A decade (from Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekas) 'a group of ten') is a period of ten years . Decades may describe any ten-year period, such as those of a person's life, or refer to specific groupings of calendar years .
96-566: The 1990s (often referred and shortened to as " the '90s " or " nineties ") was the decade that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999. Known as the " post-Cold War decade ", the 1990s were culturally imagined as the period from the Revolutions of 1989 until the September 11 attacks in 2001. The dissolution of the Soviet Union marked the end of Russia's status as a superpower ,
192-591: A robots.txt file can request bots to index only parts of a website, or nothing at all. The number of Internet pages is extremely large; even the largest crawlers fall short of making a complete index. For this reason, search engines struggled to give relevant search results in the early years of the World Wide Web, before 2000. Today, relevant results are given almost instantly. Crawlers can validate hyperlinks and HTML code. They can also be used for web scraping and data-driven programming . A web crawler
288-490: A spider or spiderbot and often shortened to crawler , is an Internet bot that systematically browses the World Wide Web and that is typically operated by search engines for the purpose of Web indexing ( web spidering ). Web search engines and some other websites use Web crawling or spidering software to update their web content or indices of other sites' web content. Web crawlers copy pages for processing by
384-505: A 100,000-pages synthetic graph with a power-law distribution of in-links. However, there was no comparison with other strategies nor experiments in the real Web. Boldi et al. used simulation on subsets of the Web of 40 million pages from the .it domain and 100 million pages from the WebBase crawl, testing breadth-first against depth-first, random ordering and an omniscient strategy. The comparison
480-429: A Web crawler has finished its crawl, many events could have happened, including creations, updates, and deletions. From the search engine's point of view, there is a cost associated with not detecting an event, and thus having an outdated copy of a resource. The most-used cost functions are freshness and age. Freshness : This is a binary measure that indicates whether the local copy is accurate or not. The freshness of
576-539: A breakthrough year for punk rock in California , with the success of bands like Bad Religion , Social Distortion , Blink-182 , Green Day , the Offspring , Rancid and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk / reggae rock , with the success of many bands like Smash Mouth , Buck-O-Nine , Goldfinger , Less Than Jake ,
672-440: A computer. The internet provided anonymity for individuals skeptical of the government. Traditional mass media continued to perform strongly. However, mainstream internet users were optimistic about its benefits particularly the future of e-commerce . Web portals , a curated bookmark homepage, were as popular as searching via web crawlers . The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash of
768-460: A consistent manner. There are several types of normalization that may be performed including conversion of URLs to lowercase, removal of "." and ".." segments, and adding trailing slashes to the non-empty path component. Some crawlers intend to download/upload as many resources as possible from a particular web site. So path-ascending crawler was introduced that would ascend to every path in each URL that it intends to crawl. For example, when given
864-416: A crawler is, because this is the first one they have seen." A parallel crawler is a crawler that runs multiple processes in parallel. The goal is to maximize the download rate while minimizing the overhead from parallelization and to avoid repeated downloads of the same page. To avoid downloading the same page more than once, the crawling system requires a policy for assigning the new URLs discovered during
960-447: A crawler may examine the URL and only request a resource if the URL ends with certain characters such as .html, .htm, .asp, .aspx, .php, .jsp, .jspx or a slash. This strategy may cause numerous HTML Web resources to be unintentionally skipped. Some crawlers may also avoid requesting any resources that have a "?" in them (are dynamically produced) in order to avoid spider traps that may cause
1056-413: A few percent of the population of even the advanced nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web , which would have a significant impact on technology for many decades, had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993. By 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access. The opening of
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#17328511512031152-605: A focused crawling depends mostly on the richness of links in the specific topic being searched, and a focused crawling usually relies on a general Web search engine for providing starting points. An example of the focused crawlers are academic crawlers, which crawls free-access academic related documents, such as the citeseerxbot , which is the crawler of CiteSeer search engine. Other academic search engines are Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search etc. Because most academic papers are published in PDF formats, such kind of crawler
1248-401: A given query. Web crawlers that attempt to download pages that are similar to each other are called focused crawler or topical crawlers . The concepts of topical and focused crawling were first introduced by Filippo Menczer and by Soumen Chakrabarti et al. The main problem in focused crawling is that in the context of a Web crawler, we would like to be able to predict the similarity of
1344-434: A highly successful redesign of the full-sized Dodge Ram in 1994. Chrysler's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition. In 1998, Daimler-Benz (the parent company of Mercedes-Benz ) merged with Chrysler. The following year, it was decided to retire Plymouth , which had been on a long decline since the 1970s. Ford continued to fare well in the 1990s, with the second and third generations of
1440-670: A new genre pop punk ), and for the entrance of alternative rock into the mainstream. U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands; their groundbreaking Zoo TV and PopMart tours were the top-selling tours of 1992 and 1997, respectively. Glam metal died out in the music mainstream by 1991. Grunge became popular in the early 1990s due to the success of Nirvana 's Nevermind , Pearl Jam 's Ten , Alice in Chain's Dirt , Soundgarden 's Badmotorfinger and Stone Temple Pilot's Core . Pop punk also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, Blink-182 , Weezer , Social Distortion ,
1536-446: A page p in the repository at time t is defined as: Age : This is a measure that indicates how outdated the local copy is. The age of a page p in the repository, at time t is defined as: Coffman et al. worked with a definition of the objective of a Web crawler that is equivalent to freshness, but use a different wording: they propose that a crawler must minimize the fraction of time pages remain outdated. They also noted that
1632-419: A person's life begins on the day of their birth and ends at the end of their 10th year of life when they have their 10th birthday ; the second decade of life starts with their 11th year of life (during which one is typically still referred to as being "10") and ends at the end of their 20th year of life, on their 20th birthday; similarly, the third decade of life, when one is in one's twenties or 20s, starts with
1728-409: A previously-crawled-Web graph using this new method. Using these seeds, a new crawl can be very effective. A crawler may only want to seek out HTML pages and avoid all other MIME types . In order to request only HTML resources, a crawler may make an HTTP HEAD request to determine a Web resource's MIME type before requesting the entire resource with a GET request. To avoid making numerous HEAD requests,
1824-456: A record-breaking US$ 608 billion worth of damage—more than the past four decades combined. Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s. High-income countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade during
1920-407: A search engine, which indexes the downloaded pages so that users can search more efficiently. Crawlers consume resources on visited systems and often visit sites unprompted. Issues of schedule, load, and "politeness" come into play when large collections of pages are accessed. Mechanisms exist for public sites not wishing to be crawled to make this known to the crawling agent. For example, including
2016-400: A seed URL of http://llama.org/hamster/monkey/page.html, it will attempt to crawl /hamster/monkey/, /hamster/, and /. Cothey found that a path-ascending crawler was very effective in finding isolated resources, or resources for which no inbound link would have been found in regular crawling. The importance of a page for a crawler can also be expressed as a function of the similarity of a page to
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#17328511512032112-513: A server can have a hard time keeping up with requests from multiple crawlers. As noted by Koster, the use of Web crawlers is useful for a number of tasks, but comes with a price for the general community. The costs of using Web crawlers include: A partial solution to these problems is the robots exclusion protocol , also known as the robots.txt protocol that is a standard for administrators to indicate which parts of their Web servers should not be accessed by crawlers. This standard does not include
2208-544: A single domain. Cho also wrote his PhD dissertation at Stanford on web crawling. Najork and Wiener performed an actual crawl on 328 million pages, using breadth-first ordering. They found that a breadth-first crawl captures pages with high Pagerank early in the crawl (but they did not compare this strategy against other strategies). The explanation given by the authors for this result is that "the most important pages have many links to them from numerous hosts, and those links will be found early, regardless of on which host or page
2304-425: A small selection will actually return unique content. For example, a simple online photo gallery may offer three options to users, as specified through HTTP GET parameters in the URL. If there exist four ways to sort images, three choices of thumbnail size, two file formats, and an option to disable user-provided content, then the same set of content can be accessed with 48 different URLs, all of which may be linked on
2400-600: A standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement , ending 30 years of violence. Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: The 1990s saw a trend in frequent and more devastating natural disasters, breaking many previous records. Although the 1990s was designated by the United Nations as an International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction as part of its program to prevent losses due to disasters, disasters would go on to cause
2496-425: A suggestion for the interval of visits to the same server, even though this interval is the most effective way of avoiding server overload. Recently commercial search engines like Google , Ask Jeeves , MSN and Yahoo! Search are able to use an extra "Crawl-delay:" parameter in the robots.txt file to indicate the number of seconds to delay between requests. The first proposed interval between successive pageloads
2592-516: A template for modern gangsta rap , and gave rise to other emerging artists of the genre, including Snoop Dogg . Due to the success of Death Row Records and Tupac Shakur, West Coast gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early-to-mid 1990s, along with Bad Boy Records and the Notorious B.I.G. on the East Coast . Hip hop became the best-selling music genre by the mid-1990s. 1994 became
2688-471: Is also known as a spider , an ant , an automatic indexer , or (in the FOAF software context) a Web scutter . A Web crawler starts with a list of URLs to visit. Those first URLs are called the seeds . As the crawler visits these URLs, by communicating with web servers that respond to those URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in the retrieved web pages and adds them to the list of URLs to visit, called
2784-417: Is challenging and can add a significant overhead to the crawling process, so this is performed as a post crawling process using machine learning or regular expression algorithms. These academic documents are usually obtained from home pages of faculties and students or from publication page of research institutes. Because academic documents make up only a small fraction of all web pages, a good seed selection
2880-510: Is important in boosting the efficiencies of these web crawlers. Other academic crawlers may download plain text and HTML files, that contains metadata of academic papers, such as titles, papers, and abstracts. This increases the overall number of papers, but a significant fraction may not provide free PDF downloads. Another type of focused crawlers is semantic focused crawler, which makes use of domain ontologies to represent topical maps and link Web pages with relevant ontological concepts for
2976-463: Is neither the uniform policy nor the proportional policy. The optimal method for keeping average freshness high includes ignoring the pages that change too often, and the optimal for keeping average age low is to use access frequencies that monotonically (and sub-linearly) increase with the rate of change of each page. In both cases, the optimal is closer to the uniform policy than to the proportional policy: as Coffman et al. note, "in order to minimize
1990s - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-410: Is particularly interested in crawling PDF, PostScript files, Microsoft Word including their zipped formats. Because of this, general open-source crawlers, such as Heritrix , must be customized to filter out other MIME types , or a middleware is used to extract these documents out and import them to the focused crawl database and repository. Identifying whether these documents are academic or not
3168-422: Is the case of vertical search engines restricted to a single top-level domain , or search engines restricted to a fixed Web site). Designing a good selection policy has an added difficulty: it must work with partial information, as the complete set of Web pages is not known during crawling. Junghoo Cho et al. made the first study on policies for crawling scheduling. Their data set was a 180,000-pages crawl from
3264-500: Is to be maintained." A crawler must carefully choose at each step which pages to visit next. The behavior of a Web crawler is the outcome of a combination of policies: Given the current size of the Web, even large search engines cover only a portion of the publicly available part. A 2009 study showed even large-scale search engines index no more than 40–70% of the indexable Web; a previous study by Steve Lawrence and Lee Giles showed that no search engine indexed more than 16% of
3360-448: Is worth noticing that even when being very polite, and taking all the safeguards to avoid overloading Web servers, some complaints from Web server administrators are received. Sergey Brin and Larry Page noted in 1998, "... running a crawler which connects to more than half a million servers ... generates a fair amount of e-mail and phone calls. Because of the vast number of people coming on line, there are always those who do not know what
3456-457: The stanford.edu domain, in which a crawling simulation was done with different strategies. The ordering metrics tested were breadth-first , backlink count and partial PageRank calculations. One of the conclusions was that if the crawler wants to download pages with high Pagerank early during the crawling process, then the partial Pagerank strategy is the better, followed by breadth-first and backlink-count. However, these results are for just
3552-406: The crawl frontier . URLs from the frontier are recursively visited according to a set of policies. If the crawler is performing archiving of websites (or web archiving ), it copies and saves the information as it goes. The archives are usually stored in such a way they can be viewed, read and navigated as if they were on the live web, but are preserved as 'snapshots'. The archive is known as
3648-524: The AD calendar era to produce successive decades from a year ending in a 1 to a year ending in a 0, with the years 1–10 described as "the 1st decade", years 11–20 "the 2nd decade", and so on; later decades are more usually described as 'the st, nd, rd, or th decade of the st, nd, rd, or th century' (using the strict interpretation of 'century' ). For example, "the second decad of the 12th. Cent." [ sic ]; "The last decade of that century"; "1st decade of
3744-682: The Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom, respectively SNCB/NMBS , SNCF and British Rail of the joint Eurostar service. On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels. In 1995 Eurostar
3840-558: The Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro , in which several countries committed to protect the environment, signing a Convention on Biological Diversity . The prevention of the destruction of the tropical rainforests of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s and has continued and accelerated in its prominence. The Chernobyl disaster had significant impact on public opinion at
3936-623: The Ford Taurus being named the best-selling car in the United States from 1992 to 1996. However, the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the Toyota Camry starting in 1997, which became the best-selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s. Ford also introduced the Ford Explorer, with the first model being sold in 1991. Ford's Explorer became the best-selling SUV on
1990s - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-589: The Great Moderation . However, in the former Soviet Union , GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed, and some capital flight occurred. North America Asia Europe South America The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for digital technology . Between 1990 and 1997, household PC ownership in the US rose from 15% to 35%. Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only
4128-941: The Somali Civil War , and Sierra Leone Civil War in Africa ; the Yugoslav Wars in Southeast Europe ; the First and Second Chechen Wars , in the former Soviet Union; and the Gulf War in the Middle East . The Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) and Colombian conflict continued. The Oslo Accords seemed to herald an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict , but this was in vain. However, in Northern Ireland , The Troubles came to
4224-637: The large deforestation of the Amazon rainforest during the period. Global warming as an aspect of climate change also became a major concern, and the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. From 1995, the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change, leading to
4320-417: The repository and is designed to store and manage the collection of web pages . The repository only stores HTML pages and these pages are stored as distinct files. A repository is similar to any other system that stores data, like a modern-day database. The only difference is that a repository does not need all the functionality offered by a database system. The repository stores the most recent version of
4416-466: The 16th century"; "third decade of the 16th century"; "the first decade of the 18th century". This decade grouping may also be identified explicitly; for example, "1961–1970"; "2001–2010"; "2021–2030". The BC calendar era ended with the year 1 BC and the AD calendar era began the following year, AD 1. There was no year 0. A YouGov poll was conducted on December 2, 2019, asking 13,582 adults in
4512-566: The 1990s with the release of Studio Ghibli films such as Only Yesterday , Porco Rosso , Pom Poko , Whisper of the Heart , Princess Mononoke (which became the highest-grossing anime film at the time) and My Neighbors the Yamadas . Other significant anime films which gained cult status include Roujin Z , Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama , Patlabor 2: The Movie , Ninja Scroll , Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie , Ghost in
4608-463: The 2000s and to a lesser extent later on. Chrysler ran into financial troubles as it entered the 1990s. Like GM, the Chrysler too had a stale model lineup (except for the best-selling minivans ) that were largely based on the aging K-car platform . In 1992, chairman Lee Iacocca retired, and the company began a remarkable revival, introducing the new LH platform and "Cab-Forward" styling, along with
4704-415: The 20th century, 0-to-9 decades came to be referred to with associated nicknames, such as the " Roaring Twenties " ( 1920s ), the "Warring Forties" ( 1940s ), and the " Swinging Sixties " ( 1960s ). This practice is occasionally also applied to decades of earlier centuries; for example, referencing the 1890s as the " Gay Nineties " or "Naughty Nineties". A rarer approach groups years from the beginning of
4800-424: The 21st year of life, and so on, with subsequent decades of life similarly described by referencing the tens digit of one's age. The most widely used method for denominating decades is to group years based on their shared tens digit, from a year ending in a 0 to a year ending in a 9 – for example, the period from 1960 to 1969 is the 1960s, and the period from 1970 to 1979 is the 1970s. Sometimes, only
4896-631: The Cobbler , Once Upon a Forest , We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story , Batman: Mask of the Phantasm , Felidae , The Swan Princess , A Goofy Movie , Balto , Beavis and Butt-Head Do America , Cats Don't Dance , Anastasia , Quest for Camelot , The Rugrats Movie , Kirikou and the Sorceress , The King and I , South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut and The Iron Giant . Family-centric animated feature films began to gain popularity through
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#17328511512034992-494: The Mighty Mighty Bosstones , Murphy's Law , No Doubt , Reel Big Fish , Save Ferris , Sublime and Sugar Ray . The rave movement that emerged in the late 1980s continued to grow in popularity. This movement spawned genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass . The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat . Popular artists included Moby , Fatboy Slim , Björk , Aphex Twin , Orbital ,
5088-541: The OPIC strategy and a strategy that uses the length of the per-site queues are better than breadth-first crawling, and that it is also very effective to use a previous crawl, when it is available, to guide the current one. Daneshpajouh et al. designed a community based algorithm for discovering good seeds. Their method crawls web pages with high PageRank from different communities in less iteration in comparison with crawl starting from random seeds. One can extract good seed from
5184-540: The Offspring , Bad Religion , NOFX and Rancid . Other successful alternative acts included Red Hot Chili Peppers , R.E.M. , Nickelback , Creed , Radiohead , Gin Blossoms , Soul Asylum , Third Eye Blind , Faith No More , the Smashing Pumpkins , Live , Everclear , Bush , Screaming Trees and Ween . Rappers Salt-n-Pepa continued to have hit songs until 1994. Dr. Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic provided
5280-725: The Orb , the Chemical Brothers , Basement Jaxx , Todd Terry , 808 State , Primal Scream , the Shamen , the KLF and the Prodigy . Decade Any period of ten years is a "decade". For example, the statement that "during his last decade, Mozart explored chromatic harmony to a degree rare at the time" merely refers to the last ten years of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's life without regard to which calendar years are encompassed. Also, 'the first decade' of
5376-604: The Shell , Memories , The End of Evangelion , Perfect Blue , Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade , and the Pokémon film series , which started with Pokémon: The First Movie . Other significant animated films have also gained cult status, such as The Jetsons Movie , The Princess and the Goblin , Happily Ever After , An American Tail: Fievel Goes West , Ferngully: The Last Rainforest , Tom and Jerry: The Movie , The Thief and
5472-594: The United States by 1991 and outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade. SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the decade's second half. Many manufacturers that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs. Fabrication during the 1990s became gradually rounder and ovoid, the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable being some of the more extreme examples. Safety features such as airbags and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars. The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, coupled with an increase in
5568-423: The United States, "When do you think the next decade will begin and end?" Results showed that 64% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2020, and end on December 31, 2029 ( 0-to-9 method); 17% answered that "the next decade" would begin on January 1, 2021, and end on December 31, 2030 ( 1-to-0 method); 19% replied that they did not know. Web crawler A Web crawler , sometimes called
5664-425: The Web are worth the same"), something that is not a realistic scenario, so further information about the Web page quality should be included to achieve a better crawling policy. Crawlers can retrieve data much quicker and in greater depth than human searchers, so they can have a crippling impact on the performance of a site. If a single crawler is performing multiple requests per second and/or downloading large files,
5760-491: The Web crawler. The objective of the crawler is to keep the average freshness of pages in its collection as high as possible, or to keep the average age of pages as low as possible. These objectives are not equivalent: in the first case, the crawler is just concerned with how many pages are outdated, while in the second case, the crawler is concerned with how old the local copies of pages are. Two simple re-visiting policies were studied by Cho and Garcia-Molina: In both cases,
5856-465: The Web in 1999. As a crawler always downloads just a fraction of the Web pages , it is highly desirable for the downloaded fraction to contain the most relevant pages and not just a random sample of the Web. This requires a metric of importance for prioritizing Web pages. The importance of a page is a function of its intrinsic quality, its popularity in terms of links or visits, and even of its URL (the latter
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#17328511512035952-719: The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, a binding agreement signed by several developed countries. The 1989 EPA total ban on asbestos was overturned in 1991. In 1996, (Anderson, et al. v. Pacific Gas & Electric, file BCV 00300) alleged contamination of drinking water with hexavalent chromium and the case was settled for (US) $ 333 million, a new record for a direct-action lawsuit. Marketing campaigns aimed at young adults in wealthy English-Speaking Countries were informed by unscientific theories about selling to so-called Generation X and Baby boomers . Few people embraced
6048-479: The continued mass-mobilization of capital markets through neoliberalism , globalization , and end of the Cold War . Network cultures were enhanced by the proliferation of new media such as the internet, and a new ability to self-publish web pages and make connections on professional, political and hobby topics. The digital divide was immediate, with access limited to those who could afford it and knew how to operate
6144-471: The crawl originates." Abiteboul designed a crawling strategy based on an algorithm called OPIC (On-line Page Importance Computation). In OPIC, each page is given an initial sum of "cash" that is distributed equally among the pages it points to. It is similar to a PageRank computation, but it is faster and is only done in one step. An OPIC-driven crawler downloads first the pages in the crawling frontier with higher amounts of "cash". Experiments were carried in
6240-399: The crawler to download an infinite number of URLs from a Web site. This strategy is unreliable if the site uses URL rewriting to simplify its URLs. Crawlers usually perform some type of URL normalization in order to avoid crawling the same resource more than once. The term URL normalization , also called URL canonicalization , refers to the process of modifying and standardizing a URL in
6336-498: The crawling process, as the same URL can be found by two different crawling processes. A crawler must not only have a good crawling strategy, as noted in the previous sections, but it should also have a highly optimized architecture. Shkapenyuk and Suel noted that: While it is fairly easy to build a slow crawler that downloads a few pages per second for a short period of time, building a high-performance system that can download hundreds of millions of pages over several weeks presents
6432-475: The decade are: Music artists and genres Music marketing became more segmented in the 1990s, as MTV gradually shifted away from music videos and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at various niches. However, the 1990s are perhaps best known for grunge , gangsta rap , R&B , teen pop ; Eurodance , electronic dance music , the renewed popularity of punk rock from the band Green Day and their 1994 album Dookie (which would also help create
6528-411: The decade's end. Also in 1998, Titanic by director James Cameron (released in late 1997) became the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $ 1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when James Cameron's Avatar (released in December 2009), took the title. Crime films were also extremely popular during the 1990s and garnered several awards throughout
6624-1024: The decade, such as Wild at Heart , Goodfellas , Pulp Fiction , Fargo , L.A. Confidential , Heat , The Godfather Part III , Seven , Trainspotting , A Simple Plan , and many others. Live-action films featuring computer-animated characters became popular, with films such as Casper , James and the Giant Peach , 101 Dalmatians , Men in Black , Small Soldiers and Stuart Little proving financially successful. Live-action/traditional cel animated film featuring traditional characters like Cool World , The Pagemaster and Space Jam were prevalent as well. Animated films In 1994, former Disney employee Jeffrey Katzenberg founded DreamWorks SKG , which would produce its first two animated films: The Prince of Egypt and Antz which were both aimed more at adults than children and were both critically and commercially successful. Toy Story ,
6720-584: The default. The MercatorWeb crawler follows an adaptive politeness policy: if it took t seconds to download a document from a given server, the crawler waits for 10 t seconds before downloading the next page. Dill et al. use 1 second. For those using Web crawlers for research purposes, a more detailed cost-benefit analysis is needed and ethical considerations should be taken into account when deciding where to crawl and how fast to crawl. Anecdotal evidence from access logs shows that access intervals from known crawlers vary between 20 seconds and 3–4 minutes. It
6816-561: The development of CD-ROM supported 3D computer graphics on platforms such as Sony PlayStation , Nintendo 64 , and PCs . The 1990s saw advances in technology , with the World Wide Web , evolution of the Pentium microprocessor , rechargeable lithium-ion batteries , the first gene therapy trial, and cloning . The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990, building the Large Hadron Collider commenced in 1998, and Nasdaq became
6912-456: The early-2000s . Many countries were economically prosperous and spreading globalization . High-income countries experienced steady growth during the Great Moderation (1980s—2000s). Using a mobile phone in a public place was typical conspicuous consumption . In contrast, the GDP of former Soviet Union states declined as a result of neoliberal restructuring. International trade increased with
7008-414: The economy by the mid-1990s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the 1970s). While the new Saturn division fared well, Oldsmobile fell sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful. Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into
7104-599: The end of a multipolar world, and the rise of anti-Western sentiment . China was still recovering from a politically and economically turbulent period. This allowed the US to emerge as the world's sole superpower , creating relative peace and prosperity for many western countries. During this decade, the world population grew from 5.3 to 6.1 billion. The decade saw greater attention to multiculturalism and advance of alternative media . Public education about safe sex curbed HIV in developed countries. Generation X bonded over musical tastes. Humor in television and film
7200-468: The end of the 1980s, and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century. Well into the 1990s, several environmental NGOs helped improve environmental awareness among public opinion and governments. The most famous of these organizations during this decade was Greenpeace , which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation. These organizations also drew attention to
7296-605: The establishment of the European Union (EU) in 1993, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, and World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The Asia-Pacific economies of the Four Asian Tigers , ASEAN , Australia and Japan were hampered by the 1997 Asian financial crisis and early 1990s recession . Major wars that began include the First and Second Congo Wars , the Rwandan Civil War and genocide ,
7392-603: The expected obsolescence time, the accesses to any particular page should be kept as evenly spaced as possible". Explicit formulas for the re-visit policy are not attainable in general, but they are obtained numerically, as they depend on the distribution of page changes. Cho and Garcia-Molina show that the exponential distribution is a good fit for describing page changes, while Ipeirotis et al. show how to use statistical tools to discover parameters that affect this distribution. The re-visiting policies considered here regard all pages as homogeneous in terms of quality ("all pages on
7488-441: The expense of less frequently updating pages, and (2) the freshness of rapidly changing pages lasts for shorter period than that of less frequently changing pages. In other words, a proportional policy allocates more resources to crawling frequently updating pages, but experiences less overall freshness time from them. To improve freshness, the crawler should penalize the elements that change too often. The optimal re-visiting policy
7584-410: The first US stock market to trade online. Environmentalism divided between left-wing green politics , primary industry -sponsored environmentalist front organizations , and a more business-oriented approach to the regulation of carbon footprint of businesses. More businesses started using information technology . There was a realignment and consolidation of economic and political power, such as
7680-474: The first full-length CGI movie, made by Pixar , was released in 1995 and revolutionized animated films. In 1998, with the release of DreamWorks 's Antz and Pixar's A Bug's Life , the rivalry between DreamWorks and Pixar began between the studios due to the similarities between both films. Meanwhile, films by Pixar's parent company, Disney became popular once more when the studio returned to making family-oriented animated musical films. Disney Animation
7776-527: The influence of capitalism, which would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s. At the beginning of the decade, sustainable development and environmental protection became serious issues for governments and the international community. In 1987, the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations paved the way to establish an environmental governance . In 1992,
7872-980: The labels Generation X and Baby Boomer as self-descriptors. Films with characters depicting the Generation X stereotype included Slacker , The Brady Bunch Movie and Austin Powers . See: History of slavery , Global Slavery Index , Slavery in contemporary Africa , Slavery in Asia , Debt bondage in India , Child labour in Pakistan , Sex trafficking in China , Nike sweatshops Pakistan's government passed laws to end caste based slavery: - 1992 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. - 1995 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Rules. Europe North America Asia Live-action films Dogme 95 became an important European artistic motion picture movement by
7968-455: The late-1990s ( 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 ). Don Bluth 's animation studio released a number of underperforming family animated films such as Rock-a-Doodle , Thumbelina and The Pebble and the Penguin and closed down in 1995. In India, Shah Rukh Khan got rise in his stardom by Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and Dil To Pagal Hai . The 25 highest-grossing films of
8064-504: The market, outselling both the Chevy Blazer and Jeep Cherokee. Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early decade. Although launched in 1989, the luxury brands Lexus and Infiniti began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success. Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes-Benz and BMW in
8160-412: The problem of Web crawling can be modeled as a multiple-queue, single-server polling system, on which the Web crawler is the server and the Web sites are the queues. Page modifications are the arrival of the customers, and switch-over times are the interval between page accesses to a single Web site. Under this model, mean waiting time for a customer in the polling system is equivalent to the average age for
8256-469: The repeated crawling order of pages can be done either in a random or a fixed order. Cho and Garcia-Molina proved the surprising result that, in terms of average freshness, the uniform policy outperforms the proportional policy in both a simulated Web and a real Web crawl. Intuitively, the reasoning is that, as web crawlers have a limit to how many pages they can crawl in a given time frame, (1) they will allocate too many new crawls to rapidly changing pages at
8352-399: The selection and categorization purposes. In addition, ontologies can be automatically updated in the crawling process. Dong et al. introduced such an ontology-learning-based crawler using a support-vector machine to update the content of ontological concepts when crawling Web pages. The Web has a very dynamic nature, and crawling a fraction of the Web can take weeks or months. By the time
8448-439: The site. This mathematical combination creates a problem for crawlers, as they must sort through endless combinations of relatively minor scripted changes in order to retrieve unique content. As Edwards et al. noted, "Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness
8544-412: The tens part is mentioned ( ' 60s or sixties , and ' 70s or seventies ), although this may leave it ambiguous as to which century is meant. However, this method of grouping decades cannot be applied to the decade immediately preceding AD 10, because there was no year 0. Referring to ten-year periods as decades in this way only became common in the late 19th century. Particularly in
8640-421: The text of a given page to the query before actually downloading the page. A possible predictor is the anchor text of links; this was the approach taken by Pinkerton in the first web crawler of the early days of the Web. Diligenti et al. propose using the complete content of the pages already visited to infer the similarity between the driving query and the pages that have not been visited yet. The performance of
8736-527: The web page retrieved by the crawler. The large volume implies the crawler can only download a limited number of the Web pages within a given time, so it needs to prioritize its downloads. The high rate of change can imply the pages might have already been updated or even deleted. The number of possible URLs crawled being generated by server-side software has also made it difficult for web crawlers to avoid retrieving duplicate content . Endless combinations of HTTP GET (URL-based) parameters exist, of which only
8832-461: Was 60 seconds. However, if pages were downloaded at this rate from a website with more than 100,000 pages over a perfect connection with zero latency and infinite bandwidth, it would take more than 2 months to download only that entire Web site; also, only a fraction of the resources from that Web server would be used. Cho uses 10 seconds as an interval for accesses, and the WIRE crawler uses 15 seconds as
8928-634: Was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris. On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened. Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of the High Speed 1 line on 14 December 1997. The 1990s began with a recession that dampened car sales. General Motors suffered huge losses because of an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with
9024-430: Was based on how well PageRank computed on a partial crawl approximates the true PageRank value. Some visits that accumulate PageRank very quickly (most notably, breadth-first and the omniscient visit) provide very poor progressive approximations. Baeza-Yates et al. used simulation on two subsets of the Web of 3 million pages from the .gr and .cl domain, testing several crawling strategies. They showed that both
9120-400: Was marked by ironic self-references mixed with popular culture references. Alternative music movements like grunge , reggaeton , Eurodance , and hip-hop , became popular, aided by the rise in satellite and cable television , and the internet . New music genres such as drum and bass , post-rock , happy hardcore , denpa , and trance emerged. Video game popularity exploded due to
9216-624: Was navigating the " Disney Renaissance ", through both animated theatrical films and animated television series on the Disney Channel (owned by Walt Disney Television ). The "Disney Renaissance" began with The Little Mermaid in 1989 and ended with Tarzan in 1999. Films of this era include Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , The Nightmare Before Christmas , The Lion King , Pocahontas , The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Hercules , and Mulan . Japanese anime films remained popular throughout
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