Nguyễn Hoàng (28 August 1525 – 20 July 1613) was the first of the Nguyễn lords who ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam between 1558 and 1613, from a series of cities: Ai Tu (1558–70), Tra Bat (1570–1600), and Dinh Cat (modern-day Huế ) (1600–13).
18-503: He was the second son of Nguyễn Kim . When his father was assassinated by a Mạc supporter, his brother-in-law Trịnh Kiểm took command of the Lê royalist army. Sometime after his older brother (Nguyễn Uông) died (believed to have been poisoned), Nguyễn Hoàng requested his brother in law, and was appointed to govern the southernmost province of Vietnam. This land was formerly Champa territory which had been conquered by emperor Lê Thánh Tông and at
36-501: A usurper and to request an intervention aid in restoring the legitimate dynasty. However the Ming canceled their intervention. The struggle continued as with aided by members of two powerful Thanh Hóa military clans, the Nguyễn and Trịnh, the Lê family slowly made their way back to power. This effort continued through most of the sixteenth century, and in the course of the long seesaw struggle with
54-503: Is considered as the founder of the Nguyen dynasty (1802–1945) and Southern Vietnam . In 2013, his 400th anniversary was celebrated in Hue. Nguy%E1%BB%85n Kim Nguyen Kim ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn Kim / 阮淦 ; 1468–1545) was a Vietnamese statesman who was the ancestor of the famous Nguyễn Lords who later ruled south Vietnam (and much later, all of Vietnam). During his rule,
72-678: The Chinese to leave. The official position of the Chinese government was that the Mạc dynasty should rule in the north and the Lê government should rule in the south. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance refused to accept this settlement and continued war with the Mạc. In 1541, Mạc died and his grandson, Phước Hải , became leader of the Mạc forces. In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was assassinated by a Mạc supporter. Nguyễn had two young sons Nguyễn Hoàng and Nguyễn Uông but Trịnh Kiểm took control of
90-538: The Mạc, a rivalry emerged between the two families, represented by their principal figures, Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm (1503–1570). This tension developed even though the families were not merely allied militarily, but were also linked through marriage. Nguyễn Kim had married one of his daughters to Trịnh Kiểm, thus binding the two families in a time-honored fashion. Neither the military nor the marital connections, however, could forestall Trịnh Kiểm's personal ambitions. The ongoing contest for political supremacy gradually saw
108-582: The Royal (Trịnh) army and helped destroy the remainder of the Mạc army. For reasons that are mysterious, when the new Emperor, Lê Kinh Tông, ascended the throne, Nguyễn Hoàng refused to recognize the new sovereign and instead took for himself the new title of Good Prince (Huu Vuong) in 1600. Perhaps an explanation is found in that his nephew Trịnh Tùng had been given a similar title just one year earlier: Pacifying Prince (Bình An Vương). Nguyễn Hoàng had many children (10 sons) but most of them either lost their lives in
126-487: The Trịnh gain the upper hand, a position that was secured when the Nguyễn paterfamilias was murdered at the hands of a surrendering Mạc general in 1545. Eager to eliminate his rivals, Trịnh Kiểm arranged to have the elder Nguyễn son killed. His youngest son, Nguyễn Hoàng , saw in this act his own fate unless he took measures to protect himself. Through his sister, Kiểm's wife, Hoàng requested that he be appointed governor general of
144-601: The battlefields or stayed in the North. His 6th son Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên succeeded him upon his death in 1613. He ruled the south for 55 years. The reason Trịnh Kiểm appointed Nguyễn Hoàng to the Southern provinces is not clear. As anecdote goes, Trinh Kiểm, being afraid of losing power to Nguyễn brothers, ordered the assassination of Nguyễn Hoàng's older brother. As for Hoang, Trịnh Kiểm wanted to take advantage of Mạc's southern garrison troops to eliminate his brother in law. Nguyễn Hoàng
162-543: The distant southern frontier territories of Thuận Hoá and Quảng Nam . Remote exile of this political challenger suited the Trịnh overlord, and he agreed to the request. Shortly thereafter, in 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng entered the southern realms, marking the beginnings of a political division that would have lasted for 250 years. Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh Ki%E1%BB%83m Trịnh Kiểm (1503–1570) was a Vietnamese official who ruled northern Vietnam from 1545 until his death. He established his family as hereditary governors of Vietnam, ruling in
180-426: The name of the figurehead Later Lê emperors. During his rule, the Lê dynasty continued to wage war with the rival Mạc dynasty . Although he was the de facto ruler of Vietnam during his lifetime, he never assumed a higher position for himself. When he died, his son Trịnh Tùng declared himself a lord and conferred this title posthumously upon his dead father. Trịnh Kiểm claimed descent from Trịnh Khả , who
198-488: The royal army. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance, now under the command of Trịnh Kiểm, continued to fight the Mạc. A new king was enthroned as Lê Trung Tông in 1548, then another Lê king, Lê Anh Tông, was enthroned in 1556. In 1558 the eldest son of Nguyễn Kim, Nguyễn Hoàng , was sent to the south to take control over the recently conquered province of Quảng Nam . By 1665, the Trịnh-led royal army had captured all provinces south of
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#1732847894019216-520: The territory of Xam Neua . In Đại Việt, Mạc Đăng Dung suppressed the Lê loyalist in Thanh Hóa, forced the Lê remnant to seek refuge in Nguyễn Kim's domain. In 1533, Nguyễn Kim proclaimed prince Lê Ninh (son of emperor Lê Chiêu Tông ) as king of Đại Việt. Photisarath acknowledged this claim and allocated resources to support it. Envoys were sent to Ming China in 1536 and 1537 to denounce Mạc Đăng Dung as
234-515: The throne and proclaimed himself Emperor of Vietnam in 1527. This second revolt was led by Nguyễn Kim whose second-in-command was his son-in-law, Trịnh Khiêm (who married Kim's daughter Ngoc Bao). The second revolt allowed the Nguyễn-Trịnh army to capture the Western Capital ( Tay Do ) and enthroned Lê Trang Tông in 1533. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance sent a formal embassy to China that denounced
252-470: The time was under control of Mạc force. Nguyễn Hoàng defeated the enemy commander Duke Lập and took over the province in 1558. In 1573 he was given the title Grand Master (Thái phó) by Emperor Lê Thế Tông. Later he was given the title Duke of Môn (Môn Công). In 1592, when Trịnh Tùng laid siege to the Eastern Capital (modern-day Hanoi ), Nguyễn Hoàng lend him resources and troops. The Nguyen army joined
270-564: The usurpation of Mạc Đăng Dung and asked for help. In 1536, the Chinese delegation concluded that Dung had usurped the throne of the Lê Emperors. After hearing the report, the Jiajing Emperor dispatched an army that arrived on the border of Vietnam in 1537. However, with protestations of loyalty to the Ming dynasty and the offer of a piece of north Vietnam to the Chinese, Mạc Đăng Dung convinced
288-407: The war with the Mạc dynasty started. Nguyễn Kim claimed descent from Nguyễn Trãi , one of the top aides of Lê Lợi . He was the son of Nguyễn Hoang Du, one of the leaders of the first revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung ). After the first revolt was crushed and his father executed, a second revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung took place in response to Dung's usurpation of the throne in 1527. This second revolt
306-496: Was led by Nguyễn Kim and his son-in-law, Trịnh Kiểm . In 1527, a high-rank military officer of the weakened court, Mạc Đăng Dung , seized power of Đại Việt . He deposed the ruling Lê monarch, Lê Cung Hoàng and made himself ruler of Đại Việt. In 1529, Nguyễn Kim who was a loyalist of the old royal family, went to Laos and submitted to the Laotian king Photisarath (r. 1520 – 1547). Photisarath granted for Nguyễn Kim administrator
324-509: Was one of Lê Lợi 's closest allies and later regent during the reign of child-king Lê Nhân Tông . His relationship to the General Trịnh who defeated a rebel army in 1511 and then led a rebellion of his own in 1517 is unknown. Also unknown is his relationship to Trịnh Duy Dai and Trịnh Duy Sản—two of the leaders of the first revolt against the usurper Mạc Đăng Dung . A second revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung took place not long after Dung usurped
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