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92-501: The history of the museum begins before the museum was established. The founder of the university's collection of artifacts was Francis Kelsey , a professor of Latin at the University of Michigan from 1889 until his death in 1927. Kelsey began acquiring artifacts in 1893 in order to help his students understand the ancient world. In 1893, he made his first acquisitions: 108 lamps , vases , and building materials from Alfred Louis Delattre ,

184-592: A Michigan State Historic Site on August 13, 1971, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1972. It is one of the oldest still-standing buildings on the University of Michigan campus. By the early 1990s the museum was experiencing overcrowding, deterioration of artifacts, and lack of adequate storage space. It was closed in July 1993 for renovations and reopened in October 1994. During that time,

276-417: A hip roof broken by parapeted cross- gables , with a facade "dominated by a projecting three-story corner turret topped by a conical roof"; "decorative colonettes , arches , and regularly coursed variegated brick bandcourses break the heaviness of the imposing stone structure." The building was dedicated on July 21, 1891 at a cost of $ 40,000 and was named Newberry Hall —a name still engraved on

368-498: A "conversazione." Once Kelsey returned, he saw increased popularity, his time abroad contributing to him becoming the lead American scholar on Pompeii , a current interest of United States citizens. In 1902 he was selected to be the secretary of the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), adding to his prestige and led him into a bit of politics. Throughout his tenure as secretary, one of his most frustrating endeavors

460-402: A change in temperature. The numbers are exactly equal if we consider the gases as ideal . The addition of water molecules, or any other molecules, to a gas, without removal of an equal number of other molecules, will necessarily require a change in temperature, pressure, or total volume; that is, a change in at least one of these three parameters. If temperature and pressure remain constant,

552-496: A college journal called the Lake Forest University Review, on his views of the classics and would eventually become editor. Unfortunately the main funding behind the Lake Forest University Review was from the prior editor so it went defunct within a year of Kelsey being appointed to his position. Kelsey was constantly trying to improve himself in terms of his knowledge and how he could become a better teacher. While he

644-417: A coma and died shortly afterward, the cause of death being rheumatism in his chest. The artifacts returned from these expeditions would form the core of the university's holdings in classical archaeology and papyrology and papyrological studies was established under Kelsey's professorship. For this reason, the university's museum of archaeology was named after Kelsey in 1953. Humidity Humidity

736-528: A huge rift with the English and Scottish Presbyterian elite. This caused issues for Lake Forest where the faculty wanted the school to turn towards the German model while the trustees with the funds were turned off from things associated with anything German, including the university model. Kelsey did not sway one way or another, he agreed with aspects of both, he recognized the importance of science courses but his heart

828-433: A much lower scale height and shorter atmospheric lifetime — weeks instead of decades. Without other greenhouse gases, Earth's blackbody temperature , below the freezing point of water, would cause water vapor to be removed from the atmosphere. Water vapor is thus a "slave" to the non-condensible greenhouse gases. Humidity is one of the fundamental abiotic factors that defines any habitat (the tundra, wetlands, and

920-450: A new third floor was added in space formerly occupied by a choir loft (from the building's Christian Association period) and a new climate-controlled Sensitive Artifact Facility and Environment space was added to maintain "appropriate storage, humidity , and temperature requirements for optimal artifact longevity." A new registry, conservation lab, objects study area, water-sprinkler fire control system , security system , and elevator to

1012-419: A non-condensable phase other than air. A device used to measure humidity of air is called a psychrometer or hygrometer . A humidistat is a humidity-triggered switch, often used to control a humidifier or a dehumidifier . The humidity of an air and water vapor mixture is determined through the use of psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature ( T ) and the wet bulb temperature ( T w ) of

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1104-520: A relatively high humidity post-rainfall. Outside the monsoon seasons, humidity is high (in comparison to countries further from the Equator), but completely sunny days abound. In cooler places such as Northern Tasmania, Australia, high humidity is experienced all year due to the ocean between mainland Australia and Tasmania. In the summer the hot dry air is absorbed by this ocean and the temperature rarely climbs above 35 °C (95 °F). Humidity affects

1196-470: A second expedition in 1927 that would yield even more antiquities and papyrus, specifically from Egypt. Unfortunately just after returning from his last expedition he started feeling chest pains. While at Lake Forest Kelsey began some endeavors that were not purely academic. Kelsey would meet a student who went by the name of Belle Badger who showed an interest in the classics and antiquities. She also wrote at least two articles for The Lake Forest Review so it

1288-543: A sophomore prize in Latin and a junior prize in Greek. While there is no doubt that Kelsey was very studious, that did not mean his time at university was constantly spent in the library. From time to time he enjoyed a practical joke, he ended up creating a chemistry lab in his boarding house at one point, making stink bombs to ward off the occasional, unwelcome guest. He graduated in 1880 being elected valedictorian. After graduation he

1380-546: A total of eight years at Lake Forest and proved to be a time of great growth. Kelsey started at the University of Michigan (U of M) in fall of 1889 as professor of Latin . From his first semester he made sure the books his students needed were available to check out at the library. This practice was new for the time and would not become precedent until 1915, at U of M, clearly Kelsey did not care much for rules. Similarly to Lake Forest, Kelsey made sure his classes were not just on

1472-822: A year off to teach at the American School of Classical Studies in Rome , lecturing on all things Rome and helping students with their individual research. When Kelsey came back to U of M the Classical Department saw renewed interest especially from the Regents. At this point in university history classes were usually taught in instructors houses and Kelsey was no different. In addition to hosting classes, he would also host Classical Club and would often invite important persons from out of town. Kelsey, at one event, said there were over 50 people at his house, participating in what he called

1564-412: Is affected by winds and by rainfall. The most humid cities on Earth are generally located closer to the equator, near coastal regions. Cities in parts of Asia and Oceania are among the most humid. Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City , Kuala Lumpur , Hong Kong, Manila , Jakarta , Naha , Singapore, Kaohsiung and Taipei have very high humidity most or all year round because of their proximity to water bodies and

1656-434: Is almost independent of the amount of air (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) that is present. Indeed, a vacuum has approximately the same equilibrium capacity to hold water vapor as the same volume filled with air; both are given by the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the given temperature. There is a very small difference described under "Enhancement factor" below, which can be neglected in many calculations unless great accuracy

1748-435: Is also a key metric used to evaluate when it is appropriate to install flooring over a concrete slab. Specific humidity (or moisture content) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the air parcel. Specific humidity is approximately equal to the mixing ratio , which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases,

1840-487: Is also measured on a global scale using remotely placed satellites. These satellites are able to detect the concentration of water in the troposphere at altitudes between 4 and 12 km (2.5 and 7.5 mi). Satellites that can measure water vapor have sensors that are sensitive to infrared radiation . Water vapor specifically absorbs and re-radiates radiation in this spectral band. Satellite water vapor imagery plays an important role in monitoring climate conditions (like

1932-543: Is an important metric used in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation , dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, a rise in relative humidity increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin. For example, according to the heat index , a relative humidity of 75% at air temperature of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) would feel like 83.6 ± 1.3 °F (28.7 ± 0.7 °C). Relative humidity

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2024-460: Is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor ( p {\displaystyle p} ) in air to the saturation vapor pressure ( p s {\displaystyle p_{s}} ) of water at the same temperature, usually expressed as a percentage: φ = 100 % ⋅ p / p s {\displaystyle \varphi =100\%\cdot p/p_{s}} Relative humidity

2116-627: Is expressed as either mass of water vapor per volume of moist air (in grams per cubic meter) or as mass of water vapor per mass of dry air (usually in grams per kilogram). Relative humidity , often expressed as a percentage, indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. Specific humidity is the ratio of water vapor mass to total moist air parcel mass. Humidity plays an important role for surface life. For animal life dependent on perspiration (sweating) to regulate internal body temperature, high humidity impairs heat exchange efficiency by reducing

2208-430: Is inappropriate for computations in chemical engineering, such as drying, where temperature variations might be significant. As a result, absolute humidity in chemical engineering may refer to mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air, also known as the humidity ratio or mass mixing ratio (see "specific humidity" below), which is better suited for heat and mass balance calculations. Mass of water per unit volume as in

2300-455: Is no surprise that at some point her path would cross with Kelsey's. After Belle got her degree (going by Isabelle for the remainder of her life), she and Kelsey would be married in 1885 and eventually would have three kids, Charlotte, Ruth, and Easton. Kelsey was also a proud practicing Presbyterian, part of the reason he was so drawn to Forest Lake University in the first place. He made his religious views well known by some of his articles within

2392-528: Is required. Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor (gas form of water) present in a given volume or mass of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 g (1.1 oz) per cubic metre when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F). Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor ( m H 2 O ) {\displaystyle (m_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})} , divided by

2484-549: Is shown in State B. If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature), then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with the volume reduction. This is shown in State C. Above 202.64 kPa, the RH would exceed 100% and water may begin to condense. If the pressure of State A was changed by simply adding more dry air, without changing

2576-641: Is the dew point . The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 8 g of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C (46 °F), and 28 g of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C (86 °F) Three primary measurements of humidity are widely employed: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity

2668-418: Is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation , dew , or fog to be present. Humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor results in higher relative humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter

2760-450: Is the dry-bulb temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), P {\displaystyle P} is the absolute pressure expressed in millibars, and e w ∗ {\displaystyle e_{w}^{*}} is the equilibrium vapor pressure expressed in millibars. Buck has reported that the maximal relative error is less than 0.20% between −20 and +50 °C (−4 and 122 °F) when this particular form of

2852-554: Is the most abundant of all greenhouse gases . Water vapor, like a green lens that allows green light to pass through it but absorbs red light, is a "selective absorber". Like the other greenhouse gasses, water vapor is transparent to most solar energy. However, it absorbs the infrared energy emitted (radiated) upward by the Earth's surface, which is the reason that humid areas experience very little nocturnal cooling but dry desert regions cool considerably at night. This selective absorption causes

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2944-437: Is the ratio of how much water vapour is in the air to how much water vapour the air could potentially contain at a given temperature. It varies with the temperature of the air: colder air can contain less vapour, and water will tend to condense out of the air more at lower temperatures. So changing the temperature of air can change the relative humidity, even when the absolute humidity remains constant. Chilling air increases

3036-628: The Archaeological Institute of America , Vice President, and eventually President, of the American Philological Association while he was at U of M. Francis Kelsey's life started in Ogden, New York , a city located in Monroe County, New York on May 23, 1858. Kelsey was the fourth child of Henry Kelsey and Olive Trowbridge Kelsey and was named after his grandmother on his mother's side. Francis' father, Henry, originally wanted to go into

3128-558: The Jesuit priest and archaeologist who was conducting an excavation at Carthage in Tunisia , and another 1,096 objects from dealers in Tunis , Rome , Capri , and Sicily . Together with several thousand coins donated to the University of Michigan in the 1880s, these objects formed the core of the university's archaeological collections. Kelsey continued to acquire objects (by gift and purchase) for

3220-629: The Magnus–Tetens approximation , are more complicated but yield better accuracy. The Arden Buck equation is commonly encountered in the literature regarding this topic: e w ∗ = ( 1.0007 + 3.46 × 10 − 6 P ) × 6.1121 e 17.502 T / ( 240.97 + T ) , {\displaystyle e_{w}^{*}=\left(1.0007+3.46\times 10^{-6}P\right)\times 6.1121\,e^{17.502T/(240.97+T)},} where T {\displaystyle T}

3312-425: The energy budget and thereby influences temperatures in two major ways. First, water vapor in the atmosphere contains "latent" energy. During transpiration or evaporation, this latent heat is removed from surface liquid, cooling the Earth's surface. This is the biggest non-radiative cooling effect at the surface. It compensates for roughly 70% of the average net radiative warming at the surface. Second, water vapor

3404-520: The monsoon season. High temperatures combine with the high dew point to create heat index in excess of 65 °C (149 °F). Darwin experiences an extremely humid wet season from December to April. Houston, Miami, San Diego, Osaka, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tokyo also have an extreme humid period in their summer months. During the South-west and North-east Monsoon seasons (respectively, late May to September and November to March), expect heavy rains and

3496-523: The Frieze organ, for which Kelsey had raised the funds, was moved into its new home. While the organ for UMS and Hill Auditorium were mostly one time fundraising projects, Kelsey was constantly fundraising to ensure his research, associations he was a part of, and the overall Classics Department. In 1904 Kelsey started his own research oriented journal called the University of Michigan's Humanistic Series that he

3588-528: The German model of higher education that included research and the creation of graduate programs. A political connection led powerful people at Lake Forest University to sway against the German Model. The Haymarket Riot in Chicago, the closest major city to Lake Forest University , started over workers feeling they were not treated fairly enough by employers. Many of the workers were of German descent which caused

3680-482: The Lake Forest Review. Immediately after returning to Ann Arbor he went to the hospital, the next weeks half of his time being spent at home and the other at the hospital but that did not stop his work. Throughout this period of illness, his commitment to archaeology and the university did not fall through the cracks, he was still looking over manuscripts and doing administrative work. On May 14 he passed into

3772-501: The Near-East done by the University of Michigan (U of M). His papyrus findings and the collection of antiquities he acquired for the university brought him fame not only among University of Michigan faculty but around the world. Originally hailing from New York, he would teach at Lake Forest University , in Illinois , eventually coming to the University of Michigan . He was the secretary of

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3864-424: The amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. The term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. The term relative saturation is used to describe the analogous property for systems consisting of a condensable phase other than water in

3956-663: The atmosphere is as warm or warmer than the skin during times of high humidity, blood brought to the body surface cannot dissipate heat by conduction to the air. With so much blood going to the external surface of the body, less goes to the active muscles, the brain, and other internal organs. Physical strength declines, and fatigue occurs sooner than it would otherwise. Alertness and mental capacity also may be affected, resulting in heat stroke or hyperthermia . Domesticated plants and animals (e.g. lizards) require regular upkeep of humidity percent when grown in-home and container conditions, for optimal thriving environment. Although humidity

4048-413: The building's front—in honor of railroad magnate John S. Newberry, whose widow Helen Newberry contributed $ 18,000 toward the building's construction. The university leased Newberry Hall in 1921 for classroom space, housed its collection of ancient artifacts there from 1928, and finally purchased the building in 1937. In 1953, the museum was named in honor of Kelsey. Newberry Hall was designated as

4140-448: The chilled mirror method is effective. For process on-line measurements, the most commonly used sensors nowadays are based on capacitance measurements to measure relative humidity, frequently with internal conversions to display absolute humidity as well. These are cheap, simple, generally accurate and relatively robust. All humidity sensors face problems in measuring dust-laden gas, such as exhaust streams from clothes dryers. Humidity

4232-533: The collection is also home to some rare objects important to the study of archaeology, excavation records, and an archive of 25,000 archaeological and fine arts photographs." Among the museum's most significant holdings are: The collection also includes a colorfully-painted ancient Egyptian mummy ; amulets ; a variety of glass vessels , ancient Greek pottery ; and ancient Roman sculpture . The Kelsey Museum has conducted fieldwork for nearly 100 years. Its past excavations and other fieldwork have taken place at

4324-415: The desert are a few examples), and is a determinant of which animals and plants can thrive in a given environment. The human body dissipates heat through perspiration and its evaporation. Heat convection , to the surrounding air, and thermal radiation are the primary modes of heat transport from the body. Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases. Also, if

4416-465: The enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems. The enhancement factor is commonly used to correct the equilibrium vapor pressure of water vapor when empirical relationships, such as those developed by Wexler, Goff, and Gratch, are used to estimate the properties of psychrometric systems. Buck has reported that, at sea level, the vapor pressure of water in saturated moist air amounts to an increase of approximately 0.5% over

4508-621: The entire process, assisting with financial issues and navigating in Europe when the World War I had just ended. This first expedition would start by ship from the East Coast to Glasgow, making its way to London , then Paris and eventually towards Constantinople , Near East, and Asia Minor . The entire expedition was expected to take two years, one for exploration and the other for writing and research which would be done between London and Paris since at

4600-443: The equation above is also defined as volumetric humidity . Because of the potential confusion, British Standard BS 1339 suggests avoiding the term "absolute humidity". Units should always be carefully checked. Many humidity charts are given in g/kg or kg/kg, but any mass units may be used. The field concerned with the study of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas–vapor mixtures is named psychrometrics . Relative humidity

4692-575: The equator and often overcast weather. Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as Kolkata , Chennai and Kochi in India, and Lahore in Pakistan. Sukkur city located on the Indus River in Pakistan has some of the highest and most uncomfortable dew points in the country, frequently exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in

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4784-474: The equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water. Climate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity in buildings, vehicles and other enclosed spaces for the purpose of providing for human comfort, health and safety, and of meeting environmental requirements of machines, sensitive materials (for example, historic) and technical processes. While humidity itself is a climate variable, it also affects other climate variables. Environmental humidity

4876-406: The following archaeological sites : The Kelsey Museum is currently sponsoring the following fieldwork: The indie rock band The Kelseys, formed in 2016 by University of Michigan students, is named after the museum. Francis Kelsey Francis Willey Kelsey (May 23, 1858 – May 14, 1927) was an American classicist, professor, and archaeologist that would go on to lead the first expedition to

4968-418: The formation of thunderstorms) and in the development of weather forecasts . Humidity depends on water vaporization and condensation, which, in turn, mainly depends on temperature. Therefore, when applying more pressure to a gas saturated with water, all components will initially decrease in volume approximately according to the ideal gas law . However, some of the water will condense until returning to almost

5060-409: The generalized formula is used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water. There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. Calibration standards for the most accurate measurement include the gravimetric hygrometer, chilled mirror hygrometer , and electrolytic hygrometer. The gravimetric method, while the most accurate, is very cumbersome. For fast and very accurate measurement

5152-450: The greenhouse effect. It raises the surface temperature substantially above its theoretical radiative equilibrium temperature with the sun, and water vapor is the cause of more of this warming than any other greenhouse gas. Unlike most other greenhouse gases, however, water is not merely below its boiling point in all regions of the Earth, but below its freezing point at many altitudes. As a condensible greenhouse gas, it precipitates , with

5244-440: The ideal gas law. On the contrary the saturated volume is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% relative humidity). Humid air is less dense than dry air because a molecule of water ( m ≈ 18  Da ) is less massive than either a molecule of nitrogen ( m ≈ 28 ) or a molecule of oxygen ( m ≈ 32 ). About 78% of the molecules in dry air are nitrogen (N 2 ). Another 21% of

5336-480: The language but the culture. The amount of detail he put into them was unprecedented and showed within the learning community since one of his textbooks, Caesar's Gallic War , went through twenty one different edition in his lifetime and can still be purchased today. A conflict at Lake Forest over the appropriate roles of research and teaching there would lead to the departure of Kelsey and other faculty members. Post Civil War United States, saw an increase in interest in

5428-619: The languages he was teaching but the culture and the context of the times, he even went as far as to set up a classical fellowship to study archaeology. Things soon began to change. When Tappan became president, in 1852, he no longer made classical language a requirement, made the idea of graduate education at U of M a reality, and created a Bachelor of Science . This eventually led to a drop of 40% of undergraduate students, but an increase in grad students studying classics in Kelsey's time. Overall, Kelsey did not mind. Between 1900 and 1901, Kelsey took

5520-414: The measure of relative humidity of the air, although their presence is an indication that a body of air may be close to the dew point. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage; a higher percentage means that the air–water mixture is more humid. At 100% relative humidity, the air is saturated and is at its dew point. In the absence of a foreign body on which droplets or crystals can nucleate ,

5612-490: The medical field at this time. Henry was discouraged by this, and instead of continuing to pursue a medical career, bought a farm near his parents’ home in Stony Point. He married Olive Cornelia Trowbridge in 1842, sister to antislavery writer and friend of Mark Twain , John Townsend Trowbridge. The Kelseys would stay at the farm in Stony Point until Francis was two years old and then moved to larger farm at Churchville. There

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5704-403: The medical field. This goal would consume at least ten years of his life. To pay for his medical training, he worked as a school teacher, and travelled at night to teach singing lessons. He learned at age 28, when he had enough funds to join a doctor's office as a student, that his lack of knowledge of Greek and Latin would make his studies even longer. Greek and Latin were still very important in

5796-456: The mixture are known. These quantities are readily estimated by using a sling psychrometer . There are several empirical formulas that can be used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of these, having only three parameters ( A , B , and C ). Other formulas, such as the Goff–Gratch equation and

5888-444: The molecules in dry air are oxygen (O 2 ). The final 1% of dry air is a mixture of other gases. For any gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules present in a particular volume is constant. Therefore, when some number N of water molecules (vapor) is introduced into a volume of dry air, the number of air molecules in that volume must decrease by the same number N for the pressure to remain constant without using

5980-521: The museum was originally built for the Students' Christian Association for religious services and other meetings and activities. It was designed by the Detroit architectural firm of Spier & Rohns . Construction began in 1888 and was completed in 1891. The building is described as a "massive, asymmetrical Richardsonian Romanesque building of rough-cut, randomly placed local fieldstone ." The building has

6072-418: The name of Caspar Rene Gregory, who, after he died in World War I, inspired him to organize an expedition for the retrieval of biblical documents. Standish considered himself too old, so he asked Kelsey to lead it. Kelsey agreed and fundraising started, being quite a lot easier than last time. For some reason investors found archaeology a bit more intriguing than organs. Backish would prove to be helpful through

6164-475: The new addition. In 2009, the William E. Upjohn Exhibit Wing was completed, adding more than 20,000 feet of study, storage, and display space in a climate-controlled facility; the new space allowed the museum, which previously had been displaying less than 1 percent of its collection, to dramatically expand the number of artifacts on public display. The wing was named after Mary Meader's grandfather William E. Upjohn ,

6256-647: The new third floor were added. The building was also made more handicapped accessible . The $ 1.3 million project was funded by a $ 250,000 gift from Eugene M. and Emily Grant of New York City , along with grants from the University of Michigan and the National Endowment for the Humanities , as well as funding from the Kelsey Museum Associates and other private contributions. In 2003, Edwin and Mary Meader of Kalamazoo, Michigan , longtime benefactors of

6348-631: The noted pharmacist. The building reopened to the public in November 2009. The Kelsey Museum's permanent exhibition on display in the William E. Upjohn Exhibit Wing features many artifacts and artworks from the ancient and medieval world in the Mediterranean and Near East. The collection includes ancient Egyptian , Near Eastern, Greek , Roman , Etruscan , Coptic , Persian , and Islamic archaeological artifacts. In addition to its more than 100,000 artifacts,

6440-475: The possibility of Hill Auditorium with him. Kelsey gave Kahn two options of where to construct the building, he eventually picked the location on North State street that thousands of students now walk past and perform in regularly. At first Kelsey was adamant about the auditorium stage being able to host performances as professional as operas but the regents, especially Clements , opposed this. In 1913 Hill Auditorium had its induction ceremony and shortly afterwards

6532-417: The rate of moisture evaporation from skin surfaces. This effect can be calculated using a heat index table, or alternatively using a similar humidex . The notion of air "holding" water vapor or being "saturated" by it is often mentioned in connection with the concept of relative humidity. This, however, is misleading—the amount of water vapor that enters (or can enter) a given space at a given temperature

6624-491: The relative humidity can exceed 100%, in which case the air is said to be supersaturated . Introduction of some particles or a surface to a body of air above 100% relative humidity will allow condensation or ice to form on those nuclei, thereby removing some of the vapour and lowering the humidity. In a scientific notion, the relative humidity ( R H {\displaystyle RH} or φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ) of an air-water mixture

6716-440: The relative humidity, and can cause the water vapour to condense (if the relative humidity rises over 100%, the dew point ). Likewise, warming air decreases the relative humidity. Warming some air containing a fog may cause that fog to evaporate, as the droplets are prone to total evaporation due to the heat. Relative humidity only considers the invisible water vapour. Mists, clouds, fogs and aerosols of water do not count towards

6808-403: The same humidity as before, giving the resulting total volume deviating from what the ideal gas law predicted. Conversely, decreasing temperature would also make some water condense, again making the final volume deviate from predicted by the ideal gas law. Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed as the dry volume, excluding the humidity content. This fraction more accurately follows

6900-502: The saturated vapor pressure of pure water: f W = e w ′ e w ∗ . {\displaystyle f_{W}={\frac {e'_{w}}{e_{w}^{*}}}.} The enhancement factor is equal to unity for ideal gas systems. However, in real systems the interaction effects between gas molecules result in a small increase of the equilibrium vapor pressure of water in air relative to equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Therefore,

6992-463: The temperature but also on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by considering the air–water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e., no matter enters or leaves the system). If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure), then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the equilibrium vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature. This

7084-506: The time, that is where the only copies of other ancient manuscripts were located. While originally Backish suggested that the main objective be for the retrieval of biblical texts, it was also brought up that documentation of the battlefields that Julius Caesar fought on should also be researched and heavily photographed. Overall the expedition was a huge success, Kelsey returned with Isabelle and Easton to Ann Arbor in 1921 to resume teaching and to even more renown than before. He would go on

7176-437: The university until he died in 1927. These artifacts included pottery , terracotta figurines, painted stucco , inscribed tombstones , daily life objects, glass , tombs , and papyri . In 1924, Kelsey secured funding for excavations at sites around the Mediterranean and began to ship a large number of artifacts back to Ann Arbor. In 1924, he sent nearly 45,000 objects from Karanis , illustrating "in detail how daily life

7268-618: The university, gave an $ 8 million gift to expand the museum by the addition of a new wing in the back of the museum. At the time, this was the largest gift in the history of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. The Meader gift, along with a $ 200,000 challenge grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, covered all of the project's $ 8.2 million cost. The Chicago -based architectural firm of Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge Inc. designed

7360-416: The volume increases, and the dry air molecules that were displaced will initially move out into the additional volume, after which the mixture will eventually become uniform through diffusion. Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas—its density—decreases. Isaac Newton discovered this phenomenon and wrote about it in his book Opticks . The relative humidity of an air–water system is dependent not only on

7452-468: The volume of the air and water vapor mixture ( V net ) {\displaystyle (V_{\text{net}})} , which can be expressed as: A H = m H 2 O V net . {\displaystyle AH={\frac {m_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}}}{V_{\text{net}}}}.} If the volume is not set, the absolute humidity varies with changes in air temperature or pressure. Because of this, it

7544-499: The volume, the relative humidity would not change. Therefore, a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a change in the volume of the system, or change in both of these system properties. The enhancement factor ( f w ) {\displaystyle (f_{w})} is defined as the ratio of the saturated vapor pressure of water in moist air ( e w ′ ) {\displaystyle (e'_{w})} to

7636-465: The way it was taught at Leipzig. In 1885 he was back in Southern Europe visiting Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, discovering different ways to teach the classics. At Lake Forest Kelsey also started his textbook writing career. While there are a lot of textbooks already about Latin grammar and syntax, his books tried to give context to the actual things he was writing about so people would not just learn

7728-434: Was a major factor behind the construction of Hill Auditorium one of the concert halls designed by Albert Kahn and opened in 1913 that is still in use on the campus today. Plans for an auditorium for UMS has been in the words since 1890s but until the funds from the estate of alumnus Arthur Hill were disclosed, there was no guarantee it would ever happen. Kelsey sought out famous Detroit architect Albert Kahn and discussed

7820-530: Was a school in town that Francis attended, but to go to secondary school he would have to travel to the Lockport Union School, about sixty miles away. He enrolled when he was 15 and sources think because the school was so far from home he was most likely a boarder. After attending Lockport, he went to the University of Rochester where he followed the Classical Course and won numerous awards including

7912-544: Was appointed instructor of classics at Lake Forest University in Lake Forest Illinois, a new college in the northern suburbs of Chicago that was meant to compete with Northwestern University in Evanston. Kelsey's time at Lake Forest allowed him to discover his desires for improvement within his craft of educating the classics and to develop his professionalism. Within his first couple of years he would write articles for

8004-476: Was at Lake Forest University he would visit Europe to learn more about archaeology. His first visits were to Italy specifically Pompeii but he would also visit some German Universities. He attended Leipzig University in 1884 to expand his knowledge on classical archaeology, but these studies never accumulated into a degree. At the time many American scholars were turning to Europe for higher education for themselves, though Kelsey soon became very disillusioned with

8096-515: Was editor of from 1904 to 1927, and this required that Kelsey fundraise including among well to do businessmen in Detroit. . To say that he was good at networking would be an understatement. Starting in 1919 Kelsey was talking to a successful Detroit manufacturer by the name of Standish Backish who showed interest in putting together an expedition to the Near East. Backish was talking to a professor, by

8188-522: Was elected president of the American Philological Association , a title he would hang onto until the end of 1907. Kelsey's time at U of M was not only marked by his academic career but also by being president of the University Musical Society (UMS). While no records show that Kelsey played any instruments, his daughters played the violin , a skill he said he enjoyed and made sure they practiced regularly. In his role as UMS president Kelsey

8280-707: Was lived in Egypt under Roman rule ." The same year, excavations at Seleucia-on-the-Tigris in Iraq yielded another 13,000 objects. In 1925, Kelsey commissioned the Italian artist Maria Barosso to paint a set of watercolor replicas of the murals of the Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii , which now are housed in a special room in the Upjohn Exhibit Wing. The building that now houses

8372-595: Was trying to pass legislation within congress about how artifacts from other countries should be handled by the United States. After a stalemate within congress, the AIA teamed up with the American Anthropological Association to eventually, and thankfully for Kelsey's sanity, pass a resolution in 1905, the same year he was named Vice President of the American Philological Association . By the end of 1906 he

8464-420: Was with the classics and he supported ideas that kept them as a top priority. His ideas did heavily align with the president of his alma mater, University of Rochester, and for his writings on the topic of higher education he received a PhD in philology. Eventually him and other professors would leave Lake Forest to other institutions that showed interest in creating a more comprehensive graduate education. He spent

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