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62-723: New Wine Church (also known as Gateway House ) is a non-denominational Christian megachurch in Southeast London. The church originally met in a leased facility. They then purchased and renovated one of four cinemas in Woolwich . The 3,000-member church occupies the former Coronet cinema complex and overlooks the Woolwich Ferry . The cinema was opened as the Odeon Theatre on 25 October 1937 with Ralph Reader in The Gang Show . It

124-505: A chaplaincy. The Church also funds a water project in Zambia, providing boreholes for 10 villages. They run an Operation Christmas child campaign which provides shoeboxes filled with gifts for Eastern European children. Tayo Adeyemi (1993–2013) and Michael Olawore (2013–2018) were previous senior pastors of the church. One of the seven Ecumenical Borough Deans in Greenwich was Olu Ajanaku, formerly

186-633: A dozen scholarly organizations and committees were formed by 1983, and a scholarly quarterly, the Journal of Law and Religion first published that year and the Ecclesiastical Law Journal opened in 1999. Many departments and centers have been created around the world during the last decades. As of 2012, major Law and Religion organizations in the U.S. included 500 law professors, 450 political scientists, and specialists in numerous other fields such as history and religious studies. Between 1985 and 2010,

248-521: A key, essential element which all religions share, which can be used to define "religion" as a category, and which must be necessary in order for something to be classified as a "religion". There are two forms of monothetic definition; the first are substantive , seeking to identify a specific core as being at the heart of religion, such as a belief in a God or gods, or an emphasis on power. The second are functional , seeking to define "religion" in terms of what it does for humans, for instance defining it by

310-457: A major figure in sociology , he has no doubt influenced later sociologists of religion. Émile Durkheim also holds continuing influence as one of the fathers of sociology. He explored Protestant and Catholic attitudes and doctrines regarding suicide in his work Suicide . In 1912, he published his most memorable work on religion, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life . Interest in

372-504: A means to engage in cross-cultural studies. In doing so, we can take the beliefs, symbols, rituals etc. of the other from within their own perspective, rather than imposing ours on them. Another earlier scholar who employs the phenomenological method for studying religion is Gerardus van der Leeuw . In his Religion in Essence and Manifestation (1933), he outlines what a phenomenology of religion should look like: The subjectivity inherent to

434-437: A method which is more complex and claims rather more for itself than did Chantepie’s mere cataloguing of facts." (Partridge) Husserl argued that the foundation of knowledge is consciousness . He recognized "how easy it is for prior beliefs and interpretations to unconsciously influence one’s thinking, Husserl’s phenomenological method sought to shelve all these presuppositions and interpretations." (Partridge) Husserl introduced

496-545: A minister at New Wine Church; he represented the black majority churches. EBDs are representatives of Christian churches to local government in London. David Chick took over this role in January 2015, representing black-led churches. Non-denominational A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination . The term has been used in

558-690: A more scientific and objective approach, independent of any particular religious viewpoint. Religious studies thus draws upon multiple academic disciplines and methodologies including anthropology , sociology , psychology , philosophy , and history of religion . Religious studies originated in 19th-century Europe , when scholarly and historical analysis of the Bible had flourished, as Hindu and Buddhist sacred texts were first being translated into European languages. Early influential scholars included Friedrich Max Müller in England and Cornelis Petrus Tiele in

620-447: A new field by Eboo Patel , Jennifer Howe Peace, and Noah Silverman. There are many approaches to the study of sacred texts. One of these approaches is to interpret the text as a literary object. Metaphor, thematic elements, and the nature and motivations of the characters are of interest in this approach. An example of this approach is God: A Biography , by Jack Miles . The temporal lobe has been of interest which has been termed

682-400: A phenomenon or phenomena from a neutral standpoint, instead of with our own particular attitudes. In performing this reduction, whatever phenomenon or phenomena we approach are understood in themselves, rather than from our own perspectives. In the field of religious studies, a contemporary advocate of the phenomenological method is Ninian Smart. He suggests that we should perform the epoche as

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744-498: A philosophical method by Edmund Husserl , who is considered to be its founder. In the context of Phenomenology of religion however, the term was first used by Pierre Daniel Chantepie de la Saussaye in his work "Lehrbuch der Religiongeschichte" (1887). Chantepie's phenomenology catalogued observable characteristics of religion much like a zoologist would categorize animals or an entomologist would categorize insects. In part due to Husserl's influence, "phenomenology" came to "refer to

806-631: A process known as the Rank Organisation 's "zing" treatment. It continued as the Odeon until closing on 17 October 1981. Independent film exhibitors Panton Films took over the building from 14 July 1983 and it reopened as the Coronet Cinema with Return of the Jedi . It was converted into a twin cinema from 6 July 1990 with seating for 678 in the former balcony and 360 seats in the former rear stalls. The Coronet

868-428: A structure for the analysis of religious phenomena. Phenomenology is "arguably the most influential approach to the study of religion in the twentieth century." (Partridge) The term is first found in the title of the work of the influential philosopher of German Idealism , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , entitled The Phenomenology of Spirit . Phenomenology had been practiced long before its being made explicit as

930-471: A theological project which actually imposes views onto the people it aims to survey. Their areas of research overlap heavily with postcolonial studies . In 1998, Jonathan Z. Smith wrote a chapter in Critical Terms for Religious Studies which traced the history of the term religion and argued that the contemporary understanding of world religions is a modern Christian and European term, with its roots in

992-403: A theory of their own. Some scholars of religious studies are interested in primarily studying the religion to which they belong. Other scholars take a more unbiased approach and broadly examine the historical interrelationships among all major religious ideologies through history, focusing on shared similarities rather than differences. Scholars of religion have argued that a study of the subject

1054-418: Is concerned with the psychological principles operative in religious communities and practitioners. William James 's The Varieties of Religious Experience analyzed personal experience as contrasted with the social phenomenon of religion. Some issues of concern to the psychologist of religions are the psychological nature of religious conversion , the making of religious decisions, religion and happiness , and

1116-471: Is contrasted by the average of 47% from the richest countries, with incomes over $ 25,000 (with the United States breaking the trend by reporting at 65%). Social scientists have suggested that religion plays a functional role (helping people cope) in poorer nations. The history of religions is not concerned with theological claims apart from their historical significance. Some topics of this discipline are

1178-407: Is expanding to include many topics and scholars. Western philosophy of religion, as the basic ancestor of modern religious studies, is differentiated from theology and the many Eastern philosophical traditions by generally being written from a third party perspective. The scholar need not be a believer. Theology stands in contrast to the philosophy of religion and religious studies in that, generally,

1240-408: Is the analysis of religions and their various communities of adherents using the functions of particular religious phenomena to interpret the structure of religious communities and their beliefs. The approach was introduced by British anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown . A major criticism of functionalism is that it lends itself to teleological explanations. An example of a functionalist approach

1302-470: Is understanding the dietary restrictions contained in the Pentateuch as having the function of promoting health or providing social identity ( i.e. a sense of belonging though common practice). Lived religion is the ethnographic and holistic framework for understanding the beliefs, practices, and everyday experiences of religious and spiritual persons in religious studies. The name lived religion comes from

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1364-731: Is useful for individuals because it will provide them with knowledge that is pertinent in inter-personal and professional contexts within an increasingly globalized world . It has also been argued that studying religion is useful in appreciating and understanding sectarian tensions and religious violence . The term " religion " originated from the Latin noun religio , that was nominalized from one of three verbs: relegere (to turn to constantly/observe conscientiously); religare (to bind oneself [back]); and reeligere (to choose again). Because of these three different potential meanings, an etymological analysis alone does not resolve

1426-663: The Treatise on the Religious and Philosophical Sects (1127 CE), written by the Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani . Peter the Venerable , also working in the twelfth century, studied Islam and made possible a Latin translation of the Qur'an . Notwithstanding the long interest in the study of religion, the academic discipline Religious Studies is relatively new. Christopher Partridge notes that

1488-497: The University of Chicago in general, and in particular Mircea Eliade , from the late 1950s through to the late 1980s). The religious studies scholar Walter Capps described the purpose of the discipline as to provide "training and practice ... in directing and conducting inquiry regarding the subject of religion". At the same time, Capps stated that its other purpose was to use "prescribed modes and techniques of inquiry to make

1550-416: The historicity of religious figures, events, and the evolution of doctrinal matters. Interreligious studies is an emerging academic field that is focused on interactions among religious groups, including but not limited to interfaith dialogue . Journals and interdisiplinary organizing efforts grew especially in the 2010s. A pivotal anthology for the field is Interreligious/interfaith studies: Defining

1612-490: The "God center" of the brain. (Ramachandran, ch. 9) Neurological findings in regard to religious experience is not a widely accepted discipline within religious studies. Scientific investigators have used a SPECTscanner to analyze the brain activity of both Christian contemplatives and Buddhist meditators, finding them to be quite similar. The "origin of religion" refers to the emergence of religious behavior in prehistory , before written records. The psychology of religion

1674-493: The "first professorships were established as recently as the final quarter of the nineteenth century." In the nineteenth century, the study of religion was done through the eyes of science. Max Müller was the first professor of comparative philology at Oxford University , a chair created especially for him. In his Introduction to the Science of Religion (1873) he wrote that it is "the duty of those who have devoted their life to

1736-464: The (Western) philosophy of religion are the existence of God , belief and rationality, cosmology , and logical inferences of logical consistency from sacred texts. Although philosophy has long been used in evaluation of religious claims ( e.g. Augustine and Pelagius 's debate concerning original sin), the rise of scholasticism in the eleventh century, which represented "the search for order in intellectual life" (Russell, 170), more fully integrated

1798-601: The 1980s led to cut backs affecting religious studies departments." (Partridge) Later in the decade, religious studies began to pick up as a result of integrating religious studies with other disciplines and forming programs of study that mixed the discipline with more utilitarian study. Philosophy of religion uses philosophical tools to evaluate religious claims and doctrines. Western philosophy has traditionally been employed by English speaking scholars. (Some other cultures have their own philosophical traditions including Indian , Muslim , and Jewish .) Common issues considered by

1860-467: The French tradition of sociology of religion "la religion vécue". The concept of lived religion was popularized in the late twentieth century by religious study scholars like Robert A. Orsi and David Hall . The study of lived religion has come to include a wide range of subject areas as a means of exploring and emphasizing what a religious person does and what they believe. Today, the field of lived religion

1922-545: The Netherlands. However, Max Müller was a philologist, not a professor of religion; Cornelis Tiele was. Today, religious studies is an academic discipline practiced by scholars worldwide. In its early years, it was known as " comparative religion " or the science of religion and, in the United States , there are those who today also know the field as the "History of religion" (associated with methodological traditions traced to

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1984-456: The Western philosophical tradition (with the introduction of translations of Aristotle ) in religious study. There is some amount of overlap between subcategories of religious studies and the discipline itself. Religious studies seeks to study religious phenomena as a whole, rather than be limited to the approaches of its subcategories. The anthropology of religion is principally concerned with

2046-466: The ambiguity of defining religion, since each verb points to a different understanding of what religion is. During the Middle Ages , the term "religious" was used as a noun to describe someone who had joined a monastic order (a "religious"). Throughout the history of religious studies, there have been many attempts to define the term "religion". Many of these have been monothetic , seeking to determine

2108-483: The argument that it exists to assuage fear of death, unite a community, or reinforce the control of one group over another. Other forms of definition are polythetic , producing a list of characteristics that are common to religion. In this definition there is no one characteristic that need to be common in every form of religion. Causing further complications is the fact that there are various secular world views, such as nationalism and Marxism , which bear many of

2170-600: The assistance of its affiliate, New Wine Covenant Partners, has taken part in missionary activities in Australia , the Netherlands , India , Ivory Coast , Kenya , Malaysia , Nigeria , Norway , South Africa , Tanzania and the United States . Internationally, New Wine has built a housing estate of 55 homes for over 100 lepers in Chennai India. The estate also benefits from a full-time nurse, electricity, clean water, food and

2232-514: The common basic human needs that religion fulfills. The cultural anthropology of religion is principally concerned with the cultural aspects of religion. Of primary concern to the cultural anthropologist of religions are rituals, beliefs, religious art, and practices of piety. Gallup surveys have found that the world's poorest countries may be the most religious. Of those countries with average per-capita incomes under $ 2000, 95% reported that religion played an important role in their daily lives. This

2294-525: The context of various faiths, including Jainism , Baháʼí Faith , Zoroastrianism , Unitarian Universalism , Neo-Paganism , Christianity , Islam , Judaism , Hinduism , Buddhism and Wicca . It stands in contrast with a religious denomination . Religious people of a non-denominational persuasion tend to be more open-minded in their views on various religious matters and rulings. Some converts towards non-denominational strains of thought have been influenced by disputes over traditional teachings in

2356-549: The earliest academic institutions where Religious Studies was presented as a distinct subject was University College Ibadan, now the University of Ibadan , where Geoffrey Parrinder was appointed as lecturer in Religious Studies in 1949. In the 1960s and 1970s, the term "religious studies" became common and interest in the field increased. New departments were founded and influential journals of religious studies were initiated (for example, Religious Studies and Religion ). In

2418-453: The exceptionally wealthy U.S. is so inefficient that it is experiencing a much higher degree of societal distress than are less religious, less wealthy prosperous democracies. Conversely, how do the latter achieve superior societal health while having little in the way of the religious values or institutions?" Vogel reports that in the 1970s a new "law and religion" approach has progressively built its own contribution to religious studies. Over

2480-489: The family, and human rights. Moving beyond Christianity, scholars have looked at law and religion interrelations in law and religion in the Muslim Middle East, and pagan Rome. The earliest serious writing on the interface between religion and cinema appeared in the work of film critics like Jean Epstein in the 1920s. The subject has grown in popularity with students and is cited as having particular relevance given

2542-588: The field saw the publication of some 750 books and 5000 scholarly articles. Scholars are not only focused on strictly legal issues about religious freedom or non establishment but also on the study of religions as they are qualified through judicial discourses or legal understanding on religious phenomena. Exponents look at canon law, natural law, and state law, often in comparative perspective. Specialists have explored themes in western history regarding Christianity and justice and mercy, rule and equity, discipline and love. Common topics on interest include marriage and

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2604-544: The forward to Approaches to the Study of Religion , Ninian Smart wrote that "in the English-speaking world [religious studies] basically dates from the 1960s, although before then there were such fields as 'the comparative study of religion', the 'history of religion', the 'sociology of religion' and so on ..." In the 1980s, in both Britain and America , "the decrease in student applications and diminishing resources in

2666-399: The general study of religion dates back to at least Hecataeus of Miletus ( c.  550 BCE  – c.  476 BCE ) and Herodotus ( c.  484 BCE  – c.  425 BCE ). Later, during the Middle Ages , Islamic scholars such as Ibn Hazm (d. 1064 CE) studied Persian , Jewish , Christian , and Indian religions , among others. The first history of religion was

2728-399: The people" - the idea that religion has become a way for people to deal with their problems. At least one comprehensive study refutes this idea. Research has found that secular democracies like France or Scandinavia outperform more theistic democracies on various measures of societal health. The authors explains, "Pressing questions include the reasons, whether theistic or non-theistic, that

2790-477: The peoples that we study by means of this category have no equivalent term or concept at all". There is, for instance, no word for "religion" in languages like Sanskrit . Religious studies became a field in its own right in The Netherlands by promulgating the so called 'duplex ordo' law in 1876. Before that, several key intellectual figures explored religion from a variety of perspectives. One of these figures

2852-427: The pervasiveness of film in modern culture. Approaches to the study of religion and film differ among scholars; functionalist approaches for instance view film as a site in which religion is manifested, while theological approaches examine film as a reflection of God's presence in all things. A number of methodologies are used in Religious Studies. Methodologies are hermeneutics , or interpretive models, that provide

2914-545: The phenomenological study of religion makes complete and comprehensive understanding highly difficult. However, phenomenologists aim to separate their formal study of religion from their own theological worldview and to eliminate, as far as possible, any personal biases (e.g., a Christian phenomenologist would avoid studying Hinduism through the lens of Christianity). There are a number of both theoretical and methodological attitudes common among phenomenologists: source Many scholars of religious studies argued that phenomenology

2976-523: The practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. The sociology of religion is distinguished from the philosophy of religion in that it does not set out to assess the validity of religious beliefs, though the process of comparing multiple conflicting dogmas may require what Peter L. Berger has described as inherent "methodological atheism". Whereas

3038-499: The previous institutions they attended. Nondenominationalism has also been used as a tool for introducing neutrality into a public square when the local populace is derived from a wide-ranging set of religious beliefs. This article about religious studies is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Religious studies While theology attempts to understand the transcendent or supernatural according to traditional religious accounts, religious studies takes

3100-401: The psychological factors in evaluating religious claims. Sigmund Freud was another figure in the field of psychology and religion. He used his psychoanalytic theory to explain religious beliefs, practices, and rituals, in order to justify the role of religion in the development of human culture. The sociology of religion concerns the dialectical relationship between religion and society ;

3162-553: The religious commitments. However, many contemporary scholars of theology do not assume such a dichotomy. Instead, scholars now understand theology as a methodology in the study of religion, an approach that focuses on the religious content of any community they might study. This includes the study of their beliefs, literatures, stories and practices. Scholars, such as Jonathan Z. Smith , Timothy Fitzgerald, Talal Asad , Tomoko Masuzawa , Geoffrey A. Oddie, Richard E. King , and Russell T. McCutcheon , have criticized religious studies as

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3224-496: The same characteristics that are commonly associated with religion, but which rarely consider themselves to be religious. Conversely, other scholars of religious studies have argued that the discipline should reject the term "religion" altogether and cease trying to define it. In this perspective, "religion" is argued to be a Western concept that has been forced upon other cultures in an act of intellectual imperialism. According to scholar of religion Russell T. McCutcheon , "many of

3286-428: The scholar is first and foremost a believer employing both logic and scripture as evidence. Theology according to this understanding fits with the definition which Anselm of Canterbury gave to it in the eleventh century, credo ut intelligam , or faith seeking understanding (literally, "I believe so that I may understand"). The theologian was traditionally seen as having the task of making intelligible, or clarifying,

3348-428: The second half of the twentieth century the study of religion had emerged as a prominent and important field of academic enquiry." He cites the growing distrust of the empiricism of the nineteenth century and the growing interest in non-Christian religions and spirituality coupled with convergence of the work of social scientists and that of scholars of religion as factors involved in the rise of Religious Studies. One of

3410-408: The sociology of religion broadly differs from theology in assuming the invalidity of the supernatural, theorists tend to acknowledge socio-cultural reification of religious practise. The sociology of religion also deals with how religion impacts society regarding the positive and negatives of what happens when religion is mixed with society. Theorist such as Marx states that "religion is the opium of

3472-485: The study of the principal religions of the world in their original documents, and who value and reverence it in whatever form it may present itself, to take possession of this new territory in the name of true science." Many of the key scholars who helped to establish the study of religion did not regard themselves as scholars of religious studies, but rather as theologians, philosophers, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, and historians. Partridge writes that "by

3534-525: The subject of religion intelligible." Religious studies scholar Robert A. Segal characterised the discipline as "a subject matter" that is "open to many approaches", and thus it "does not require either a distinctive method or a distinctive explanation to be worthy of disciplinary status." Different scholars operating in the field have different interests and intentions; some for instance seek to defend religion, while others seek to explain it away, and others wish to use religion as an example with which to prove

3596-454: The term "eidetic vision" to describe the ability to observe without "prior beliefs and interpretations" influencing understanding and perception. His other main conceptual contribution is the idea of the epoche : setting aside metaphysical questions and observing phenomena in and of themselves, without any bias or commitments on the part of the investigator. The epoche, also known as phenomenological reduction or bracketing, involves approaching

3658-426: Was "the distinctive method of the discipline". In 2006, the phenomenologist of religion Thomas Ryba noted that this approach to the study of religion had "entered a period of dormancy". Phenomenological approaches were largely taxonomical, with Robert A. Segal stating that it amounted to "no more than data gathering" alongside "the classification of the data gathered". Functionalism , in regard to religious studies,

3720-499: Was closed on 6 June 1999. It was taken over by the New Wine Church from 2001 and the building is now known as 'Gateway House' which continues in church use today. The New Wine Church has made a number of alterations and renovations to the building. The building is a Grade II Listed Building and is currently used for (and is available for) weddings, music concerts, conferences, exercise classes and business meetings. The church, with

3782-525: Was designed for the Oscar Deutsch chain of Odeon Cinemas by architect George Coles who came up with a streamlined Art Deco style . Inside the auditorium , there were troughs of concealed lighting and a moulded plaster decoration on the splay walls in the form of a floral frieze which had backlighting. Seating was provided for 1,178 in the stalls and 650 in the balcony. It was modernised internally in May 1964,

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3844-553: Was the famous pragmatist William James . His 1902 Gifford lectures and book The Varieties of Religious Experience examined religion from a psychological-philosophical perspective and is still influential today. His essay The Will to Believe defends the rationality of faith. Max Weber studied religion from an economic perspective in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904–1905), his most famous work. As

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