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66-548: Shortly after the start of the financial crisis in 2008, leaders from both New Economics Foundation (NEF) and the E. F. Schumacher Society recognized the need for an organization that could help bring systemic economic alternatives into the mainstream in North America. They collaborated to create a new organization called the New Economics Institute. The New Economics Network was created by Sarah Stranahan in 2009 as

132-406: A CBA framework, the negative and positive impacts associated with a given action are converted into monetary estimates. This is also referred to as a monetized cost–benefit framework. Various types of model can provide information for CBA, including energy-economy-environment models ( process models ) that study energy systems and their transitions. Some of these models may include a physical model of

198-461: A board and staff committee. The New Economy movement is often referred to as just 'new economy'. Proponents of the theory claim that it is based on the assumption that people and the planet should come first, and that it is human well-being, not economic growth, which should be prioritized. It draws on an aggregate of alternative economic thought that challenges the fundamental assumptions of mainstream neoclassical and Keynesian economics . Some of

264-409: A cost per unit of effectiveness. For example, cost per tonne of GHG reduced ($ /tCO2). This allows the ranking of policy options. This ranking can help decision-maker to understand which are the most cost-effective options, i.e. those that deliver high benefits for low costs. CEA can be used for minimising net costs for achieving pre-defined policy targets, such as meeting an emissions reduction target for

330-440: A counterfactual where no climate change occurs. The global economy and per capita income would still grow relative to present, but the global annual damages would reach about $ 38 trillion (in 2005 International dollars ) by 2050, and increase a lot further under high emissions. In comparison, limiting global warming to 2 °C would by 2050 cost about $ 6 trillion per year, or far less than the anticipated annual damages, emphasizing

396-401: A database (usually very detailed) consistent with these model equations. The equations tend to be neoclassical in spirit, often assuming cost-minimizing behaviour by producers, average-cost pricing, and household demands based on optimizing behaviour. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are also used make aggregate estimates of the costs of climate change. These (cost-benefit) models balance

462-515: A decision-maker or other user. These alternatives usually also include a "baseline" or reference scenario for comparison. "Business-as-usual" scenarios have been developed in which there are no additional policies beyond those currently in place, and socio-economic development is consistent with recent trends. This term is now used less frequently than in the past. In scenario analysis, scenarios are developed that are based on differing assumptions of future development patterns. An example of this are

528-465: A given sector. CEA, like CBA, is a type of decision analysis method. Many of these methods work well when different stakeholders work together on a problem to understand and manage risks. For example, by discussing how well certain options might work in the real world. Or by helping in measuring the costs and benefits as part of a CEA. Some authors have focused on a disaggregated analysis of climate change impacts. "Disaggregated" refers to

594-990: A highly aggregated way. Compared to other climate-economy models (including process-based IAMs), they do not have the structural detail necessary to model interactions with energy systems, land-use etc. and their economic implications. A more recent modelling approach uses empirical, statistical methods to investigate how the economy is affected by weather variation. This approach can causatively identify effects of temperature, rainfall and other climate variables on agriculture, energy demand, industry and other economic activity. Panel data are used giving weather variation over time and spatial areas, eg. ground station observations or (interpolated) gridded data. These are typically aggregated for economic analysis eg. to investigate effects on national economies. These studies examine temperature and rainfall, and events such as droughts and windstorms. They show that for example, hot years are linked to lower income growth in poor countries, and low rainfall

660-590: A loose network of about two hundred organizations working for the new economy . In a lecture for the National Council for Science and the Environment Gus Speth said the organisation wanted to create a sustainable and caring economy. In March 2012, Bob Massie became the president of the New Economics Institute. In 2013, the New Economics Institute merged with the New Economy Network and became

726-477: A low stabilization target, e.g., 450 parts per million (ppm) CO 2 . To put it differently, stringent near-term emissions abatement can be seen as having an option value in allowing for lower, long-term stabilization targets. This option may be lost if near-term emissions abatement is less stringent. On the other hand, a view may be taken that points to the benefits of improved information over time. This may suggest an approach where near-term emissions abatement

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792-409: A no/low climate change scenario, with other options being suited for scenarios with severe climate changes. Investment and financial flow (I&FF) studies typically consider how much it might cost to increase the resilience of future investments or financial flows. They also investigate the potential sources of investment funds and the types of financing entities or actors. Aggregated studies assess

858-459: A range of criteria or viewpoints, and is not restricted to the results of particular type of analysis, e.g., monetized CBA. Another approach is that of uncertainty analysis , where analysts attempt to estimate the probability of future changes in emission levels. In a cost–benefit analysis, an acceptable risk means that the benefits of a climate policy outweigh the costs of the policy. The standard rule used by public and private decision makers

924-467: A value to, e.g., ecosystems and human health. For (2), the standard criterion is the Kaldor–Hicks compensation principle . According to the compensation principle, so long as those benefiting from a particular project compensate the losers, and there is still something left over, then the result is an unambiguous gain in welfare. If there are no mechanisms allowing compensation to be paid, then it

990-426: A working week of 21 hours. Ed Mayo was chief executive from 1992 until 2003. Previous chief executives include Marc Stears who served between January 2016 and November 2017, and Miatta Fahnbulleh who held the office between November 2017 and January 2024. The current chief executive is Dr Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah . The organisation has launched a range of new organisations to promote its ideas, including

1056-620: Is a British think-tank that promotes "social, economic and environmental justice ". NEF was founded in 1986 by the leaders of The Other Economic Summit (TOES) with the aim of working for a "new model of wealth creation, based on equality, diversity and economic stability". The foundation has 50 staff in London and is active at a range of different levels. Its programmes include work on well-being, its own kinds of measurement and evaluation, sustainable local regeneration, its own forms of finance and business models, sustainable public services, and

1122-600: Is achieved. On the other hand, climate change adaptation acts as insurance against the chance that unfavourable impacts occur. The performance of adaptation options could either be defined in economic terms, e.g. revenue, or as physical metrics, e.g. the quantity of water conserved. It is important to compare alternative portfolios of options across different future climate change scenarios in order to take into account uncertainty in climate impacts, GHG emission trends etc. The options should ideally be diversified to be effective in different scenarios: i.e. some options suited for

1188-495: Is limited to 1.5 °C compared to 3.66 °C, a warming level chosen to represent no mitigation. In an Oxford Economics study high emission scenario, a temperature rise of 2 degrees by the year 2050 would reduce global GDP by 2.5–7.5%. By the year 2100 in this case, the temperature would rise by 4 degrees, which could reduce the global GDP by 30% in the worst case. One 2018 study found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with

1254-481: Is linked to reduced incomes in Africa. Other econometric studies show that there are negative impacts of hotter temperatures on agricultural output, and on labour productivity in factories, call centres and in outdoor industries such as mining and forestry. The analyses are used to estimate the costs of climate change in the future. Standard cost–benefit analysis (CBA) has been applied to the problem of climate change. In

1320-406: Is more modest. Another way of viewing the problem is to look at the potential irreversibility of future climate change impacts (e.g., damages to biomes and ecosystems ) against the irreversibility of making investments in efforts to reduce emissions. An example of a framework that is based on risk management is portfolio analysis. This approach is based on portfolio theory , originally applied in

1386-735: Is necessary to assign weights to particular individuals. One of the mechanisms for compensation is impossible for this problem: mitigation might benefit future generations at the expense of current generations, but there is no way that future generations can compensate current generations for the costs of mitigation. On the other hand, should future generations bear most of the costs of climate change, compensation to them would not be possible. CBA has several strengths: it offers an internally consistent and global comprehensive analysis of impacts. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis allows critical assumptions in CBA analysis to be changed. This can identify areas where

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1452-602: Is sometimes a focus on "best estimate" or "likely" values of climate sensitivity . However, from a risk management perspective, values outside of "likely" ranges are relevant, because, though these values are less probable, they could be associated with more severe climate impacts (the statistical definition of risk = probability of an impact × magnitude of the impact). Analysts have also looked at how uncertainty over climate sensitivity affects economic estimates of climate change impacts. Policy guidance from cost-benefit analysis (CBA) can be extremely divergent depending on

1518-452: Is that a risk will be acceptable if the expected net present value is positive. The expected value is the mean of the distribution of expected outcomes. In other words, it is the average expected outcome for a particular decision. This criterion has been justified on the basis that: On the second point, it has been suggested that insurance could be bought against climate change risks. Policymakers and investors are beginning to recognize

1584-554: Is the most important driver of losses. However, part of these are also due to human-induced climate change. Extreme Event Attribution quantifies how climate change is altering the probability and magnitude of extreme events. On a case-by-case basis, it is feasible to estimate how the magnitude and/or probability of the extreme event has shifted due to climate change. These attributable changes have been identified for many individual extreme heat events and rainfall events. Using all available data on attributable changes, one study estimated

1650-786: The 1929 Great Depression permanently. The appropriate social cost of carbon is 1065 dollars per tonne of CO2. Global estimates are often based on an aggregation of independent sector and/or regional studies and results, with complex interactions modelled. For example, there is uncertainty in how physical and natural systems may respond to climate change. Potential socioeconomic changes, including how human societies might mitigate and adapt to climate change also need consideration. The uncertainty and complexities associated with climate change and have led analysts to develop " scenarios " with which they can explore different possibilities. Global economic losses due to extreme weather, climate and water events are increasing. Costs have increased sevenfold from

1716-998: The Ethical Trading Initiative , AccountAbility , Time Banking UK , London Rebuilding Society , the Community Development Finance Association , and others. The organisation's current projects include work on community-based housing, worker organising in the digital economy, restoring local banking and challenging xenophobia and racism in the Brexit debate. It is also active in community economic regeneration. The Foundation's BizFizz programme, an entrepreneurship development programme, has created more than 900 new businesses in deprived areas. The organisation has now taken this and Local Alchemy to six other countries through its international programme. The Foundation's public events attract well-known speakers. Its clone town campaign in favour of local economic diversity

1782-577: The New Economy Coalition . Also in that year, Dave Pruett writing for the Huffington Post described the organization as one of two "leading the way toward economic viability" . Massie stepped down from being the coalition's president in October 2014. Farhad Ebrahimi served as intern director until May 2015 when Jonathan Rosenthal, a co-founder of the worker cooperative Equal Exchange was hired by

1848-667: The Shared socioeconomic pathways . Notable modelling frameworks include IMAGE, MESSAGEix, AIM/GCE, GCAM, REMIND- MAgPIE , and WITCH-GLOBIOM. While these scenarios are highly policy-relevant, interpretation of the scenarios should be done with care. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are a class of economic models that use actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in policy , technology or other external factors. CGE models are also referred to as AGE ( applied general equilibrium ) models. A CGE model consists of equations describing model variables and

1914-677: The economics of climate change . NEF supported the National Programme for Third Sector Commissioning with research and reporting on "how best the Third Sector could evidence its wider impact on public services and their delivery", which underpinned the Office of the Third Sector 's work programme on third sector commissioning from 2009. The Jubilee 2000 campaign, strategised for and run by NEF, collected 24 million signatures for its worldwide petition on development and poverty. In July 2006,

1980-417: The economics of climate change mitigation and the cost of climate adaptation . Mitigation costs will vary according to how and when emissions are cut. Early, well-planned action will minimize the costs. Globally, the benefits of keeping warming under 2 °C exceed the costs. Cost estimates for mitigation for specific regions depend on the quantity of emissions allowed for that region in future, as well as

2046-425: The impacts of climate change on human health , biomes and ecosystem services . Economic analysis of climate change is challenging as climate change is a long-term problem. Furthermore, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the exact impacts of climate change and the associated damages to be expected. Future policy responses and socioeconomic development are also uncertain. Economic analysis also looks at

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2112-512: The shared socioeconomic pathways produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These project a wide range of possible future emissions levels. Scenarios often support sector-specific analysis of the physical effects and economic costs of climate change. Scenarios are used with cost–benefit analysis or cost-effectiveness analysis of climate policies. Risk management can be used to evaluate policy decisions based

2178-489: The 1970s to the 2010s. Direct losses from disasters have averaged above US$ 330 billion annually between 2015 and 2021. Climate change has contributed to the increased probability and magnitude of extreme events. When a vulnerable community is exposed to extreme climate or weather events, disasters can occur. Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global disaster losses, such as population growth and increased wealth. This shows that increased exposure

2244-688: The CommonBound conference brought together movement leaders, activists and practitioners. Nathan Schneider writing for Al Jazeera saw the conference as part of a wider commons movement. In July 2016 the New Economy Coalition, in partnership with the Crossroads Collaborative, brought together over 900 movement leaders, activists and practitioners in Buffalo, NY . New Economics Foundation The New Economics Foundation ( NEF )

2310-871: The Foundation launched the Happy Planet Index , intended to challenge existing indices of a state's success, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). NEF was awarded the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies ' Award for the Betterment of the Human Condition in 2007, in recognition of its work on the Happy Planet Index. In February 2010 the New Economics Foundation called for gradual transition to

2376-426: The amount of GHG emissions reduction in the analysis of mitigation measures. For adaptation measures, there is no single common goal or metric for the economic benefits. Adaptation involves responding to different types of risks in different sectors and local contexts. For example, the goal might be the reduction of land area in hectares at risk to sea level rise. CEA involves the costing of each option, and providing

2442-505: The approaches it includes are: ecological economics , solidarity economy , commons , degrowth , regenerative design , systems thinking and Buddhist economics . Gar Alperovitz described the New Economy movement as “... a far-ranging coming together of organizations, projects, activists, theorists and ordinary citizens committed to rebuilding the American political-economic system from

2508-424: The areas of finance and investment. It has also been applied to the analysis of climate change. The idea is that a reasonable response to uncertainty is to invest in a wide portfolio of options. More specifically, the aim is to minimise the variance and co-variance of the performance of investments in the portfolio. In the case of climate change mitigation , performance is measured by how much GHG emissions reduction

2574-472: The assumptions employed. Hassler et al use integrated assessment modeling to examine a range of estimates and what happens at extremes. Two related ways of thinking about the problem of climate change decision-making in the presence of uncertainty are iterative risk management and sequential decision making . Considerations in a risk-based approach might include, for example, the potential for low-probability, worst-case climate change impacts. One of

2640-490: The biosphere and atmosphere into one modelling framework. The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate. In general, they increase the more the global surface temperature increases (see climate change scenarios ). Many effects of climate change are linked to market transactions and therefore directly affect metrics like GDP or inflation . However, there are also non-market impacts which are harder to translate into economic costs. These include

2706-407: The broad impacts of climate change with other economic drivers, to quantify the economic costs and assess the value of climate-related policies, often for a specific sector or region. Structural economic models look at market and non-market impacts affecting the whole economy through its inputs and outputs. Process models simulate physical, chemical and biological processes under climate change, and

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2772-606: The broader New Economy movement through online infrastructure, leadership development, strategic communications, granting programs, national conferences, and more. The New Economy Coalition hosted a conference entitled "Strategies for a New Economy" as a convening summit for diverse economic reformation efforts. The conference was held from June 8–10, 2012 at Bard College in New York. The conference featured workshops, strategizing sessions and lectures. More than 500 people were in attendance, representing over 300 organizations. In June 2014

2838-480: The choice to assess impacts in a variety of indicators or units, e.g., changes in agricultural yields and loss of biodiversity. By contrast, monetized CBA converts all impacts into a common unit (money), which is used to assess changes in social welfare . The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop " scenarios " of future environmental , social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand

2904-400: The climate. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) structural models investigate effects of policies (including climate policies) on economic growth, trade, employment, and public revenues. However, most CBA analyses are produced using aggregate integrated assessment models . These aggregate-type IAMs are particularly designed for doing CBA of climate change. The CBA framework requires (1)

2970-444: The cost of climate change mitigation may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy). Various economic tools are employed to understand the economic aspects around impacts of climate change, climate change mitigation and adaptation . Several sets of tools or approaches exist. Econometric models (statistical models) are used to integrate

3036-440: The economic aspects of climate change is producing scenarios of future economic development . Future economic developments can, for example, affect how vulnerable society is to future climate change, what the future impacts of climate change might be, as well as the level of future GHG emissions. Scenarios are neither "predictions" nor "forecasts" but are stories of possible futures that provide alternate outcomes relevant to

3102-508: The economic benefits of proactive climate mitigation. Another study, which checked the data from the last 120 years, found that climate change has already reduced welfare by 29% and further temperature rise will bring this number to 47%. The temperature rise during the years 1960-2019 alone has already cut current GDP per capita by 18%. A rise by 1 degree in global temperature reduces global GDP by 12%. An increase of 3 degrees by 2100, will reduce capital by 50%. The effects are like experiencing

3168-485: The economic effects. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has relied on process-based integrated assessment models to quantify mitigation scenarios. They have been used to explore different pathways for staying within climate policy targets such as the 1.5 °C target agreed upon in the Paris Agreement. Moreover, these models have underpinned research including energy policy assessment and simulate

3234-432: The economic implications of mitigation and climate damages to identify the pathway of emissions reductions that will maximize total economic welfare. In other words, the trade-offs between climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation are made explicit. The costs of each policy and the outcomes modelled are converted into monetary estimates. The models incorporate aspects of the natural, social, and economic sciences in

3300-1242: The following years. Economic analysis of climate change is an umbrella term for a range of investigations into the economic costs around the effects of climate change , and for preventing or softening those effects. These investigations can serve any of the following purposes: The economic impacts of climate change also include any mitigation (for example, limiting the global average temperature below 2 °C) or adaption (for example, building flood defences) employed by nations or groups of nations, which might infer economic consequences. They also take into account that some regions or sectors benefit from low levels of warming, for example through lower energy demand or agricultural advantages in some markets. There are wider policy (and policy coherence) considerations of interest. For example, in some areas, policies designed to mitigate climate change may contribute positively towards other sustainable development objectives, such as abolishing fossil fuel subsidies which would reduce air pollution and thus save lives. Direct global fossil fuel subsidies reached $ 319 billion in 2017, and $ 5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in. In other areas,

3366-486: The global losses to average US$ 143 billion per year between 2000 and 2019. This includes a statistical loss of life value of 90 billion and economic damages of 53 billion per year. Estimates of the economic impacts from climate change in future years are most often measured as percent global GDP change, relative to GDP without additional climate change. The 2022 IPCC report compared the latest estimates of many modelling and meta-analysis studies. It found wide variety in

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3432-650: The ground up." In 2009, Sarah van Gelder wrote, “The new economy is about increasing quality of life, improving health, and restoring the environment." The NEC focuses on issues in the United States and Canada and organizes there, although it does work in partnership with similar networks around the world. Writing for The Guardian Jo Confino noted the NEC's approach of getting organizations to work together that share common aims if not strategies. The New Economy Coalition works to connect and promote its member organizations and

3498-405: The implications of climate change for the financial sector, from both physical risks (damage to property, infrastructure, and land) and transition risk due to changes in policy, technology, and consumer and market behavior. Financial institutions are becoming increasingly aware of the need to incorporate the economics of low carbon emissions into business models. In the scientific literature, there

3564-410: The intensity of the hazard, other factors such as the vulnerability of the system, and the resulting damages. For example, damage functions have been developed for sea level rise, agricultural productivity, or heat effects on labour productivity. In a CBA framework, damages are monetized to facilitate comparison with the benefits of proposed actions or policies. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess

3630-568: The light of improved information . This is particularly important with respect to climate change, due to the long-term nature of the problem. A near-term hedging strategy concerned with reducing future climate impacts might favor stringent, near-term emissions reductions. As stated earlier, carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere, and to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 , emissions would need to be drastically reduced from their present level. Stringent near-term emissions reductions allow for greater future flexibility with regard to

3696-519: The magnitude and distribution of damages caused by climate change . It can also give guidance for the best policies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change from an economic perspective. There are many economic models and frameworks. For example, in a cost–benefit analysis , the trade offs between climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation are made explicit. For this kind of analysis, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are useful. Those models link main features of society and economy with

3762-488: The potential consequences of their decisions. The projected temperature in climate change scenarios is subject to scientific uncertainty (e.g., the relationship between concentrations of GHGs and global mean temperature, which is called the climate sensitivity ). Projections of future atmospheric concentrations based on emission pathways are also affected by scientific uncertainties, e.g., over how carbon sinks, such as forests, will be affected by future climate change. One of

3828-412: The predicted impacts of climate change across all market sectors (e.g. including costs to agriculture, energy services and tourism) and can also include non-market impacts (e.g. on ecosystems and human health) for which it is possible to assign monetary values. A study in 2024 projected that by 2050, climate change will reduce average global incomes by likely 19% ( confidence interval 11-29%), relative to

3894-670: The responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. Sequential decision making refers to the process in which the decision maker makes consecutive observations of the process before making a final decision. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information , and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments may use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. An approach based on sequential decision making recognizes that, over time, decisions related to climate change can be revised in

3960-1558: The results. These vary depending on the assumptions used in the IPCC socioeconomic scenarios . The same set of scenarios are used in all of the climate models. Estimates are found to increase non-linearly with global average temperature change. Global temperature change projection ranges (corresponding to each cost estimate) are based on IPCC assessment on the physical science in the same report. It finds that with high warming (~4 °C) and low adaptation, annual global GDP might be reduced by 10–23% by 2100 because of climate change. The same assessment finds smaller GDP changes with reductions of 1–8%, assuming assuming low warming, more adaptation, and using different models. These global economic cost estimates do not take into account impacts on social well-being or welfare or distributional effects. Nor do they fully consider climate change adaptation responses. One 2020 study estimated economic losses due to climate change could be between 127 and 616 trillion dollars extra until 2100 with current commitments, compared to 1.5 °C or well below 2 °C compatible action. Failure to implement current commitments raises economic losses to 150–792 trillion dollars until 2100. Economic impacts also include inflation from rising insurance premiums , energy costs and food prices . The total economic impacts from climate change increase for higher temperature changes. For instance, total damages are estimated to be 90% less if global warming

4026-415: The robustness of the results to changes in assumptions and parameters, including those of the damage function. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is preferable to CBA when the benefits of impacts, adaptation and mitigation are difficult to estimate in monetary terms. A CEA can be used to compare different policy options for achieving a well-defined goal. This goal (i.e. the benefit) is usually expressed as

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4092-408: The sensitivity of future investments, estimating the risk from climate change and estimating the additional investment needed to increase resilience. More detailed studies undertake investment and financial flow analysis at a sectoral level to provide detailed costing of the additional marginal costs needed for building resilience. Global aggregate costs (also known as global damages or losses) sum up

4158-405: The timing of interventions. Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP . The costs of planning, preparing for, facilitating and implementing adaptation are also difficult to estimate, depending on different factors. Across all developing countries, they have been estimated to be about USD 215 billion per year up to 2030, and are expected to be higher in

4224-649: The valuation of costs and benefits using willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA) compensation as a measure of value, and (2) a criterion for accepting or rejecting proposals: For (1), in CBA where WTP/WTA is used, climate change impacts are aggregated into a monetary value, with environmental impacts converted into consumption equivalents, and risk accounted for using certainty equivalents . Values over time are then discounted to produce their equivalent present values . The valuation of costs and benefits of climate change can be controversial because some climate change impacts are difficult to assign

4290-408: The value of information is highest and where additional research might have the highest payoffs. However, there are many uncertainties that affect cost–benefit analysis, for example, sector- and country-specific damage functions. Damage functions play an important role in estimating the costs associated with potential damages caused by climate-related hazards. They quantify the relationship between

4356-613: Was covered two years running by every major national newspaper and TV news station and it was taken up in the Save Our Small Shops Campaign in the Evening Standard . The New Economics Foundation has been rated as 'broadly transparent' in its funding by Transparify and has been given an A grade for funding transparency by Who Funds You? Economic analysis of climate change An economic analysis of climate change uses economic tools and models to calculate

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