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36-535: NOAD is based upon the New Oxford Dictionary of English ( NODE ), published in the United Kingdom in 1998, although with substantial editing, additional entries, and the inclusion of illustrations. It is based on a corpus linguistics analysis of Oxford's 200 million word database of contemporary American English . NOAD includes a diacritical respelling scheme to convey pronunciations, as opposed to

72-598: A sound level of 120  dB(A) (the threshold of pain) at one metre (3.3 ft) from the device opening. Plastic aerophones , like corneta and similar devices, have been used in Brazil and other Latin American countries since the 1960s, also similar "Stadium Horns" have been marketed and available in the United States since that same date. Similar horns have been in existence for much longer. An instrument that looks like

108-473: A symbol of South African football as the stadiums are filled with its sound. The intensity of the sound caught the attention of the global football community during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in anticipation of South Africa hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The vuvuzela has been the subject of controversy when used by spectators at football matches. Its high volume can lead to permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after close-range exposure, with

144-692: A vuvuzela appears in Winslow Homer 's 1870 painting "The Dinner Horn". The origin of the device is disputed. The term vuvuzela was first used in South Africa from the Zulu language or from a Nguni language . It is also known in the Sepedi language as Lepatata; a Bokoni dialect word meaning to make a blowing sound (directly translated: ukuvuvuzela). Controversies over the invention arose in early 2010. South African Kaizer Chiefs fan Freddie "Saddam" Maake claimed

180-656: Is a dictionary app based on contents from Oxford Dictionary of English and New Oxford American Dictionary . Vuvuzela Brass The vuvuzela / v uː v uː ˈ z ɛ l ə / is a horn , with an inexpensive injection-moulded plastic shell about 65 centimetres (2 ft) long, which produces a loud monotone note, typically around B♭ 3 (the first B♭ below middle C ). Some models are made in two parts to facilitate storage, and this design also allows pitch variation. Many types of vuvuzela, made by several manufacturers, may produce various intensity and frequency outputs. The intensity of these outputs depends on

216-702: Is a single-volume English dictionary published by Oxford University Press , first published in 1998 as The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( NODE ). The word "new" was dropped from the title with the Second Edition in 2003. The dictionary is not based on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) – it is a separate dictionary which strives to represent faithfully the current usage of English words. The Revised Second Edition contains 355,000 words, phrases, and definitions, including biographical references and thousands of encyclopaedic entries. The Third Edition

252-590: Is derived from a corpus of contemporary English usage. For example, the editors did not discourage split infinitives , but instead justified their use in some contexts. The first edition was based on bodies of texts such as the British National Corpus and the citation database of the Oxford Reading Programme. The dictionary "views the language from the perspective that English is a world language", and includes coverage of English usage from

288-495: Is fairly obvious." The fake entry apparently ensnared dictionary.com , which included an entry for it (that has since been removed) which it attributed to Webster's New Millennium Dictionary , both of which are owned by the private company Lexico . Possibly due to its licensing of Oxford dictionaries, Google Dictionary included the word, listing three meanings and giving usage examples. New Oxford Dictionary of English The Oxford Dictionary of English ( ODE )

324-558: The 2012 Olympic Games placed a ban on vuvuzelas at the sporting event. On 13 July 2010, protesters with vuvuzelas converged on BP 's London headquarters to protest the company's handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Vuvuzelas were widely used during the 2011 Wisconsin pro-union protests against governor Scott Walker , after a Madison DJ, Nick Nice, ordered 200 of them and distributed them to his fellow protesters. According to Nice, this caused vuvuzelas to be included in

360-569: The Foreshore Freeway Bridge , Cape Town , was intended to be used at the beginning of each match; however, it did not sound a note during the World Cup, as its volume was a cause of concern to city authorities. Its ubiquity led to many suggestions for limiting its use, muffling its sound, and even an outright ban. Broadcasting organisations experienced difficulties with their presentations. Television and radio audiences often heard only

396-650: The Gimson phonemic IPA system that is used in NODE . Published in September 2001, the first edition was edited by Elizabeth J. Jewell and Frank Abate. Published in May 2005, the second edition was edited by Erin McKean . The edition added nearly 3,000 new words, senses, and phrases. It was in a large format, with 2096 pages, and was 8½" by 11" in size. It included a CD-ROM with the full text of

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432-474: The Nazareth Baptist Church claimed the vuvuzela belonged to their church. The world association football governing body, FIFA , proposed banning vuvuzelas from stadiums, as they were seen as potential weapons for hooligans and could be used in ambush marketing . Columnist Jon Qwelane described the device as "an instrument from hell". South African football authorities argued that the vuvuzela

468-647: The Oxford Dictionary of English , with substantial editing and uses a diacritical respelling scheme rather than the IPA system. The third editions of both texts were published in 2010, and form the basis of the ongoing electronic versions of the dictionaries. Both are edited by Angus Stevenson, who contributed to the first edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English. It is a compilation that includes Oxford Dictionaries of English and Concise Oxford Thesaurus . It

504-589: The United States to the Caribbean and New Zealand . Pronunciations of common, everyday words were omitted. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used to present pronunciations, which are based on Received Pronunciation . The Second Edition added over 3,000 new words, senses and phrases drawn from the Oxford English Corpus . The New Oxford American Dictionary is the American version of

540-406: The 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup. The South African football authority argued that during FIFA World Cup 2010, vuvuzelas achieved great popularity, though TV spectators suffered a lot due to vuvuzela noise pollution. Hyundai constructed the world's largest working vuvuzela as part of a marketing campaign for the World Cup. The 35-metre (115 ft) blue vuvuzela mounted on

576-453: The 2010 Baltimore anime convention Otakon . The convention committee declared that any attendee carrying a vuvuzela could have it confiscated from them, and that anyone blowing one could face expulsion from the event. Another such action was taken in response to the prevalence of the vuvuzelas at the 2010 Anime Expo based in Los Angeles, attended by representatives of Otakon who felt

612-624: The Organ Hall of Sibelius Academy, and a harpsichord version, and on 19 December 2010, at Pro Puu gallery in Lahti . The vuvuzela is suitable as a toy musical instrument and for the music education for young children . Because of the noise regulations in school courses, the vuvuzela is usually only played privately at home. John-Luke Mark Matthews has written a concerto in B-flat major for vuvuzela and orchestra. The score and parts for this are available on

648-619: The OxfordAmericanDictionary.com, and in 2010, along with the Oxford Dictionary of English , as part of Oxford Dictionaries Online . Published in August 2010, the third edition was edited by Angus Stevenson and Christine A. Lindberg. This edition includes over 2,000 new words, senses, and phrases, and over 1,000(1225) illustrations; hundreds of new and revised explanatory notes, new "Word Trends" feature charts usage for rapidly changing words and phrases. The dictionary includes an entry for

684-458: The World Cup outstripped supply, with many pharmacies out of stock. One major vuvuzela manufacturer even began selling its own earplugs to spectators. Notch filtering , an audio filtration technique, is proposed to reduce the vuvuzela sound in broadcasts and increase clarity of commentary audio. The vuvuzela produces notes at a frequency of approximately 235 Hz and its first partial at 465 Hz. However, this filtration technique affects

720-456: The airways of a person's lungs. The study concluded that vuvuzelas can infect others on a greater scale than coughing or shouting. The vuvuzelas have the potential to cause noise-induced hearing loss . Prof James Hall III, Dirk Koekemoer, De Wet Swanepoel and colleagues at the University of Pretoria found that vuvuzelas can have a negative effect when a listener's eardrums are exposed to

756-640: The blowing technique and pressure exerted. The indoor noise level caused the U.S. NCAA to permanently ban them after the 7 February 1987 Division I Men's Ice Hockey game between the Brown Bears and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Engineers . The noise was so extreme that Brown formally complained and "The RPI Rule" was universally adopted. The vuvuzela is commonly used at football matches in South Africa , and it has become

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792-476: The clarity of commentary audio. Proposals of adaptive filters by universities and research organisations address this issue by preserving the amplitude and clarity of the commentators' voices and crowd noise. Such filtration techniques have been adopted by some cable television providers. Vuvuzelas made a comeback at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, used mainly by Iranian supporters . Much like in 2010, there

828-528: The dictionary for Palm OS devices. Since 2005 Apple Inc. 's Mac OS X operating system has come bundled with a dictionary application and widget which credits as its source "Oxford American Dictionaries", and contains the full text of NOAD2 . The Amazon Kindle reading device also uses NOAD as its built-in dictionary, along with a choice for the Oxford Dictionary of English . Oxford University Press published NOAD2 in electronic form in 2006 at

864-625: The disruption led to discomfort for some of the attendees of Anime Expo which they wished to avoid at the later Baltimore event. Nine English Premier League clubs have banned the device. Five clubs ( Arsenal , Birmingham City , Everton , Fulham and Liverpool ) have banned them due to health and safety reasons while Sunderland , West Ham United , and West Bromwich Albion have barred them because of policy against musical instruments. Manchester United banned vuvuzelas from Old Trafford on 13 August 2010. However, two clubs ( Manchester City and Stoke City ) have allowed them. The organisers of

900-444: The duration of a match, it may put spectators at a significant risk of hearing loss. Hearing loss experts at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommend that exposure at the 113 dB(A) level not exceed 45 seconds per day. A newer model has a modified mouthpiece that reduces the volume by 20 dB. Some shopping centres in South Africa banned the use of vuvuzelas. They were also banned at

936-483: The honour of the military ceremony, which left Germany divided. Usage of vuvuzela in art music is limited. One of the few compositions made for it is a baroque-style double concerto in C major for vuvuzela, organ (or harpsichord ) and string orchestra, written by Timo Kiiskinen , Professor of Church Music at the Sibelius Academy , Helsinki; an organ version of this concerto was premiered, on 21 October 2010, at

972-466: The instrument's high-intensity sound. The vuvuzelas produce an average sound pressure of 113 dB(A) at two metres (7 ft) from the device opening. The study finds that subjects should not be exposed to more than 15 minutes per day at an intensity of 100 dB(A). The study assumes that if a single vuvuzela emits a sound that is dangerously loud to subjects within a two-metre (7 ft) radius, and numerous vuvuzelas are typically blown together for

1008-496: The invention of the vuvuzela by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn and has photographic evidence of himself holding the aluminium vuvuzela in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He also claimed to have coined vuvuzela from the Zulu language for "welcome", "unite" and "celebration". Plastics factory Masincedane Sport popularised the ubiquitous plastic vuvuzela commonly heard at South African football games in 2002; and

1044-487: The list of items banned at the state's capitol. The list does not specifically mention vuvuzelas, but does include "Musical Instrument/noise makers". In March 2012, German protesters used vuvuzelas during the official traditional torchlight ceremony, the Großer Zapfenstreich , which bid farewell to President of Germany Christian Wulff . Wulff had resigned earlier over corruption allegations, yet he still received

1080-460: The section, and discussed several unusual entries he found with a group of American lexicographers. Most found "esquivalience" to be the most likely candidate, and when Alford approached NOAD editor in chief Erin McKean she confirmed it was a fake entry, which had been present since the first edition, in order to protect the copyright of the CD-ROM edition. Of the word, she said "its inherent fakeitude

1116-525: The sound of vuvuzelas. The BBC , RTÉ , ESPN and BSkyB have examined the possibility of filtering the ambient noise while maintaining game commentary. The vuvuzelas raised health and safety concerns. Competitors believed the incessant noise hampered the ability of the players to get their rest, and degraded the quality of team performance. Other critics remarked that vuvuzelas disrupted team communication and players' concentration during matches. Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during

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1152-451: The vuvuzela would take away the distinctiveness of a South African World Cup ... absolutely essential for an authentic South African footballing experience". FIFA President Sepp Blatter responded, "we should not try to Europeanise an African World Cup ... that is what African and South Africa football is all about – noise, excitement, dancing, shouting and enjoyment". Despite the criticisms, FIFA agreed to permit their use in stadiums during

1188-511: The word "esquivalience," which it defines as meaning "the willful avoidance of one's official responsibilities." This is a fictitious entry , intended to protect the copyright of the publication. The entry was invented by Christine Lindberg, one of the editors of the NOAD . With the publication of the second edition, a rumor circulated that the dictionary contained a fictitious entry in the letter 'e'. New Yorker contributing editor Henry Alford combed

1224-473: Was a backlash against their use. A study conducted in 2010 by Ruth McNerney of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and colleagues, concluded that the airborne transmission of diseases by means of vuvuzelas was possible. They measured tiny droplets emitted from a vuvuzela that can carry flu and cold germs that are small enough to stay suspended in the air for hours, and can enter into

1260-465: Was part of the South African football experience. The Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso said, "Those trumpets? That noise I don't like ... FIFA must ban those things ... it is not nice to have a noise like that". Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk remarked, "... it was annoying ... in the stadiums you get used to it but it is still unpleasant". Commentator Farayi Mungazi said, "Banning

1296-418: Was published in August 2010, with some new words, including " vuvuzela ". It is currently the largest single-volume English-language dictionary published by Oxford University Press, but is much smaller than the comprehensive Oxford English Dictionary , which is published in multiple volumes. The first editor, Judy Pearsall, wrote in the introduction that it is based on a modern understanding of language and

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