilometers, or 5.14 percent of the entire regional road network, are made of tarmac (Figure 4.1). 2,180.93 kilometers, or 34.06 percent, of the network are made up of gravel roads, while 3,893.13 kilometers, or 60.8 percent, are made up of the Earth Road Network. Since there is a strong correlation between road worthiness and tarmac/gravel surface, it can be said that 39.2 percent of

8342-443: The region, pneumonia was the most common ailment. Hypertension, peptic ulcers , HIV infection , and typhoid fever were the second, third, fourth, and fifth diseases, respectively. The data that are currently available do not accurately depict the mortality rate in the Njombe Region. But according to the medical records, pneumonia was the leading cause of death for inpatients of all ages in 2016.Pneumonia accounted for 198 (21.7%) of

8439-582: The remains of old land surfaces that have been eroded to create a vast, gently undulating pen plain in the nearby areas. The Kipengere and Livingstone Mountains, which divide the Njombe and Mbeya areas in the west, are the dominant features of the area. The eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley , through which the tributaries of the Great Ruaha River flow, cuts across the northern parts of the region, leaving comparatively flat, high plains. The existence of

8536-647: The same time. Use of local labour and local materials were specified for the construction of the Danish Storebaelt bridge , but there were legal issues which were challenged in court and addressed by the European Court of Justice in 1993. The court held that a contract condition requiring use of local labour and local materials was incompatible with EU treaty principles . Later UK guidance noted that social and employment clauses, where used, must be compatible with relevant EU regulation. Employment of local labour

8633-532: The services sector, generated 33.6 percent of it in 2016, 30 percent in 2017, 29.6 percent in 2018, and 32.6 percent in 2019. In each of the four years, the industry and construction sectors made up a smaller portion of the GDP. There is subsistance farming as well as commercial farming. The majority of the region's cash income in 2019 comes from the agriculture industry, primarily from the production of tea , beans , maize, groundnuts, potatoes , paddy , and sunflowers. Additionally, it contributes roughly 45.2% of

8730-425: The six District Councils. A total of 293 villages/mitaas out of 463 have been connected to electricity services through TANESCO , which is equivalent to 63.3 percent of the region's villages/mitaas. The least connected council in the region is Makete, with only 31.2 percent of its villages having power. Makambako TC is leading in the region with roughly 85.3 percent of its villages/mitaa connected. The Njombe Region

8827-473: The start of a project, legal advisors seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structures, and to present options for preventing problems. During projects, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project. Design-bid-build is the most common and well-established method of construction procurement. In this arrangement,

8924-516: The word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum , which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety.' In Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History , Nurse and Hinnebusch (1993) give iboma , 'defended area,' as either a Great Lakes Bantu innovation or

9021-428: Was upper respiratory infections . Urinary tract infections came in third, followed by malaria . Intestinal worms and pneumonia were the fourth and fifth illnesses, respectively. In Njombe Region in 2016, malaria was the most common illness among inpatients, followed by pneumonia, urinary tract infections, diarrhea , and hypertension . In 2018, different observations were made regarding in-patients. For patients in

9118-588: Was about $ 4 trillion in 2012. In 2022, expenditure on the construction industry exceeded $ 11 trillion a year, equivalent to about 13 percent of global GDP . This spending was forecasted to rise to around $ 14.8 trillion in 2030. The construction industry promotes economic development and brings many non-monetary benefits to many countries, but it is one of the most hazardous industries. For example, about 20% (1,061) of US industry fatalities in 2019 happened in construction. The first huts and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during

9215-427: Was extremely low during the course of the three years, while Makete DC's share was the lowest in 2019. The district with the greatest poverty rate was Ludewa DC , with 29.5 percent of its residents living below the poverty line for basic requirements, according to the 2012 Region and District Poverty Estimates for Tanzania Report. In the councils of Wanging'ombe DC and Njombe DC, respectively, 28.7 and 26.4 percent of

9312-455: Was forecast to rise to $ 12.9 trillion by 2022, and to around $ 14.8 trillion in 2030. As a sector, construction accounts for more than 10% of global GDP (in developed countries , construction comprises 6–9% of GDP), and employs around 7% of the total employed workforce around the globe (accounting for over 273 million full- and part-time jobs in 2014). Since 2010, China has been the world's largest single construction market. The United States

9409-450: Was leading in the Njombe region's unequal wealth distribution with 30.7 percent, was closely followed by Njombe TC, which had 30.2 percent, and Ludewa DC, which had 29.3 percent. The overall forest area in the Njombe region is 332,086.6 ha, or 13.3 percent of the region's total land area of 2,499,400 ha. With 132,129.5 ha, Wanging'ombe DC has the most forest cover, followed by Njombe DC (40,530.6 ha), and Makete DC (58,155 ha). Njombe region

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