Misplaced Pages

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45-856: It has several tributaries including the River Bulstrode and the Nicolet River Southwest. Its watershed is mainly in the Centre-du-Québec region although the Southwest Nicolet rises in Estrie . The city of Nicolet is near its mouth on the lake Saint-Pierre which is crossed to the northwest by the St. Lawrence River. The Nicolet River begins its course from 137 kilometres (85 mi) at an altitude of approximately 350 metres (1,150 ft) in lake Nicolet , at Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens . It then flows in

90-435: A farming society that supplemented agriculture with hunting and gathering. Generally the men were the hunters. The women tended the fields and grew the crops. In their fields, they planted the crops in groups of "sisters". The three sisters were grown together: the stalk of corn supported the beans, and squash or pumpkins provided ground cover and reduced weeds. The men would hunt bears, deer, fish, and birds. The Abenaki were

135-704: A large population. They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples , including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest. In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured 24 Abenaki people, including Squanto (Tisquantum) and took them to Spain, where they were sold into slavery . During

180-496: A means of teaching children behavior. Children were not to be mistreated, and so instead of punishing the child, they would be told a story. One of the stories is of Azban the Raccoon. This is a story about a proud raccoon that challenges a waterfall to a shouting contest. When the waterfall does not respond, Azban dives into the waterfall to try to outshout it; he is swept away because of his pride . This story would be used to show

225-725: A modern economy, while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the Quebec-Montreal axis. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales exceeding C$ 3 million. Odanak

270-494: A northwesterly direction to Nicolet where it flows into lac Saint-Pierre . Its watershed has an area of 3,380 kilometres (2,100.23 mi). Its modulus is 79 cubic metres per second (2,800 cu ft/s). Its main tributaries are, from upstream to downstream, the rivers des Vases , des Pins , des Rosiers , Bulstrode and Nicolet Southwest . The latter, which joins the Nicolet at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), drains half of

315-576: A patrilineal society, which was common among New England tribes. In this they differed from the six Iroquois tribes to the west in New York, and from many other North American Native tribes who had matrilineal societies. Groups used the consensus method to make important decisions. Storytelling is a major part of Abenaki culture. It is used not only as entertainment but also as a teaching method. The Abenaki view stories as having lives of their own and being aware of how they are used. Stories were used as

360-997: A post-contact community after their original tribes were decimated by colonization, disease, and warfare . The word Abenaki and its syncope , Abnaki, are both derived from Wabanaki , or Wôbanakiak, meaning "People of the Dawn Land" in the Abenaki language . While the two terms are often confused, the Abenaki are one of several tribes in the Wabanaki Confederacy . Alternate spellings include: Abnaki , Abinaki , Alnôbak , Abanakee , Abanaki , Abanaqui , Abanaquois , Abenaka , Abenake , Abenaki , Abenakias , Abenakiss , Abenakkis , Abenaque , Abenaqui , Abenaquioict , Abenaquiois , Abenaquioue , Abenati , Abeneaguis , Abenequa , Abenkai , Abenquois , Abernaqui , Abnaqui , Abnaquies , Abnaquois , Abnaquotii , Abasque , Abnekais , Abneki , Abonakies , Abonnekee . Wôbanakiak

405-539: A sacred Abenaki site. The Abenaki language is closely related to the Panawahpskek (Penobscot) language. Other neighboring Wabanaki tribes, the Pestomuhkati (Passamaquoddy), Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), and Mi'kmaq , and other Eastern Algonquian languages share many linguistic similarities. It has come close to extinction as a spoken language. Tribal members are working to revive the Abenaki language at Odanak (means "in

450-454: A traditional activity practiced by some tribal members. During the Anglo-French wars, the Abenaki were allies of France, having been displaced from Ndakinna by immigrating English settlers. An anecdote from the period tells the story of a Wolastoqew war chief named Nescambuit (variant spellings include Assacumbuit), who killed more than 140 enemies of King Louis XIV of France and received

495-848: Is called the Wôlinak Indian Reserve. When the Wampanoag under King Philip ( Metacomet ) fought the English colonists in New England in 1675 in King Philip's War , the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years they fought along the Maine frontier in the First Abenaki War . The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement through devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war

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540-625: Is derived from wôban ("dawn" or "east") and aki ("land") (compare Proto-Algonquian *wa·pan and *axkyi ) — the aboriginal name of the area broadly corresponding to New England and the Maritimes . It is sometimes used to refer to all the Algonquian-speaking peoples of the area—Western Abenaki, Eastern Abenaki, Wolastoqiyik - Passamaquoddy , and Mi'kmaq —as a single group. The Abenaki people also call themselves Alnôbak , meaning "Real People" (c.f., Lenape language : Lenapek ) and by

585-550: Is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin ( National Film Board of Canada ). The Penobscot Indian Nation , Passamaquoddy people, and Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians have been federally recognized as tribes in the United States. Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation , Koasek Abenaki Tribe , Elnu Abenaki Tribe , and

630-615: Is now northern New England , southern Quebec , and the southern Canadian Maritimes . The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of New Brunswick and Maine east of New Hampshire 's White Mountains . The other major group, the Western Abenaki, lived in the Connecticut River valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. The Missiquoi lived along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain . The Pennacook lived along

675-514: Is this man and where does he come from?" There is archaeological evidence of indigenous people in what is today New Hampshire for at least 12,000 years. In Reflections in Bullough's Pond , historian Diana Muir argues that the Abenakis' neighbors, pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support

720-515: The Jesuit Relations as not cannibals , and as docile, ingenious, temperate in the use of liquor, and not profane. Abenaki lifeways were similar to those of Algonquian-speaking peoples of southern New England. They cultivated food crops and built villages on or near fertile river floodplains. They also hunted game, fished, and gathered wild plants and fungi . Unlike the Haudenosaunee ,

765-589: The Merrimack River in southern New Hampshire. The maritime Abenaki lived around the St. Croix and Wolastoq (Saint John River) Valleys near the boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick . English colonial settlement in New England and frequent violence forced many Abenaki to migrate to Quebec . The Abenaki settled in the Sillery region of Quebec between 1676 and 1680, and subsequently, for about twenty years, lived on

810-533: The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe are, as of 2011, all state-recognized tribes in the United States . The Missisquoi Abenaki applied for federal recognition as an Indian tribe in the 1980s but failed to meet four of the seven criteria. The Bureau of Indian Affairs found that less than 1 percent of the Missisquoi's 1,171 members could show descent from an Abenaki ancestor. The bureau's report concluded that

855-426: The autonym Alnanbal, meaning "men". Historically, ethnologists have classified the Abenaki by geographic groups: Western Abenaki and Eastern Abenaki . Within these groups are the Abenaki bands: Smaller tribes: Smaller tribes: Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy: The homeland of the Abenaki, called Ndakinna (Our Land; alternately written as N'dakinna or N'Dakinna ), previously extended across most of what

900-550: The Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and epidemics of new infectious diseases. The governor of New France allocated two seigneuries (large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs ). The first, of what was later to become Indian reserves , was on the Saint Francis River and is now known as the Odanak Indian Reserve; the second was founded near Bécancour and

945-451: The Abenaki were patrilineal . Each man had different hunting territories inherited through his father. Most of the year, Abenaki lived in dispersed bands of extended families. Bands came together during the spring and summer at seasonal villages near rivers, or somewhere along the seacoast for planting and fishing. During the winter, the Abenaki lived in small groups further inland. These villages occasionally had to be fortified, depending on

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990-602: The European colonization of North America, the land occupied by the Abenaki was in the area between the new colonies of England in Massachusetts and the French in Quebec. Since no party agreed to territorial boundaries, there was regular conflict among them. The Abenaki were traditionally allied with the French; during the reign of Louis XIV , Chief Assacumbuit was designated a member of the French nobility for his service. Around 1669,

1035-493: The Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rale, the Abenaki raided the settlements at Brunswick , Arrowsick , and Merry-Meeting Bay . The Massachusetts government then declared war and bloody battles were fought at Norridgewock (1724), where Rale was killed, and at a daylong battle at the Indian village near present-day Fryeburg, Maine , on the upper Saco River (1725). Peace conferences at Boston and Casco Bay brought an end to

1080-740: The Missisquoi Abenaki membership has Abenaki ancestry, with the rest of the organization's root ancestors being primarily French Canadian and migrating to Vermont in the mid-19th century. The Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi's shifting claims about its root ancestors as well as loose membership criteria are consistent with race-shifting patterns. Leroux's research prompted renewed calls by the Abenaki First Nations to reassess Vermont's state recognition process. New Hampshire does not recognize any Abenaki tribes. It has no federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes; however, it established

1125-672: The New Hampshire Commission on Native American Affairs in 2010. The various Cowasuck , Abenaki and other Native and heritage groups are represented to the Commission. In 2021, a bill was introduced to the New Hampshire legislature to allow New Hampshire communities to rename locations in the Abenaki language. This bill did not pass. There are a dozen variations of the name "Abenaki", such as Abenaquiois, Abakivis, Quabenakionek, Wabenakies and others. The Abenaki were described in

1170-593: The Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the United States. They are an Algonquian -speaking people and part of the Wabanaki Confederacy . The Eastern Abenaki language was predominantly spoken in Maine , while the Western Abenaki language was spoken in Quebec , Vermont , and New Hampshire . While Abenaki peoples have shared cultural traits, they did not historically have a centralized government. They came together as

1215-530: The Odanak and Wolinak Abenaki First Nations in Quebec initially believed claims from residents of Vermont who said they were Abenaki, the Odanak reversed their position in 2003, calling on the groups in Vermont to provide them with genealogical evidence of Indigenous ancestry. Scholars have not been able to find credible evidence of the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Indigenous ancestry. Anthropological research from

1260-488: The State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people have not had a "continuous presence" in the state and had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 17th century. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki Nation, based in Quebec, claim that those self-identifying as Abenaki in Vermont are settlers making false claims to Indigenous ancestry. While

1305-551: The United States. There are about 3,200 Abenaki living in Vermont and New Hampshire, without reservations, chiefly around Lake Champlain . The remaining Abenaki people live in multi-racial towns and cities across Canada and the US, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and northern New England. In December 2012, the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation created a tribal forest in

1350-403: The alliances and enemies of other tribes or of Europeans near the village. Abenaki villages were quite small with an average number of 100 residents. Most Abenaki crafted dome-shaped, bark-covered wigwams for housing, though a few preferred oval-shaped longhouses . During the winter, the Abenaki lined the inside of their conical wigwams with bear and deer skins for warmth. The Abenaki were

1395-549: The banks of the Chaudière River near the falls, before settling in Odanak and Wôlinak in the early eighteenth century. In those days, the Abenaki practiced a subsistence economy based on hunting, fishing, trapping, berry picking and on growing corn, beans, squash, potatoes and tobacco. They also produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and boiled maple sap to make syrup. Basket weaving remains

Nicolet River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-601: The basin. The basin includes 40 lakes, the most important of which are lake Nicolet (401 hectares (990 acres)), les Trois Lacs (Les Sources) (225 hectares (560 acres)) and the Beaudet reservoir (88 hectares (220 acres)). The part upstream of Saint-Léonard-d'Aston is part of the Appalaches . The subsoil is composed of sedimentary rocks folded and metamorphosed ( shale , slate and sandstone ), volcanic rocks ( basalt ) and ultramafic rocks ( Serpentine and asbestos ). As for

1485-423: The first half of the 20th century indicates that no Abenaki community actively existed in Vermont during that time period. Researcher Darryl Leroux characterizes the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Abenaki ancestry as " race-shifting ", arguing that genealogical and archival evidence shows that most members of the state-recognized tribes are descended from white French Canadians . Leroux found that only 2.2 percent of

1530-406: The name of Gast river, in honor of Pierre Dugua de Mons (general of New France) and Monet River , in honor of Pierre Monet, sieur de Moras. As for its current name, it owes it to the explorer Jean Nicolet . They also bore the name of the first lords of Nicolet , namely Laubia and Cressé. The Abenakis call it Pithiganitekw , which means 'river of the entrance', due to the fact that it flows near

1575-546: The other near Bécancour (now known as Wôlinak ) on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , directly across the river from Trois-Rivières . These two Abenaki reserves continue to grow and develop. Since the year 2000, the total Abenaki population (on and off reserve) has doubled to 2,101 members in 2011. Approximately 400 Abenaki reside on these two reserves, which cover a total area of less than 7 km (2.7 sq mi). The unrecognized majority are off-reserve members, living in various cities and towns across Canada and

1620-683: The outlet of lake Saint-Pierre . The toponym "rivière Nicolet" was made official on December 5, 1968 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec . Centre-du-Qu%C3%A9bec Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 391103340 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:47:04 GMT Abenakis The Abenaki ( Abenaki : Wαpánahki ) are Indigenous people of

1665-432: The petitioner is "a collection of individuals of claimed but mostly undemonstrated Indian ancestry with little or no social or historical connection with each other before the early 1970s." State recognition allows applicants to seek certain scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to for members to market artwork as American Indian or Native American-made under the 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act . In 2002,

1710-535: The rank of knight. Not all Abenaki natives fought on the side of the French, however; many remained on their native lands in the northern colonies. Much of the trapping was done by the people and traded to the English colonists for durable goods. These contributions by Native American Abenaki peoples went largely unreported. Two tribal communities formed in Canada, one once known as Saint-Francois-du-lac near Pierreville (now called Odanak , Abenaki for "coming home"), and

1755-483: The retreat of the glaciers and fluvioglacial deposits composed of sand and gravel. The basin was inhabited by 96665 inhabitants in 2003. The territory is included in 37 municipalities. The main towns in the basin are Victoriaville (39799 inhabitants), Nicolet (7963 inhabitants) and Val-des-Sources (6627 inhabitants). The river was initially baptized Rivière Du Pont by Samuel de Champlain in 1609 to honor his friend François Gravé , sieur du Pont. It also bore

1800-530: The section downstream from Saint-Léonard-d'Aston , it is composed of sedimentary rocks ( schist , dolomite , limestone , sandstone ) in horizontal strata of the St. Lawrence Lowlands . The unconsolidated deposits of the Quaternary of the St. Lawrence Lowlands are composed of clay , sand and gravel from the retreat of the Champlain Sea and peatlands . The Appalachian sector is composed of tills from

1845-679: The town of Barton, Vermont . This forest was established with assistance from the Vermont Sierra Club and the Vermont Land Trust . It contains a hunting camp and maple sugaring facilities that are administered cooperatively by the Nulhegan. The forest contains 65 acres (0.26 km ). The Missiquoi Abenaki Tribe owns forest land in the town of Brunswick, Vermont , centered around the Brunswick Springs. These springs are believed to be

Nicolet River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-435: The village"), a First Nations Abenaki reserve near Pierreville, Quebec , and throughout New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York state. The language is polysynthetic , meaning that a phrase or an entire sentence is expressed by a single word. For example, the word for "white man" awanoch is a combination of the words awani meaning "who" and uji meaning "from". Thus, the word for "white man" literally translates to "Who

1935-556: The war ended. Some captives were adopted into the Mohawk and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade. The Third Abenaki War (1722–25), called the Dummer's War or Father Rale's War, erupted when the French Jesuit missionary Sébastien Rale (or Rasles, ~1657?-1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of Yankee settlements. When

1980-509: The war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River . The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during Father Le Loutre's War (see Northeast Coast campaign (1750) ) and the French and Indian War . The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop

2025-573: Was settled by a peace treaty in 1678, with the Wampanoag more than decimated and many native survivors having been sold into slavery in Bermuda. During Queen Anne's War in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous English colonial settlements in Maine, from Wells to Casco , killing about 300 settlers over ten years. They also occasionally raided into Massachusetts, for instance in Groton and Deerfield in 1704. The raids stopped when

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