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56-476: Nichols Arboretum was designed by noted American landscape gardener and University of Michigan alumnus O. C. Simonds , and opened in 1907. The 128-acre (52 ha) arboretum is named for Esther Connor Nichols and her husband Walter, who donated part of the land for the arboretum in 1906. Plans drawn for the original campus of the University of Michigan, dating back to the 1830s, showed the university's desire for

112-679: A Light was founded in 2009 to help the drain residents after over 20 drowning deaths occurred in the preceding years. A man in San Diego was evicted from a storm drain after living there for nine months in 1986. Archaeological studies have revealed use of rather sophisticated stormwater runoff systems in ancient cultures. For example, in Minoan Crete around 2000 BC, cities such as Phaistos were designed to have storm drains and channels to collect precipitation runoff. At Cretan Knossos , storm drains include stone-lined structures large enough for

168-406: A botanical garden. The city and the university reached an agreement shortly afterwards, proposed by Burns, where the university would create and manage a botanical garden and arboretum on the combined land, and the city would build roads and provide policing. The arboretum opened to the public in 1907, with only limited improvements. Improvements to the arboretum began quickly, with plans drawn up by

224-423: A fish imprint as well. Trout Unlimited Canada recommends that a yellow fish symbol be painted next to existing storm drains. Cities that installed their sewage collection systems before the 1930s typically used single piping systems to transport both urban runoff and sewage. This type of collection system is referred to as a combined sewer system (CSS). The cities' rationale when combined sewers were built

280-463: A large botanical garden on the main campus. These plans were never implemented, and the first botanical garden at the university was not established until 1897. A deep ravine, leading down from Forest Hill Cemetery to the Huron River, was left undeveloped as the surrounding land was converted to farmland in the 19th century. By the 1850s, the ravine was referred to as "Schoolgirls' Glen," likely for

336-462: A larger dry well system. Storm drains may discharge into human-made excavations known as recharge basins or retention ponds. Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and/or storms. When storm drains are inundated, basement and street flooding can occur. Unlike catastrophic flooding events, this type of urban flooding occurs in built-up areas where human-made drainage systems are prevalent. Urban flooding

392-402: A long time. Combined with standard grates, which have holes large enough for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin, this is a major problem in mosquito control. Basins can be filled with concrete up to the pipe level to prevent this reservoir from forming. Without proper maintenance, the functionality of the basin is questionable, as these catch basins are most commonly not cleaned annually as

448-503: A property that temporarily hold runoff in heavy rains and restrict outlet flow to the public sewer. This reduces the risk of overwhelming the public sewer. Some storm drains mix stormwater (rainwater) with sewage , either intentionally in the case of combined sewers , or unintentionally . Several related terms are used differently in American and British English. There are two main types of stormwater drain (highway drain or road gully in

504-469: A rainstorm, which could discharge untreated sewage into the environment. Many storm drainage systems drain untreated storm water into rivers or streams. In the US, many local governments conduct public awareness campaigns about this, lest people dump waste into the storm drain system. In Cleveland, Ohio , for example, all new catch basins installed have inscriptions on them not to dump any waste, and usually include

560-520: A recognised professional landscape architect in Australia, the first requirement is to obtain a degree in landscape architecture accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects . After at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by AILA. The Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA)

616-400: Is plowed atop storm drains. Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems (UK term) or low impact development or green infrastructure practices (US terms) into municipal plans. To reduce stormwater from rooftops, flows from eaves troughs ( rain gutters and downspouts) may be infiltrated into adjacent soil, rather than discharged into

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672-408: Is a significant source of nitrates and phosphorus . Separation of undesired runoff can be achieved by installing devices within the storm sewer system. These devices are relatively new and can only be installed with new development or during major upgrades. They are referred to as oil-grit separators (OGS) or oil-sediment separators (OSS). They consist of a specialized manhole chamber, and use

728-427: Is being used more commonly for drain pipes and fittings. Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge (often covered by a grating ) into a canal , river, lake, reservoir , sea or ocean. Other than catchbasins, typically there are no treatment facilities in the piping system. Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry wells . Storm drains may be interconnected using slotted pipe, to make

784-474: Is customarily presented in the Peony Garden while it is in full bloom. Mendeloff died in 2023, shortly before the opening of the program's 21st season. The university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens , which moved out of the arboretum in the 1910s, and again to a larger site in 1960, were administratively reunited with the arboretum in 2004. The new Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum department manages

840-540: Is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. Drains receive water from street gutters on most motorways , freeways and other busy roads , as well as towns in areas with heavy rainfall that leads to flooding , and coastal towns with regular storms . Even rain gutters from houses and buildings can connect to

896-568: Is needed to make them perform as designed. The trapping of debris serves no purpose because once filled they operate as if no basins were present, but continue to allow a shallow area of water retention for the breeding of mosquito. Moreover, even if cleaned and maintained, the water reservoir remains filled, accommodating the breeding of mosquitoes. Storm drains are separate and distinct from sanitary sewer systems. The separation of storm sewers from sanitary sewers helps prevent sewage treatment plants becoming overwhelmed by infiltration/inflow during

952-461: Is the country's professional association of landscape architects. Some notable Canadian landscape architects include Cornelia Oberlander , Claude Cormier , Peter Jacobs , Janet Rosenberg , Marc Ryan, and Michael Hough. The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape Architecture throughout the United Kingdom. To become a recognised landscape architect in

1008-414: Is the primary cause of sewer backups and basement flooding, which can affect properties repeatedly. Clogged drains also contribute to flooding by the obstruction of storm drains. Communities or cities can help reduce this by cleaning leaves from the storm drains to stop ponding or flooding into yards. Snow in the winter can also clog drains when there is an unusual amount of rain in the winter and snow

1064-508: The Deep Tunnel , underneath the city for storing its stormwater. Many areas require detention tanks or roof detention systems that temporarily hold runoff in heavy rains and restrict outlet flow to the public sewer. This lessens the risk of overwhelming the public sewer in heavy rain. An overflow outlet may also connect higher on the outlet side of the detention tank. This overflow prevents the detention tank from completely filling. By restricting

1120-892: The watershed . In the United States, cities, suburban communities, and towns with over 100,000 population, smaller community drainage systems in urbanized areas, and additional municipal systems that are specifically designated by state agencies are required to obtain discharge permits for their storm sewer systems under the Clean Water Act . The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued stormwater regulations for large cities in 1990 and for other communities in 1999. The permits require local governments to operate stormwater management programs, covering both construction of new buildings and facilities, and maintenance of their existing municipal drainage networks. For new construction projects, many municipalities require builders to obtain approval of

1176-532: The "long view" is also present in Simonds' iconic designs in Chicago's Lincoln Park and Graceland Cemetery . The new arboretum and botanical garden was popular with the public, but the university's botany faculty were displeased with the site. The hilly terrain prevented the construction of greenhouses for advanced plant research, and the botany faculty secured a site for a new botanical garden on Iroquois Road, south of

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1232-454: The 1700s, Humphry Repton described his occupation as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had prepared to represent him in work that now would be described as that of a landscape architect. The title, "landscape architect", was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and numerous projects of large scale both public and private. He

1288-465: The 280 cultivars donated by Upjohn, 196 varieties survive a century later. Additions to the peony collection have made it the largest collection of heirloom peonies in North America, with approximately 350 cultivars, blooming in late May and early June. Despite the continued popularity of the arboretum, the continuing development of the surrounding area began to cause conflict. In the 1920s and 1930s,

1344-535: The Arb , an annual presentation of Shakespeare plays in the Arboretum, began in 2000, founded by University of Michigan Residential College drama professor Kate Mendeloff. Each scene is presented in a different location within the Arb, without the use of scenery or stage lighting , and with inevitable interruptions from wildlife, park visitors, weather, and the sounds of the nearby hospital. The first scene of each production

1400-631: The Arb was added in 1999, with the opening of the James D. Reader Jr. Urban Environmental Education Center. The education center is located in the historic Nathan Burnham House, which was built in 1837 in Ann Arbor's Lower Town neighborhood. The brick house was moved approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) north to the arboretum in February 1998, making way for an expansion of the Kellogg Eye Center . Shakespeare in

1456-555: The Chicago-based firm of O. C. Simonds in 1906. Simonds' plans were subtle, using the existing natural landscape of the site. Simonds' design creates vanishing points in the landscape from the perspective of the park visitor, which he described as "long views." The largest example of the "long view" in the Arboretum is the Main Valley, a valley at the center of the property whose view leads to a tree-filled horizon. The signature feature of

1512-525: The UK takes approximately seven years. To begin the process, one has to study an accredited course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as mass urban planning, construction, and planting. Following this,

1568-468: The UK) inlets: side inlets and grated inlets. Side inlets are located adjacent to the curb and rely on the ability of the opening under the back stone or lintel to capture flow. They are usually depressed at the invert of the channel to improve capture capacity. Many inlets have gratings or grids to prevent people, vehicles, large objects or debris from falling into the storm drain. Grate bars are spaced so that

1624-415: The US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. New York City , Washington, D.C. , Seattle and other cities with combined systems have this problem due to a large influx of storm water after every heavy rain event. Some cities have dealt with this by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold the water until it can be treated. Chicago has a system of tunnels, collectively called

1680-459: The US, all 50 states have adopted licensure. The American Society of Landscape Architects endorses the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Architect, even though there is no legal or professional distinction between the use of RLA or PLA. The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) states that "Landscape Architects research, plan, design, and advise on the stewardship, conservation, and sustainability of development of

1736-660: The United States, unlike the plumbing trap, the catch basin does not necessarily prevent sewer gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping. However, in the United Kingdom, where they are called gully pots , they are designed as true water-filled traps and do block the egress of gases and rodents. Most catchbasins contain stagnant water during drier parts of the year and can, in warm countries, become mosquito breeding grounds. Larvicides or disruptive larval hormones, sometimes released from "mosquito biscuits", have been used to control mosquito breeding in catch basins. Mosquitoes may be physically prevented from reaching

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1792-486: The arboretum was proposed as the site of a new winter sports park. This proposal was countered under the administration of university president Alexander G. Ruthven in the mid-1930s, but further issues arose with the expansion of the university in the 1950s. The expansion of the university, including the construction of Mary Markley Hall and the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital , and the further development of Forest Hill Cemetery, created large impervious surfaces uphill of

1848-433: The arboretum. This expansion greatly increased the runoff of rainwater through Schoolgirls' Glen. New storm drains emptied directly into the glen, sending soil into the Huron River and washing away plants. Inaction by the city, the university, and private landowners allowed the erosion to continue for decades, until erosion control measures were installed in the early 2000s. Additional classroom and administrative space at

1904-476: The city, in 1914. Responsibility for the site was transferred to the landscape architecture faculty for use solely as an arboretum, and the site was officially named the Nichols Arboretum in 1922. University of Michigan Medical School alumnus William E. Upjohn donated his personal collection of peonies to the arboretum in 1922, and the collection formed the basis of a peony garden that opened in 1927. Of

1960-419: The current building codes and local and federal ordinances. The practice of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as much as the practice of medicine has been inimical to the species and ubiquitous worldwide for several millennia. However, this article examines the modern profession and educational discipline of those practicing the design of landscape architecture. In

2016-428: The drains underneath cities. This is commonly known as " urban exploration ", but is also known as draining when in specific relation to storm drains. In several large American cities, homeless people live in storm drains. At least 300 people live in the 200 miles of underground storm drains of Las Vegas , many of them making a living finding unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines. An organization called Shine

2072-771: The environment and spaces, both within and beyond the built environment". This definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office, Geneva . Some notable Australian landscape architects include Catherin Bull , Kevin Taylor , Richard Weller , Peter Spooner , Sydney based writer and designer (Doris) Jocelyn Brown , Grace Fraser , Bruce Mackenzie, Mary Jeavons, Janet Conrad, Dr Jim Sinatra, William Guilfoyle , Ina Higgins , Edna Walling , and Ellis Stones . To become

2128-668: The environment in an area. In the U.S., a need to formalize the practice and a name for the profession was resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects . A few of the many talented and influential landscape architects who have been based in the United States are: Frederick Law Olmsted , Beatrix Farrand , Jens Jensen , Ian McHarg , Thomas Church , Arthur Shurtleff , Ellen Biddle Shipman John Nolen , Lawrence Halprin , Charles Edgar Dickinson , Iris Miller , and Robert Royston . Royston summed up one American theme: Landscape architecture practices

2184-525: The fine art of relating the structure of culture to the nature of landscape, to the end that people can use it, enjoy it, and preserve it. The following is an outline of the typical scope of service for a landscape architect: [REDACTED] Media related to Landscape architects at Wikimedia Commons Storm drain A storm drain , storm sewer ( United Kingdom , U.S. and Canada ), highway drain , surface water drain / sewer ( United Kingdom ), or stormwater drain ( Australia and New Zealand )

2240-479: The flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention vault or tank or by rooftop detention, public sewers are less likely to overflow. Building codes and local government ordinances vary significantly on the handling of storm drain runoff. New developments might be required to construct their storm drain processing capacity for returning the runoff to the water table and bioswales may be required in sensitive ecological areas to protect

2296-515: The flow of water is not impeded, but sediment and many small objects can also fall through. However, if grate bars are too far apart, the openings may present a risk to pedestrians, bicyclists, and others in the vicinity. Grates with long narrow slots parallel to traffic flow are of particular concern to cyclists, as the front tire of a bicycle may become stuck, causing the cyclist to go over the handlebars or lose control and fall. Storm drains in streets and parking areas must be strong enough to support

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2352-403: The outlet flow to the public sewer. This lessens the risk of overburdening the public sewer during heavy rain. An overflow outlet may also connect higher on the outlet side of the detention tank. This overflow prevents the detention tank from completely filling. Restricting water flow and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank public this way makes it far less likely for rain to overwhelm

2408-399: The pupils of a girls' school who gathered flowers there. Schoolgirls' Glen became popular as a retreat for university students, due to its location close to campus. The glen's beauty inspired an 1875 anonymous opinion piece in a student newspaper, which read in part that “no person with any poetry in his soul can walk from the second railroad bridge north to Schoolgirls’ Glen without rhyming all

2464-841: The sewers. The first flush from urban runoff can be extremely dirty. Storm water may become contaminated while running down the road or other impervious surface , or from lawn chemical run-off, before entering the drain. Water running off these impervious surfaces tends to pick up gasoline , motor oil , heavy metals , trash and other pollutants from roadways and parking lots, as well as fertilizers and pesticides from lawns. Roads and parking lots are major sources of nickel , copper , zinc , cadmium , lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels . Roof runoff contributes high levels of synthetic organic compounds and zinc (from galvanized gutters). Fertilizer use on residential lawns, parks and golf courses

2520-483: The site drainage system and structural plans. State government facilities, such as roads and highways , are also subject to the stormwater management regulations. Southeastern Los Angeles County installed thousands of stainless steel, full-capture trash devices on their road drains in 2011. An international subculture has grown up around exploring stormwater drains. Societies such as the Cave Clan regularly explore

2576-401: The standing water or migrating into the sewer proper by the use of an "inverted cone filter". Another method of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the surface of stagnant water, interfering with the breathing tubes of mosquito larvae. The performance of catch basins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the design of the catchbasin (for example, the size of

2632-424: The storm drain. Since many storm drainage systems are gravity sewers that drain untreated storm water into rivers or streams, any hazardous substances poured into the drains will contaminate the destination bodies of water. Storm drains sometimes cannot manage the quantity of rain that falls in heavy rains or storms. Inundated drains can cause basement and street flooding. Many areas require detention tanks inside

2688-502: The storm sewer system. Storm water runoff from paved surfaces can be directed to unlined ditches (sometimes called swales or bioswales ) before flowing into the storm sewers, again to allow the runoff to soak into the ground. Permeable paving materials can be used in building sidewalks, driveways and in some cases, parking lots, to infiltrate a portion of the stormwater volume. Many areas require that properties have detention tanks that temporarily hold rainwater runoff, and restrict

2744-895: The sump), and on routine maintenance to retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment. Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that perform this task. Catch basins act as the first-line pretreatment for other treatment practices, such as retention basins , by capturing large sediments and street litter from urban runoff before it enters the storm drainage pipes. Pipes can come in many different cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, square, bread-loaf-shaped, oval, inverted pear-shaped, egg shaped, and most commonly, circular). Drainage systems may have many different features including waterfalls , stairways, balconies and pits for catching rubbish, sometimes called Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs). Pipes made of different materials can also be used, such as brick, concrete, high-density polyethylene or galvanized steel. Fibre reinforced plastic

2800-573: The trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership, a challenging program set out by the Landscape Institute. Following this, one is awarded a full landscape architect title and membership among the Chartered Members of the Landscape Institute (CMLI). The United States is the founding country of the formal profession entitled landscape architecture. Those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve

2856-514: The university's research forests and farms, and coordinates academic and cultural programming between the arboretum and the botanical gardens. Landscape architect A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture . The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning , land planning, planting design, grading, storm water management, sustainable design , construction specification, and ensuring that all plans meet

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2912-420: The water flow and/or gravity to separate oil and grit. Catch basins are commonly designed with a sump area below the outlet pipe level—a reservoir for water and debris that helps prevent the pipe from clogging. Unless constructed with permeable bottoms to let water infiltrate into underlying soil, this subterranean basin can become a mosquito breeding area, because it is cool, dark, and retains stagnant water for

2968-506: The way.” The City of Ann Arbor formed a parks commission in 1905, headed by university botany professor George C. Burns. In one of its first property acquisitions, the parks commission purchased part of Schoolgirls' Glen from the Mummery family in July 1906. Months later, Esther and Walter Nichols donated their adjacent 27-acre (11 ha) farm to the university, with the stipulation that it be used as

3024-417: The weight of vehicles, and are often made of cast iron or reinforced concrete. Some of the heavier sediment and small objects may settle in a catch basin, or sump , which lies immediately below the outlet, where water from the top of the catch basin reservoir overflows into the sewer proper. The catchbasin serves much the same function as the "trap" in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects. In

3080-526: Was that it would be cheaper to build just a single system. In these systems a sudden large rainfall that exceeds sewage treatment capacity is allowed to overflow directly from storm drains into receiving waters via structures called combined sewer overflows . Storm drains are typically installed at shallower depths than combined sewers. This is because combined sewers were designed to accept sewage flows from buildings with basements, in addition to receiving surface runoff from streets. About 860 communities in

3136-476: Was the founder of a firm of landscape architects who employed highly skilled professionals to design and execute aspects of projects designed under his auspices. Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape architects who pass state requirements to become registered, licensed, or certified may be entitled to use the postnominal letters corresponding to their seal, typically RLA (Registered Landscape Architect) or more recently, PLA (Professional Landscape Architect) n. In

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