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120-763: On August 15, 1945, Taiwan was liberated from Japanese rule after Japan unconditionally surrendered. The Republic of China's Nationalist government took over Taiwan and abolished the Japanization implemented by the Japanese rule, including the Japanization of spoken languages in Taiwan. The Nationalist government started the promotion of Mandarin. In 1949, the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party ( Kuomintang ) and

240-424: A Ryukyuan vessel shipwrecked on the southeastern tip of Taiwan and 54 sailors were killed by aborigines. The survivors encountered aboriginal men, presumably Paiwanese, who they followed to a small settlement, Kuskus, where they were given food and water. They claim they were robbed by their Kuskus hosts during the night and in the morning they were ordered to stay put while hunters left to search for game to provide

360-491: A Japanese vessel as the Chinese delegate feared reprisal from local residents. Japanese authorities encountered violent opposition in much of Taiwan. Five months of sustained warfare occurred after the invasion of Taiwan in 1895 and partisan attacks continued until 1902. For the first two years, colonial authority relied mainly on military action and local pacification efforts. Disorder and panic were prevalent in Taiwan after Penghu

480-473: A Taiwan Parliament." It was deemed legal in Tokyo but illegal in Taiwan. In 1923, 99 Alliance members were arrested and 18 were tried in court. Chiang was forced to defend against the charge of "asserting 'Taiwan has 3.6 million Zhonghua Minzu/Han People' in petition leaflets." Thirteen were convicted: 6 fined, 7 imprisoned (including Chiang). Chiang was imprisoned more than ten times. The TCA split in 1927 to form

600-841: A certificate condemning the Taiwan "savages" for killing our "nationals", the Ryukyuans killed in southeastern Taiwan. The Japanese army split into three forces and headed in different directions to burn the aboriginal villages. On 3 June, they burnt all the villages that had been occupied. On 1 July, the new leader of the Mudan tribe and the chief of Kuskus surrendered. The Japanese settled in and established large camps with no intention of withdrawing, but in August and September 600 soldiers fell ill. The death toll rose to 561. Negotiations with Qing China began on 10 September. The Western Powers pressured China not to cause bloodshed with Japan as it would negatively impact

720-618: A feast. The Ryukyuans departed while the hunting party was away and found shelter in the home of a trading-post serviceman, Deng Tianbao. The Paiwanese men found the Ryukyuans and slaughtered them. Nine Ryukyuans hid in Deng's home. They moved to another settlement where they found refuge with Deng's son-in-law, Yang Youwang. Yang arranged for the ransom of three men and sheltered the survivors before sending them to Taiwan Prefecture (modern Tainan). The Ryukuans headed home in July 1872. The shipwreck and murder of

840-528: A festivity, using firecrackers traditionally used to ward off evil as a challenge against Japanese authority. If any criticism of Japan was heard, the police immediately ordered the speaker to step down. In 1923 the TCA co-founded Taiwan People's News which was published in Tokyo and then shipped to Taiwan. It was subjected to severe censorship by Japanese authorities. As many as seven or eight issues were banned. Chiang and others applied to set up an "Alliance to Urge for

960-459: A group of Hakka insurgents killed 57 Japanese officers and members of their family. In the following reprisal, 100 Hakka men and boys were killed in the village of Neidaping. Luo Fuxing was an overseas Taiwanese Hakka involved with the Tongmenghui. He planned to organize a rebellion against the Japanese with 500 fighters, resulting in the execution of more than 1,000 Taiwanese by Japanese police. Luo

1080-533: A growing divide between the critics and supporters of each side. Supporters expressed their unwillingness to stifle the progress of New Cinema, while critics engaged in forceful criticism of the movement. After numerous debates, the new-generation directors became increasingly dissatisfied with the Film Critics China. However, despite facing severe criticism and poor box office performance in the Taiwanese market at

1200-459: A movement to petition to the Japanese Diet to establish a self-governing parliament in Taiwan, and to reform the government-general. The Japanese government attempted to dissuade the population from supporting the movement, first by offering the participants membership in an advisory Consulative Council, then ordered the local governments and public schools to dismiss locals suspected of supporting

1320-647: A rear staging ground for further attacks on Myanmar . As the war turned against Japan in 1943, Taiwan suffered due to Allied submarine attacks on Japanese shipping, and the Japanese administration prepared to be cut off from Japan. In the latter part of 1944, Taiwan's industries, ports, and military facilities were bombed in U.S. air raids. By the end of the war in 1945, industrial and agricultural output had dropped far below prewar levels, with agricultural output 49% of 1937 levels and industrial output down by 33%. Coal production dropped from 200,000 metric tons to 15,000 metric tons. An estimated 16,000–30,000 civilians died from

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1440-460: A serious crime, the person's entire Ko would be fined. The system only became more effective as it was integrated with the local police. Under Gotō, police stations were established in every part of the island. Rural police stations took on extra duties with those in the aboriginal regions operating schools known as "savage children's educational institutes" to assimilate aboriginal children into Japanese culture. The local police station also controlled

1560-614: A spy to survey eastern Taiwan. In October 1872, Japan sought compensation from the Qing dynasty of China, claiming the Kingdom of Ryūkyū was part of Japan. In May 1873, Japanese diplomats arrived in Beijing and put forward their claims; however, the Qing government immediately rejected Japanese demands on the ground that the Kingdom of Ryūkyū at that time was an independent state and had nothing to do with Japan. The Japanese refused to leave and asked if

1680-537: Is the minister of Culture since 2024. Li's family is of Hakka descent and originates from Wuping County , moving to Taiwan in 1949. Li Yuan was born in Monga , Taipei, on 31 October 1951. His father was a statistician and his mother taught writing at National Taiwan Normal University , later becoming a journalist. Li's father gave his eldest son the pen name Hsiao Yeh, and both parents encouraged him to write. Li read classics such as War and Peace and The Old Man and

1800-742: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ended with the CCP taking control of mainland China, while the Nationalist Kuomintang Party retreated to Taiwan. In the 1950s, to comply with the government's political agenda, the three major state-owned film studios ( Taiwan Film Culture Co. , the China Motion Picture Studio, and the Agricultural Education Film Studio) underwent structural reform. Subsequently, through

1920-556: The Democratic Progressive Party , the Executive Yuan said the very order was not in force. Taiwanese historical scholar Chou Wan-yao (周婉窈), believed the term "Taiwan under Japanese rule" is more accurate and natural when describing the period, and compared it with " India under British rule ". In contrast, Taiwanese political scientist Chang Ya-chung insisted that the term "Taiwan under Japanese occupation" respecting

2040-516: The Dutch arrived in 1624. In 1593, Toyotomi Hideyoshi planned to incorporate Taiwan into his empire and sent an envoy with a letter demanding tribute. The letter was never delivered since there was no authority to receive it. In 1609, the Tokugawa shogunate sent Harunobu Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. In 1616, Nagasaki official Murayama Tōan sent 13 vessels to conquer Taiwan. The fleet

2160-469: The Green Standard Army and Yue soldiers from Guangxi took to looting and pillaging Taiwan. Given the choice between chaos at the hands of bandits or submission to the Japanese, Taipei's gentry elite sent Koo Hsien-jung to Keelung to invite the advancing Japanese forces to proceed to Taipei and restore order. The Republic, established on 25 May, disappeared 12 days later when its leaders left for

2280-702: The Jiasian Incident ( Japanese : 甲仙埔事件, Hepburn : Kōsenpo jiken ). This was followed by a wider rebellion from Tamai in Tainan to Kōsen in Takao in August 1915, known as the Seirai-an Incident ( Japanese : 西来庵事件, Hepburn : Seirai-an jiken ) in which more than 1,400 local people died or were killed by the Japanese government. Twenty-two years later, the Taivoan people struggled to carry on another rebellion; since most of

2400-452: The Meiji government of Japan appointed Count Kodama Gentarō as the fourth Governor-General, with the talented civilian politician Gotō Shinpei as his Chief of Home Affairs, establishing the carrot and stick approach towards governance that would continue for several years. Gotō Shinpei reformed the policing system, and he sought to co-opt existing traditions to expand Japanese power. Out of

2520-764: The Venice Film Festival . This marked the first time a Taiwanese film had received recognition at one of the world's top three film festivals. The film depicts the prominent Lin family in the Jiufen area as they navigate through the periods of the Japanese rule, the end of World War II , the 228 Incident , and the White Terror , providing a nuanced reflection of Taiwan's modern history and garnering much praise. From then on, Taiwanese cinema achieved full artistic freedom in its choice of subjects and officially entered an era of diversity, free from ideological constraints. In 1998,

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2640-475: The " kōminka " imperial Japanization project to instill the "Japanese Spirit" in Taiwanese residents, and ensure the Taiwanese would remain imperial subjects ( kōmin ) of the Japanese Emperor rather than support a Chinese victory. The goal was to make sure the Taiwanese people did not develop a sense of "their national identity, pride, culture, language, religion, and customs". To this end, the cooperation of

2760-524: The "Apple-Paring Incident", that happened prior to the film's release. This event was widely seen as an ideological struggle between the New Cinema and the Old Cinema, as well as between the new-generation directors and the Film Critics China. The former brought the controversy into the public sphere to seek arbitration, while the latter used anonymous letters to make accusations and express doubts. Ultimately, as

2880-482: The 17th to 19th centuries, the Qing had settled 401 Ryukyuan shipwreck incidents both on the coast of mainland China and Taiwan. The Ryukyu Kingdom did not ask Japanese officials for help regarding the shipwreck. Instead its king, Shō Tai , sent a reward to Chinese officials in Fuzhou for the return of the 12 survivors. The Imperial Japanese Army started urging the government to invade Taiwan in 1872. The king of Ryukyu

3000-450: The 1990 Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Later that decade, he became a television writer and presenter. Hsiao Yeh worked for Taiwan Television from 2001 to 2004 and served as general manager of Chinese Television System from 2006 to 2008. He contributed to the book Touring Taiwan , released in 2008. Hsiao Yeh was the artistic director of the musical "Hey! Atiku", which was based on one of his stories and debuted in 2010,

3120-684: The Chinese for instigating the Sinkanders. The Dutch dispatched a ship to repair relations with Japan, but it was seized and its crew imprisoned upon arrival. The loss of the Japanese trade made the Taiwanese colony far less profitable and the authorities in Batavia considered abandoning it before the Dutch Council of Formosa urged them to keep it unless they wanted the Portuguese and Spanish to take over. In June 1630, Suetsugu died and his son, Masafusa, allowed

3240-502: The Chinese government would punish those "barbarians in Taiwan". The Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines in Taiwan: those directly governed by the Qing, and those unnaturalized "raw barbarians... beyond the reach of Chinese culture. Thus could not be directly regulated." They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution. The Qing dynasty made it clear to

3360-816: The Five Six Movement, in opposition to nuclear technologies . A wide-ranging group that included Li Yuan, Lee Yuan-tseh , Wei Te-sheng , Giddens Ko , and Kevin Tsai founded the Anti-Nuclear Fathers Front with the same goal, on Father's Day . In November, Li was invited to the Zero-Nuke Festival hosted by the Green Citizens’ Action Alliance. He was largely supportive of the Sunflower Student Movement in 2014. Li joined

3480-485: The Han and acculturated indigenous were forbidden from any contractual relationships with indigenous. The indigenous were living on government land but did not submit to government authority, and as they did not have political organization, they could not enjoy property ownership. The acculturated indigenous also lost their rent holder rights under the new property laws, although they were able to sell them. Some reportedly welcomed

3600-458: The Japanese "guardline" of electrified fences and police stations as they pleased. As a result, head hunting and assaults on police stations by indigenous still continued after that year. In one of Taiwan's southern towns nearly 5,000 to 6,000 were slaughtered by Japanese in 1915. As resistance to the long-term oppression by the Japanese government, many Taivoan people from Kōsen led the first local rebellion against Japan in July 1915, called

3720-541: The Japanese from trading on the island. The Chinese silk merchants refused to sell to the company because the Japanese paid more. The Dutch also restricted Japanese trade with the Ming dynasty. In response, the Japanese took on board 16 inhabitants from the aboriginal village of Sinkan and returned to Japan. Suetsugu Heizō Masanao housed the Sinkanders in Nagasaki. The Company sent a man named Peter Nuyts to Japan where he learned about

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3840-468: The Japanese into their own separate block units, despite co-opting Taiwanese leaders. The organization was responsible for increasing war propaganda, donation drives, and regimenting Taiwanese life during the war. As part of the kōminka policies, Chinese language sections in newspapers and Classical Chinese in the school curriculum were removed in April 1937. China and Taiwan's history were also erased from

3960-450: The Japanese military. Roughly 50,000 went missing in action or died, another 2,000 were disabled, 21 were executed for war crimes, and 147 were sentenced to imprisonment for two or three years. Hsiao Yeh Li Yuan ( Chinese : 李遠 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Lí Oán ; born 31 October 1951), also known by his pen name Hsiao Yeh ( Chinese : 小野 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sió-iá ), is a Taiwanese novelist, screenwriter and politician who

4080-539: The Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing jurisdiction, even though part of that island's aboriginal population was not yet under the influence of Chinese culture. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal population within a national boundary was not under the influence of the dominant culture of that country. Japan announced that they were attacking aboriginals in Taiwan on 3 May 1874. In early May, Japanese advance forces established camp at Langqiao Bay. On 17 May, Saigō Jūdō led

4200-471: The Manchurian campaign. But their revenge was often taken on innocent villagers. Men, women, and children were ruthlessly slaughtered or became the victims of unrestrained lust and rapine. The result was to drive from their homes thousands of industrious and peaceful peasants, who, long after the main resistance had been completely crushed, continued to wage a vendetta war, and to generate feelings of hatred which

4320-841: The New TCA and the Taiwanese People's Party . The TCA had been influenced by communist ideals resulting in Chiang and Lin's departure to form the Taiwan People's Party (TPP). The New TCA later became a subsidiary of the Taiwanese Communist Party , founded in Shanghai in 1928, and the only organization advocating for Taiwan's independence. The TPP's flag was designed by Chiang and drew on the Republic of China 's flag for inspiration. In February 1931,

4440-504: The Qing baojia system, he crafted the Hoko system of community control. The Hoko system eventually became the primary method by which the Japanese authorities went about all sorts of tasks from tax collecting, to opium smoking abatement, to keeping tabs on the population. Under the Hoko system, every community was broken down into Ko, groups of ten neighboring households. When a person was convicted of

4560-542: The Republic of China," drafted by fifty New Cinema filmmakers and cultural workers, can be seen as the end of the New Cinema movement and the beginning of a pursuit for "Another Cinema" in the subsequent years. On July 15, 1987, the Nationalist government announced the lifting of the 38-year-long martial law and allowed its people to visit their families in the mainland, leading to a gradual easing of political relations between

4680-627: The Sea at the age of 11, at the behest of his father and was forced to write reports on them afterward, though Li preferred to draw cartoons and perform plays instead. After studying biology at NTNU, Li earned a graduate degree in microbiology from the State University of New York at Buffalo in the United States. Upon his return to Taiwan, Li became a teaching assistant at National Yang Ming University . Hsiao Yeh published his first book in 1974, and

4800-484: The Sinkanders. The shogun declined to meet the Dutch and gave the Sinkanders gifts. Nuyts arrived in Taiwan before the Sinkanders and refused to allow them to land before the Sinkanders were jailed and their gifts confiscated. The Japanese took Nuyts hostage and only released him in return for their safe passage back to Japan with 200 picols of silk as well as the Sinkanders' freedom and the return of their gifts. The Dutch blamed

4920-540: The Soviet Union, Taiwanese audiences, amidst a gloomy situation, found resonance in local film culture, leading to the rise of Taiyupian ( Taiwanese-language cinema ). In the 1960s, the situation across the Taiwan Strait gradually stabilized, and the overall social atmosphere became slightly more relaxed. With the U.S. military presence in Taiwan, Taiwan began to experience stable development. In March 1963, Kung Hong ,

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5040-474: The TCA as an intermediary between China and Japan. The TCA also aimed to "adopt a stance of national self-determination, enacting the enlightenment of the Islanders, and seeking legal extension of civil rights." He told the Japanese authorities that the TCA was not a political movement and would not engage in politics. Statements aspiring to self determination and Taiwan belonging to the Taiwanese were possible at

5160-564: The TPP was banned by the Japanese colonial government. The TCA was also banned in the same year. Chiang died from typhoid on 23 August. However, right-leaning members such as Lin Hsien-tang , who were more cooperative with the Japanese, formed the Taiwanese Alliance for Home Rule, and the organization survived until WW2. The "early years" of Japanese administration on Taiwan typically refers to

5280-666: The Taiwan Dōkakai, an assimilation society. Within a week, over 3,000 Taiwanese and 45 Japanese residents joined the society. After Itagaki left later that month, leaders of the society were arrested and its Taiwanese members detained or harassed. In January 1915, the Taiwan Dōkakai was disbanded. Japanese colonial policy sought to strictly segregate the Japanese and Taiwanese population until 1922. Taiwanese students who moved to Japan for their studies were able to associate more freely with Japanese and took to Japanese ways more readily than their island counterparts. However full assimilation

5400-542: The Taiwan New Cinema and even of Taiwanese cinema as a whole. It adopted a historical perspective centering on the New Cinema movement in its historiography of the film history of Taiwan. It extensively discussed and strongly criticized the Film Critics China that caused the Apple-Paring Incident at that time. Additionally, New Cinema director Wan Jen believed that the incident of his receiving anonymous blackmail

5520-412: The Taiwan New Cinema movement were often understood as "an escapism from facing reality," embodying "the inner conflicts of people during the tense political atmosphere and social transition period across the Taiwan Strait." At that time, domestic films were often labeled with the stigma of escapism. The entire book focused on the retrospective of The Sandwich Man , considering it as the starting point of

5640-629: The Taiwanese had done so by the end of the war. Characteristics of Taiwanese culture considered "un-Japanese" or undesirable were to be replaced with Japanese ones. Taiwanese opera, puppet plays, fireworks, and burning gold and silver paper foil at temples were banned. Chinese clothing, betel-nut chewing, and noisiness were discouraged in public. The Taiwanese were encouraged to pray at Shinto shrines and expected to have domestic altars to worship paper amulets sent from Japan. Some officials were ordered to remove religious idols and artifacts from native places of worship. Funerals were supposed to be conducted in

5760-481: The Taiwanese market further exacerbated the decline of Taiwanese cinema. In June 1978, Ming Ji , the president of Central Motion Picture Corporation, revisited film production trends and guidelines and set goals to "strengthen policy propaganda and promote cooperation with both domestic and overseas filmmakers." In 1980, the Government Information Office of the Executive Yuan put in efforts to enhance

5880-564: The Taiwanese would be essential, and the Taiwanese would have to be fully assimilated as members of Japanese society. As a result, earlier social movements were banned and the Colonial Government devoted its full efforts to the "Kōminka movement" ( 皇民化運動 , kōminka undō ) , aimed at fully Japanizing Taiwanese society. Although the stated goal was to assimilate the Taiwanese, in practice the Kōminka hōkōkai organization that formed segregated

6000-649: The Yunlin Massacre. From 1898 to 1902, some 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed in addition to the 6,000–14,000 killed in the initial resistance war of 1895. During the conflict, 5,300 Japanese were killed or wounded, and 27,000 were hospitalized. Rebellions were often caused by a combination of unequal colonial policies on local elites and extant millenarian beliefs of the local Taiwanese and plains indigenous. Ideologies of resistance drew on different ideals such as Taishō democracy , Chinese nationalism , and nascent Taiwanese self-determination. Support for resistance

6120-402: The allotted land was taken for forest enterprise when it was discovered that the indigenous population was bigger than the estimated 80,000. The size of the allotted land was reduced but allotments were not adhered to anyway. In 1930, the government relocated indigenous to the foothills and invested in agricultural infrastructure to turn them into subsistence farmers. They were given less than half

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6240-736: The artistic and international dimensions of Taiwanese films. The Central Motion Picture Corporation was tasked with initiating a series of reforms, such as personnel reorganization. Hsiao Yeh was appointed as the Deputy Manager of the Production Planning Department and the Head of the Planning Team, and Wu Nien-jen , an emerging writer at the time, was hired for screenwriting. Since then, Taiwanese cinema broke free from its previous creative style, with plots that are more closely related to

6360-500: The attack. The uprising was crushed by 2,000–3,000 Japanese troops and indigenous auxiliaries with the help of poison gas . The armed conflict ended in December when the Seediq leaders committed suicide. According to Japanese colonial records, 564 Seediq warriors surrendered and 644 were killed or committed suicide. The incident caused the government to take a more conciliatory stance towards

6480-453: The bombing. By 1945, Taiwan was isolated from Japan and its government prepared to defend against an expected invasion. During WWII, the Japanese authorities maintained prisoner of war camps in Taiwan. Allied prisoners of war (POW) were used as forced labor in camps throughout Taiwan with the camp serving the copper mines at Kinkaseki being especially heinous. Of the 430 Allied POW deaths across all fourteen Japanese POW camps on Taiwan,

6600-401: The coastal trade. The resulting Peking Agreement was signed on 30 October. Japan gained the recognition of Ryukyu as its vassal and an indemnity payment of 500,000 taels. Japanese troops withdrew from Taiwan on 3 December. The First Sino-Japanese War broke out between Qing dynasty China and Japan in 1894 following a dispute over the sovereignty of Korea . The acquisition of Taiwan by Japan

6720-518: The company officials to reestablish communication with the shogun. Nuyts was sent to Japan as a prisoner and remained there until 1636 when he returned to the Netherlands. After 1635, the shogun forbade Japanese from going abroad and eliminated the Japanese threat to the company. The VOC expanded into previous Japanese markets in Southeast Asia. In 1639, the shogun ended all contact with the Portuguese,

6840-464: The company's major silver trade competitor. The Kingdom of Tungning 's merchant fleets continued to operate between Japan and Southeast Asian countries, reaping profits as a center of trade. They extracted a tax from traders for safe passage through the Taiwan Strait. Zheng Taiwan held a monopoly on certain commodities such as deer skin and sugarcane, which sold at a high price in Japan. In December 1871,

6960-652: The decline of the Taiyupian market. In the 1970s, under the leadership of Chiang Ching-kuo , who was serving as the Premier of the Executive Yuan at the time, Taiwan embarked on the Ten Major Construction Projects to accelerate economic development. As a result, Taiwanese society transitioned from an agrarian society to an industrial one , and the majority of Taiwanese people became more affluent. Films at

7080-457: The educational curriculum. Chinese language use was discouraged, which reportedly increased the percentage of Japanese speakers among the Taiwanese, but the effectiveness of this policy is uncertain. Even some members of model "national language" families from well-educated Taiwanese households failed to learn Japanese to a conversational level. A name-changing campaign was launched in 1940 to replace Chinese names with Japanese ones. Seven percent of

7200-444: The efforts of Ming Ji and Hsiao Yeh, they produced the four-segment anthology film , In Our Time . This film marked the beginning of analyzing real social phenomena and caring about the realities of everyday life as well as the restoration of collective memory. For this reason, In Our Time has been widely regarded as the first work of the Taiwan New Cinema movement. All the filmmakers involved in this film became important members of

7320-516: The film managed to escape censorship and kept its creative concept intact, The Sandwich Man established the theme and direction for the Taiwan New Cinema. However, due to the immaturity of a few incompetent individuals, some films exhibited excessive self-indulgent sentimentality. As a result, the quality of New Cinema varied, and it gradually lost its appeal at the box office. The New Cinema films focused on art cinema , while Hong Kong and Hollywood films prioritized commercial productions, leading to

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7440-415: The film policies as well as the mass media and film criticism system of that time. Yang's provocative statement was seen as proclaiming the death of the New Cinema movement. On January 24, 1987, the manifesto was published in the Literary Supplement of the China Times , as well as in Wenxing Monthly and the Hong Kong magazine Film Biweekly . Generally speaking, the "Taiwan Film Manifesto of the 76th Year of

7560-533: The first Taipei Film Festival was officially organized by the Taipei Film Festival Executive Committee. Under the auspices of the organizing committee, the book Revisiting the Past: Tracing the Origins of Taiwanese Cinema ( Chen Kuo-fu , 1998) was published. The book positioned the provenience of Taiwanese cinema with the film, The Sandwich Man , which marked the beginning of the Taiwan New Cinema movement. It argued that, prior to The Sandwich Man , no film had ever been referred to as Taiwanese cinema. The films before

7680-455: The first such Hakka production geared toward children. Shortly after Tsai Ing-wen founded Thinking Taiwan in August 2012, Li was one of the first invited to join. In March 2013, Li participated in an anti-nuclear demonstration planned by the Green Citizens' Action Alliance  [ zh ] and held around the Presidential Office . Days later, he and another former CMPC colleague, Ko I-chen  [ zh ] , among others, started

7800-419: The hardest against colonization. The Bunun and Atayal were described as the "most ferocious" indigenous peoples, and police stations were targeted by indigenous in intermittent assaults. The Bunun under Chief Raho Ari engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese for twenty years. Raho Ari's revolt, called the Taifun Incident was sparked when the Japanese implemented a gun control policy in 1914 against

7920-483: The indigenous people were from Kobayashi , the resistance taking place in 1937 was named the Kobayashi Incident ( Japanese : 小林事件, Hepburn : Kobayashi jiken ). Between 1921 and 1929 indigenous raids died down, but a major revival and surge in indigenous armed resistance erupted from 1930 to 1933 for four years during which the Musha incident occurred and Bunun carried out raids, after which armed conflict again died down. The 1930 "New Flora and Silva, Volume 2" said of

8040-534: The indigenous peoples in which their rifles were impounded in police stations when hunting expeditions were over. The revolt began at Taifun when a police platoon was slaughtered by Raho Ari's clan in 1915. A settlement holding 266 people called Tamaho was created by Raho Ari and his followers near the source of the Rōnō River and attracted more Bunun rebels to their cause. Raho Ari and his followers captured bullets and guns and slew Japanese in repeated hit and run raids against Japanese police stations by infiltrating over

8160-413: The indigenous' living space. By 1904 the guard lines had increased by 80 km from the end of Qing rule. Sakuma Samata launched a five-year plan for aboriginal management, which saw attacks against the indigenous and landmines and electrified fences used to force them into submission. Electrified fences were no longer necessary by 1924 due to the overwhelming government advantage. After Japan subjugated

8280-502: The indigenous, and during World War 2 , the government tried to assimilate them as loyal subjects. According to a 1933-year book, wounded people in the war against the indigenous numbered around 4,160, with 4,422 civilians dead and 2,660 military personnel killed. According to a 1935 report, 7,081 Japanese were killed in the armed struggle from 1896 to 1933 while the Japanese confiscated 29,772 Aboriginal guns by 1933. As Japan embarked on full-scale war with China in 1937, it implemented

8400-440: The island's economy, public works , industry , cultural Japanization (1937 to 1945), and support the necessities of Japanese military aggression in the Asia-Pacific . Japan established monopolies and by 1945, had taken over all the sales of opium, salt, camphor, tobacco, alcohol, matches, weights and measures, and petroleum in the island. Most Taiwanese children did not attend schools established by Japan until primary education

8520-535: The long resistance history in Taiwan under Japanese rule. Taiwanese historical scholar Wang Zhongfu (王仲孚), indicated that the terminology controversy is more about historical perspective than historical fact. The term "Japanese period" ( Chinese : 日本時代 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ) has been used in Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka . The Japanese had been trading for Chinese products in Taiwan (formerly known as "Highland nation" ( Japanese : 高砂国 , Hepburn : Takasago-koku ) ) since before

8640-420: The main force, 3,600 strong, aboard four warships in Nagasaki head to Tainan. A small scouting party was ambushed and the Japanese camp sent 250 reinforcements to search the villages. The next day, Samata Sakuma encountered Mudan fighters, around 70 strong, occupying a commanding height. A twenty-men party climbed the cliffs and shot at the Mudan people, forcing them to flee. On 6 June, the Japanese emperor issued

8760-458: The mainland. Liu Yongfu formed a temporary government in Tainan but escaped to the mainland as well as Japanese forces closed in. Between 200,000 and 300,000 people fled Taiwan in 1895. Chinese residents in Taiwan were given the option of selling their property and leaving by May 1897, or become Japanese citizens. From 1895 to 1897, an estimated 6,400 people, mostly gentry elites, sold their property and left Taiwan. The vast majority did not have

8880-543: The majority occurred at Kinkaseki. Starting in July 1937, Taiwanese began to play a role on the battlefield , initially in noncombatant positions. Taiwanese people were not recruited for combat until late in the war. In 1942, the Special Volunteer System was implemented, allowing even aborigines to be recruited as part of the Takasago Volunteers . From 1937 to 1945, over 207,000 Taiwanese were employed by

9000-401: The market, directors and screenwriters who emerged from the New Cinema movement had already begun to delve into previously taboo subjects, revisiting and exploring Taiwan's modern history and personal memories. In 1989, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, a participant in the New Cinema movement, achieved international recognition with his film, A City of Sadness , winning the prestigious Golden Lion Award at

9120-432: The means or will to leave. Upon Tainan's surrender, Kabayama declared Taiwan pacified, however his proclamation was premature. In December, a series of anti-Japanese uprisings occurred in northern Taiwan, and would continue to occur at a rate of roughly one per month. Armed resistance by Hakka villagers broke out in the south. A series of prolonged partisan attacks, led by "local bandits" or "rebels", lasted throughout

9240-540: The modern "Japanese-style" way but the meaning of this was ambiguous. As Japan embarked on full-scale war with China in 1937, it expanded Taiwan's industrial capacity to manufacture war material. By 1939, industrial production had exceeded agricultural production in Taiwan. The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwan. The " South Strike Group " was based out of the Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University) in Taiwan. Taiwan

9360-689: The mountain indigenous that "the majority of them live in a state of war against Japanese authority". The last major indigenous rebellion, the Musha Incident, occurred on 27 October 1930 when the Seediq people , angry over their treatment while laboring in camphor extraction, launched the last headhunting party. Groups of Seediq warriors led by Mona Rudao attacked policed stations and the Musha Public School. Approximately 350 students, 134 Japanese, and 2 Han Chinese dressed in Japanese garbs were killed in

9480-449: The mountain indigenous, a small portion of land was set aside for indigenous use. From 1919 to 1934, indigenous were relocated to areas that would not impede forest development. At first, they were given a small compensation for land use, but this was discontinued later on, and the indigenous were forced to relinquish all claims to their land. In 1928, it was decided that each indigenous would be allotted three hectares of reserve land. Some of

9600-505: The mountains should return to their village. Once they returned, the villagers were told to line up in a field, dig holes, and were then executed by firearm. According to oral tradition, at least 5,000–6,000 people died in this incident. Nonviolent means of resistance such as the Taiwanese Cultural Association (TCA), founded by Chiang Wei-shui in 1921, continued to exist after most violent means were exhausted. Chiang

9720-652: The movement. The movement lasted 13 years. Although unsuccessful, the movement prompted the Japanese government to introduce local assemblies in 1935. Taiwan also had seats in House of Peers . The TCA had over 1,000 members composed of intellectuals, landlords, public school graduates, medical practitioners, and the gentry class. TCA branches were established across Taiwan except in indigenous areas. They gave cultural lecture tours and taught Classical Chinese as well as other more modern subjects. The TCA sought to promote vernacular Chinese language. Cultural Lecture Tours were treated as

9840-401: The movement. The naturalistic and literary style of In Our Time symbolized the difference between New Cinema and Old Cinema. Subsequently, emerging Taiwanese directors, such as Chen Kun-hou , Hou Hsiao-Hsien , Wan Jen , and Wang Toon , began producing realistic works that resonated with the cinematic movement, sparking a trend of realistic filmmaking. At the time, art films that emphasized

9960-578: The newly appointed president at the Central Motion Picture Corporation , proposed a film production style called healthy realism that, while adopting the filmmaking style of realistic films in Europe and the United States, avoided exposing the dark side of society. Surprisingly, the approach of concealing the bad while promoting the good and of advocating humanitarianism were well-received in the Taiwanese market. This innovation not only elevated

10080-513: The next seven years. After 1897, uprisings by Chinese nationalists were commonplace. Luo Fuxing  [ zh ] , a member of the Tongmenghui organization preceding the Kuomintang , was arrested and executed along with two hundred of his comrades in 1913. Japanese reprisals were often more brutal than the guerrilla attacks staged by the rebels. In June 1896, 6,000 Taiwanese were slaughtered in

10200-498: The originally promised land, amounting to one-eighth of their ancestral lands. Indigenous resistance to the heavy-handed Japanese policies of acculturation and pacification lasted up until the early 1930s. By 1903, indigenous rebellions had resulted in the deaths of 1,900 Japanese in 1,132 incidents. In 1911 a large military force invaded Taiwan's mountainous areas to gain access to timber resources. By 1915, many indigenous villages had been destroyed. The Atayal and Bunun resisted

10320-578: The period between the Japanese forces' first landing in May 1895 and the Tapani Incident of 1915, which marked the high point of armed resistance. During this period, popular resistance to Japanese rule was high, and the world questioned whether a non-Western nation such as Japan could effectively govern a colony of its own. An 1897 session of the Japanese Diet debated whether to sell Taiwan to France. In 1898,

10440-420: The period should be called "Taiwan under Japanese rule" ( Chinese : 日治時期 ) or "Taiwan under Japanese occupation" ( Chinese : 日據時期 ) in Chinese is a controversial issue in Taiwan and highly depends on the speaker's political stance. In 2013, the Executive Yuan under the Kuomintang rule ordered the government to use "Taiwan under Japanese occupation". In 2016, after the government switching to

10560-409: The production standards of Taiwanese films but also opened up the overseas Chinese market for films. In addition, many films adapted from the novels of Taiwanese writer Chiung Yao introduced extensively emerging thematic elements of romance and melancholy, and hence expanded the horizons of Taiwanese cinema. During this period, Mandarin-language films flourished, overshadowing and gradually leading to

10680-477: The realities of society. Establishing new forms of cinematic style and language, it also began to cast non-celebrity or non-professional actors and to adopt a more natural and realistic filmmaking approach. In 1982, three new-generation directors— Edward Yang , Ko I-chen, and Chang Yi—joined the Central Motion Picture Corporation and proposed a collaborative project of low-budget films. Through

10800-438: The resistance . In the south, a small Black Flag force led by Liu Yongfu delayed Japanese landings. Governor Tang Jingsong attempted to carry out anti-Japanese resistance efforts as the Republic of Formosa , however he still professed to be a Qing loyalist. The declaration of a republic was, according to Tang, to delay the Japanese so that Western powers might be compelled to defend Taiwan. The plan quickly turned to chaos as

10920-530: The restrictions imposed by censorship and ideological regulation, the government fully managed and controlled the film industry. During this period, Taiwanese films largely aligned with the anti-communist and anti-Soviet political ideology and became tools for political propaganda, resulting in mediocre content. Under the special circumstances of the Chinese Civil War and the Cold War between the United States and

11040-537: The rifles which aboriginal men relied upon for hunting as well as operated small barter stations which created small captive economies. In 1914, Itagaki Taisuke briefly led a Taiwan assimilation movement as a response to appeals from influential Taiwanese spokesmen such as the Wufeng Lin family and Lin Hsien-t'ang and his cousin. Wealthy Taiwanese made donations to the movement. In December 1914, Itagaki formally inaugurated

11160-470: The sailors came to be known as the Mudan incident , although it did not take place in Mudan (J. Botan), but at Kuskus (Gaoshifo). The Mudan incident did not immediately cause any concern in Japan. A few officials knew of it by mid-1872 but it was not until April 1874 that it became an international concern. The repatriation procedure in 1872 was by the books and had been a regular affair for several centuries. From

11280-405: The sale of rent rights because they had difficulty collecting rent. In practice, the early years of Japanese rule were spent fighting mostly Chinese insurgents and the government took on a more conciliatory approach to the indigenous. Starting in 1903, the government implemented stricter and more coercive policies. It expanded the guard lines, previously the settler-aboriginal boundary, to restrict

11400-724: The same as Chinese people and lost their aboriginal status. Han Chinese and shufan were both treated as natives of Taiwan by the Japanese. Below them were the semi-acculturated and non-acculturated "barbarians" who lived outside normal administrative units and upon whom government laws did not apply. According to the Sōtokufu (Office of the Governor-General), although the mountain aborigines were technically humans in biological and social terms, they were animals under international law. The Sōtokufu claimed all unreclaimed and forest land in Taiwan as government property. New use of forest land

11520-457: The seriousness and scholarly significance of cinema had also gradually made their way into Taiwan, even though the ideas that came with these art films might not necessarily coincide with the notion of audience-oriented film promoted by the Film Critics China. In 1983, the three-segment anthology film The Sandwich Man , directed by the new-generation directors, sparked a wave of criticism due to an attempt to censor depictions of poverty, known as

11640-469: The succeeding years of conciliation and good government have not wholly eradicated." – The Cambridge Modern History , Volume 12 Major armed resistance was largely crushed by 1902 but minor rebellions started occurring again in 1907, such as the Beipu uprising by Hakka and Saisiyat people in 1907, Luo Fuxing in 1913 and the Tapani Incident of 1915. The Beipu uprising occurred on 14 November 1907 when

11760-469: The time due to the relatively progressive era of Taishō Democracy . At the time most Taiwanese intellectuals did not wish for Taiwan to be an extension of Japan. "Taiwan is Taiwan people's Taiwan" became a common position for all anti-Japanese groups for the next decade. In December 1920, Lin Hsien-tang and 178 Taiwanese residents filed a petition to Tokyo seeking self-determination. It was rejected. Taiwanese intellectuals, led by New People Society , started

11880-432: The time started responding to societal demands with the production of patriotic films, romance films, martial arts films , kung fu films , and comedy films , all of which became the mainstream media providing entertainment for the public. However, these films eventually faced rejection from audiences due to their repetitive nature and adherence to established conventions. The influx of American and Hong Kong films into

12000-463: The time, New Cinema, receiving numerous awards, gained international recognition at international film festivals and in the global art cinema circuit. On November 6, 1986, Edward Yang delivered a speech entitled the "Taiwan Film Manifesto of the 76th Year of the Republic of China" at his 40th birthday party in his home in Taipei. In the speech, also known as "Another Cinema Manifesto," he strongly questioned

12120-463: The two sides of the Taiwan Strait. Additionally, with the rise of the Tangwai movement , Taiwanese society gradually freed itself from oppression. In conjunction with the lifting of governmental restrictions on political party formation and press freedom, the overall atmosphere in society was no longer as serious as before. After the lifting of martial law, despite Taiwanese cinema's continuous struggle in

12240-542: Was defeated by Japan with the capitulation of Tainan . Japan ruled Taiwan for 50 years. Its capital was located in Taihoku (Taipei) led by the Governor-General of Taiwan . Taiwan was Japan's first colony and can be viewed as the first step in implementing their " Southern Expansion Doctrine " of the late 19th century. Japanese intentions were to turn Taiwan into a showpiece "model colony" with much effort made to improve

12360-446: Was dethroned by Japan and preparations for an invasion of Taiwan were undertaken in the same year. Japan blamed the Qing for not ruling Taiwan properly and claimed that the perpetrators of the Mudan incident were "all Taiwan savages beyond Chinese education and law." Therefore, Japan reasoned that the Taiwanese aboriginal people were outside the borders of China and Qing China consented to Japan's invasion. Japan sent Kurooka Yunojo as

12480-707: Was "a complete confrontation between the old and new forces". Taiwan under Japanese rule The island of Taiwan , together with the Penghu Islands , became an annexed territory of the Empire of Japan in 1895, when the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War . The consequent Republic of Formosa resistance movement on Taiwan

12600-657: Was also based on considerations of productivity and ability to provide raw materials for Japan's expanding economy and to become a ready market for Japanese goods. Taiwan's strategic location was deemed advantageous as well. As envisioned by the navy, the island would form a southern bastion of defense from which to safeguard southernmost China and southeastern Asia. The period of Japanese rule in Taiwan has been divided into three periods under which different policies were prevalent: military suppression (1895–1915), dōka ( 同化 ) : assimilation (1915–37), and kōminka ( 皇民化 ) : Japanization (1937–45). A separate policy for aborigines

12720-713: Was born in Yilan in 1891 and was raised on a Confucian education paid by a father who identified as a Han Chinese. In 1905, Chiang started attending Japanese elementary school. At the age of 20, he was admitted to Taiwan Sotokufu Medical School and in his first year of college, Chiang joined the Taiwan Branch of the "Chinese United Alliance" founded by Sun Yat-sen . The TCA's anthem, composed by Chiang, promoted friendship between China and Japan, Han and Japanese, and peace between Asians and white people. He saw Taiwanese people as Japanese nationals of Han Chinese ethnicity and wished to position

12840-545: Was dispersed by a typhoon and the one junk that reached Taiwan was ambushed by headhunters, after which the expedition left and raided the Chinese coast instead. In 1625, the senior leadership of the Dutch United East India Company ( Dutch : Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie , VOC) in Batavia (modern Jakarta ) ordered the governor of the Dutch colony on Taiwan (known to the Dutch as Formosa) to prevent

12960-475: Was forbidden. In October 1895, the government declared that these areas belonged to the government unless claimants could provide hard documentation or evidence of ownership. No investigation into the validity of titles or survey of land were conducted until 1911. The Japanese authority denied the rights of indigenous to their property, land, and anything on the land. Although the Japanese government did not control indigenous land directly prior to military occupation,

13080-542: Was forced to accede to these conditions as well as to other Japanese demands, and the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, then duly ratified by the Qing court on 8 May. The formal transfer of Taiwan and Penghu took place on a ship off the Keelung coast on June 2. This formality was conducted by Li's adopted son, Li Ching-fang, and Admiral Kabayama Sukenori , a staunch advocate of annexation, whom Itō had appointed as governor-general of Taiwan. The annexation of Taiwan

13200-442: Was generally unsuccessful and few Taiwanese became "true Japanese" due to the short time period and large population. In terms of acculturation under controlled circumstances, it can be considered relatively effective. The Japanese administration followed the Qing classification of indigenous into acculturated ( shufan ), semi-acculturated ( huafan ), and non-acculturated aborigines ( shengfan ). Acculturated indigenous were treated

13320-620: Was hired by the Central Motion Picture Corporation in 1981. In 1986, Hsiao Yeh won his first Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay . The next year, he and Edward Yang shared the 1987 Asia-Pacific Film Festival Award for best screenplay after co-writing Terrorizers . Hsiao Yeh stated in 2001 that, while he was at CMPC, many of his superiors came from military backgrounds and films were often made according to Kuomintang -led governmental directives. There, Hsiao Yeh also met Wu Nien-jen , with whom he founded May Productions in 1989. Shortly after starting May Productions, Hsiao Yeh won

13440-450: Was implemented. As Taiwan was ceded by a treaty, the period that followed is referred to by some as its colonial era. Others who focus on the decades as a culmination of preceding war refer to it as the occupation period. The loss of Taiwan would become an irredentist rallying point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that followed. The cession ceremony took place on board

13560-705: Was killed on 3 March 1914. In 1915, Yu Qingfang organized a religious group that openly challenged Japanese authority. Indigenous and Han forces led by Chiang Ting and Yu stormed multiple Japanese police stations. In what is known as the Tapani incident, 1,413 members of Yu's religious group were captured. Yu and 200 of his followers were executed. After the Tapani rebels were defeated, Andō Teibi ordered Tainan's Second Garrison to retaliate through massacre. Military police in Tapani and Jiasian announced that they would pardon any anti-Japanese militants and that those who had fled into

13680-550: Was made mandatory in 1943. Japanese administrative rule of Taiwan ended following the surrender of Japan in September 1945 during the World War II period, and the territory was placed under the control of the Republic of China (ROC) with the issuing of General Order No. 1 by US General Douglas MacArthur . Japan formally renounced its sovereignty over Taiwan in the Treaty of San Francisco effective April 28, 1952. Whether

13800-450: Was partly class-based and many of the wealthy Han people in Taiwan preferred the order of colonial rule to the lawlessness of insurrection. "The cession of the island to Japan was received with such disfavour by the Chinese inhabitants that a large military force was required to effect its occupation. For nearly two years afterwards, a bitter guerrilla resistance was offered to the Japanese troops, and large forces – over 100,000 men, it

13920-402: Was rare. Even acculturated Taiwanese seem to have become more aware of their distinctiveness and island background while living in Japan. An attempt to fully Japanize the Taiwanese people was made during the kōminka period (1937–45). The reasoning was that only as fully assimilated subjects could Taiwan's inhabitants fully commit to Japan's war and national aspirations. The kōminka movement

14040-486: Was seized by Japan in March 1895. On 20 May, Qing officials were ordered to leave their posts. General mayhem and destruction ensued in the following months. Japanese forces landed on the coast of Keelung on 29 May and Tamsui 's harbor was bombarded. Remnant Qing units and Guangdong irregulars briefly fought against Japanese forces in the north. After the fall of Taipei on 7 June, local militia and partisan bands continued

14160-433: Was stated at the time – were required for its suppression. This was not accomplished without much cruelty on the part of the conquerors, who, in their march through the island, perpetrated all the worst excesses of war. They had, undoubtedly, considerable provocation. They were constantly attacked by ambushed enemies, and their losses from battle and disease far exceeded the entire loss of the whole Japanese army throughout

14280-596: Was the result of Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi 's "southern strategy" adopted during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–95 and the following diplomacy in the spring of 1895. Prime Minister Hirobumi's southern strategy, supportive of Japanese navy designs, paved the way for the occupation of Penghu Islands in late March as a prelude to the takeover of Taiwan. Soon after, while peace negotiations continued, Hirobumi and Mutsu Munemitsu , his minister of foreign affairs, stipulated that both Taiwan and Penghu were to be ceded by imperial China. Li Hongzhang , China's chief diplomat,

14400-534: Was used as a launchpad for the invasion of Guangdong in late 1938 and for the occupation of Hainan in February 1939. A joint planning and logistical center was established in Taiwan to assist Japan's southward advance after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Taiwan served as a base for Japanese naval and air attacks on the island Luzon until the surrender of the Philippines in May 1942. It also served as

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