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43-537: [REDACTED] Look up neurotic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Neurotic may refer to: Neurosis , a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations Neuroticism , a fundamental personality trait characterized by anxiety, moodiness, worry, envy and jealousy The Newtown Neurotics , or simply The Neurotics, an English punk rock band Neurotic (EP) , an EP by

86-673: A broad fattening diet and other modifications. Meanwhile, Freud developed a number of different theories of neurosis. The most impactful one was that it referred to mental disorders caused by the brain's defence against past psychological trauma. This redefined the general understanding and use of the word. It came to replace the concept of "hysteria". He held the First Congress for Freudian Psychology in Salzburg in April 1908. Subsequent Congresses continue today. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

129-592: A fuller explanation. The cure originally involved women being isolated in bed, only communicating with a nurse trained to talk about unchallenging topics, a fattening diet of milk, plus massage and the application of electricity. Eventually, the cure advocated by the Mitchell family had less strict isolation and diet, and was followed by men as well as women. "Fat and Blood" was revised and reprinted for many decades. Austrian psychiatrist Josef Breuer first used psychoanalysis to treat hysteria in 1880–1882. Bertha Pappenheim

172-505: A loss of touch with reality. Its descendant term, neuroticism , refers to a personality trait of being prone to anxiousness and mental collapse. The term "neuroticism" is also no longer used for DSM or ICD conditions; however, it is a common name for one of the Big Five personality traits . A similar concept is included in the ICD-11 as the condition " negative affectivity ". The term neurosis

215-445: A well-accepted definition: In the following presentation we want to summarize a group of disease states as general neuroses, which are accompanied by more or less pronounced nervous dysfunctions. What is common to these manifestations of insanity is that we are constantly dealing with the morbid processing of vital stimuli; what they also have in common is the occurrence of more transitory, peculiar manifestations of illness, sometimes in

258-426: Is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc . There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle ( reciprocal innervation ). This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by

301-423: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Neurosis Neurosis ( pl. : neuroses ) is a term mainly used today by followers of Freudian thinking to describe mental disorders caused by past anxiety , often that has been repressed . In recent history, the term has been used to refer to anxiety-related conditions more generally. The term "neurosis"

344-443: Is equally evident in hysterical attacks when it is possible to gather from the patient's utterances that in each attack he is hallucinating the same event which provoked the first one. The situation is more obscure in the case of other phenomena. Our experiences have shown us, however, that the most various symptoms, which are ostensibly spontaneous and, as one might say, idiopathic products of hysteria, are just as strictly related to

387-651: Is no longer used in condition names or categories by the World Health Organization 's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). According to the American Heritage Medical Dictionary of 2007, the term is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis". Neurosis is distinguished from psychosis , which refers to

430-404: Is often tested in infants to test the nervous system. Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890) simultaneously reported the patellar tendon or knee reflex in 1875. The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as

473-577: The American Expeditionary Force ) released the book The care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses ("shell shock") in the British army in 1917, dealing primarily with what was considered was the best treatment for hysteria. His recommendations were broadly adopted in the US armed forces. Freud's most explanatory work on neurosis was his lectures later grouped together as "General Theory of

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516-435: The gag reflex and dermatographia , were used into the 20th century. French psychiatrist Phillipe Pinnel 's Nosographie philosophique ou La méthode de l'analyse appliquée à la médecine (1798) was greatly inspired by Cullen. It divided medical conditions into five categories, with one being "neurosis". This was divided into four basic types of mental disorder: melancholia , mania , dementia , and idiotism . Morphine

559-497: The quadriceps femoris muscle , triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. There is a latency of around 18 ms between stretch of the patellar tendon and the beginning of contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance , allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought. The patellar reflex

602-540: The Neuroses" (1916–17), forming part 3 of the book Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse (1917), later published in English as A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1920). In that work, Freud noted that: The meaning of neurotic symptoms was first discovered by J. Breuer in the study and felicitous cure of a case of hysteria which has since become famous (1880–82). It is true that P. Janet independently reached

645-506: The Psychasthenias) in 1903. Janet followed this with the books The Major Symptoms of Hysteria in 1907, and Les Névroses (The Neuroses) in 1909. According to Janet, one cause of neurosis is when the mental force of a traumatic event is stronger than what someone can counter using their normal coping mechanisms. The Swiss psychiatrist Paul Charles Dubois published the book Les psychonévroses et leur traitement moral in 1904, which

688-472: The US punk band The Bouncing Souls Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Neurotic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurotic&oldid=992611986 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

731-452: The ability to adjust to one's surroundings, similar to the later concepts of adjustment disorder and executive functions . Janet founded the French "Société de psychologie" in 1901. This later became the "Société française de psychologie", and continues today as France's main psychology body. Barbiturates are a class of highly addictive sedative drugs. The first barbiturate, barbital ,

774-453: The clinical picture, although her overall condition continued to deteriorate. According to Breuer, the slow and laborious progress of her "remembering work" in which she recalled individual symptoms after they had occurred, thus "dissolving" them, came to a conclusion on 7 June 1882 after she had reconstructed the first night of hallucinations in Ischl. "She has fully recovered since that time" were

817-433: The condition include "combat fatigue", "battle fatigue", "battle neurosis", "shell shock" and "operational stress reaction". The general psychological term acute stress disorder was first used for this condition at this time. The fight-or-flight response was first described by American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon in 1915. American military psychiatrist Thomas W. Salmon (the chief consultant in psychiatry in

860-693: The contrast between the states. This reduces anxiety and the effect of phobias. Freud published the detailed case study "Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose" (Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis) in 1909, documenting his treatment of " Rat Man ". Freud established the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) in March 1910. He arranged for Carl Jung to be its first president. This organisation chose to only provide both psychoanalytic training and recognition to medical doctors. The American Psychoanalytic Association

903-439: The field of psychoanalysis . French neurologist Paul Oulmont was mentored by Charcot. In his 1894 book Thérapeutique des névroses (Therapy of neuroses), he lists the neuroses as being hysteria , neurasthenia , exophthalmic goitre , epilepsy , migraine , Sydenham's chorea , Parkinson's disease and tetany . The fifth edition of German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin 's popular psychiatry textbook in 1896 gave "neuroses"

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946-422: The great majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thoroughly it may be carried out. This is in part because what is in question is often some experience which the patient dislikes discussing; but principally because he is genuinely unable to recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection between the precipitating event and

989-478: The main aspect of psychological trauma is dissociation (a disconnection of the conscious mind from reality). (Freud would later claim Janet as a major influence.) In 1891, Thomas Clouston published Neuroses of Development , which covered a wide range of physical and mental developmental conditions. Breuer came to mentor Freud. The pair released the paper "Ueber den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene. (Vorläufige Mittheilung.)" (known in English as "On

1032-402: The name of Railway-spine , and which according to them would be better described as Railway-brain, are in fact, whether occurring in man or woman, simply manifestations of hysteria. Charcot documented around two dozen cases where psychological trauma appears to have caused hysteria. In some cases, the results are described like the modern concept of PTSD. Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud

1075-664: The nature of her condition, she went on to run an orphanage, and then found and lead the Jüdischer Frauenbund for twenty years.) The term psychoneurosis was coined by Scottish psychiatrist Thomas Clouston for his 1883 book Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases . He describes a condition that covers what is today considered the schizophrenia and autism spectrums (a combination of symptoms that would soon become better known as dementia praecox ). French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot came to believe that psychological trauma

1118-444: The other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of cerebellar diseases . Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions , hyperthyroidism , anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord. The patellar reflex

1161-433: The pathological phenomenon. As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance; when this has been done, it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest and most convincing fashion... It is of course obvious that in cases of 'traumatic' hysteria what provokes the symptoms is the accident. The causal connection

1204-468: The patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver in order to ensure a more valid reflex test. After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign . This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On

1247-451: The physical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: preliminary communication") in January 1893. It opens with: A chance observation has led us, over a number of years, to investigate a great variety of different forms and symptoms of hysteria, with a view to discovering their precipitating cause the event which provoked the first occurrence, often many years earlier, of the phenomenon in question. In

1290-665: The physical, sometimes in the psychic area. These attacks of fluctuations in mental balance are therefore not independent illnesses, but only the occasional increase in a persistent illness... It seems useful to me, for the time being, to distinguish between two main forms of general neuroses, epileptic and hysterical insanity. Pierre Janet published the two volume work Névroses et Idées Fixes (Neuroses and Fixations) in 1898. According to Janet, neuroses could be usefully divided into hysterias and psychasthenias . Hysterias induced such symptoms as anaesthesia, visual field narrowing, paralyses, and unconscious acts. Psychasthenias involved

1333-412: The precipitating trauma as the phenomena to which we have just alluded and which exhibit the connection quite clearly. This paper was reprinted and supplemented with case studies in the pair's 1895 book Studien über Hysterie (Studies on Hysteria ). Of the book's five case studies, the most famous became that of Breuer's patient Bertha Pappenheim (given the pseudonym "Anna O."). This book established

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1376-446: The same result... Patellar reflex Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle . This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 or L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to

1419-644: The term repression in 1824, in a discussion of unconscious ideas competing to get into consciousness. The tranquilising properties of potassium bromide were noted publicly by British doctor Charles Locock in 1857. Over the coming decades, this and other bromides were used in great quantities to calm people with neuroses. This led to many cases of bromism . French psychiatrist Henri Legrand du Saulle used exposure therapy to treat phobias. American doctor Weir Mitchell first published an account of his rest cure for non-psychotic mental disorders in 1875. His 1877 book "Fat and Blood: and how to make them" gave

1462-520: The words with which Breuer concluded his case report. Accounts differ on the success of Pappenheim's treatment by Breuer. She did not speak about this episode in her later life, and vehemently opposed any attempts at psychoanalytic treatment of people in her care. Breuer was not quick to publish about this case. (Subsequent research has suggested Pappenheim may have had one of a number of neurological illnesses. This includes temporal lobe epilepsy , tuberculous meningitis , and encephalitis . Whatever

1505-762: Was a cause of some cases of hysteria . He wrote in his book Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux , (1885-1887) (and published in English as Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System): Quite recently male hysteria has been studied by Messrs. Putnam [1884] and Walton [1883] in America, principally as it occurs after injuries, and especially after railway accidents. They have recognised, like Mr. Page, [1885] who in England has also paid attention to this subject, that many of those nervous accidents described under

1548-402: Was a student of Charcot in 1885–6. In 1893 Freud credited Charcot with being the source of "all the modern advances made in the understanding and knowledge of hysteria." French psychiatrist Pierre Janet released his book L'automatisme psychologique (Psychological automatism) in 1889, its third chapter detailing his understanding of hypnosis and the unconscious. At this time, he claimed that

1591-779: Was coined by Scottish doctor William Cullen to refer to "disorders of sense and motion" caused by a "general affection of the nervous system ". The term is derived from the Greek word neuron (νεῦρον, 'nerve') and the suffix -osis (-ωσις, 'diseased' or 'abnormal condition'). It was first used in print in Cullen's System of Nosology , first published in Latin in 1769. Cullen used the term to describe various nervous disorders and symptoms that could not be explained physiologically . Physical features, however, were almost inevitably present, and physical diagnostic tests, such as exaggerated knee-jerks , loss of

1634-408: Was first developed by American psychiatrist and physiologist Edmund Jacobson . This began at Harvard University in 1908. PMR involves learning to relieve the tension in specific muscle groups by first tensing and then relaxing each muscle group. When the muscle tension is released, attention is directed towards the differences felt during tension and relaxation so that the patient learns to recognize

1677-518: Was first isolated from opium in 1805, by German chemist Friedrich Sertürner . After the publication of his third paper on the topic in 1817, morphine became more widely known, and used to treat neuroses and other kinds of mental distress. After becoming addicted to this highly addictive substance, he warned "I consider it my duty to attract attention to the terrible effects of this new substance I called morphium in order that calamity may be averted." German psychologist Johann Friedrich Herbart used

1720-723: Was founded in 1911 by Welsh neurologist Ernest Jones , with the support of Freud. It followed the IPA's practice of only supporting psychoanalysis provided by medical doctors. Jung gave a speech explaining his understanding of Freud's work called Psychoanalysis and Neurosis in New York in 1912. It was published in 1916. The journal Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse was established in 1913, and continued until 1941. The battlefield stresses of World War I (1914–18) lead to many cases of strong short-term psychological symptoms, known today as " combat stress reaction " (CSR). Other terms for

1763-421: Was synthesized in 1902 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering and was first marketed as "Veronal" in 1904. The similar barbiturate phenobarbital was brought to market in 1912 under the name "Luminal". Barbiturates became popular drugs in many countries to reduce neurotic anxiety and displaced the use of bromides. Janet published the book Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie (The Obsessions and

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1806-421: Was translated into English as "Psychic Treatment of Nervous Disorders (The Psychoneuroses and Their Moral Treatment)" in 1905. Dubois believed that neurosis could be successfully treated by listening carefully to patients, and rationally convincing them of the truth — what he called "rational psychotherapy". This was a form of cognitive behavioural therapy . He also followed Weir Mitchell 's rest cure, though with

1849-628: Was treated for a variety of symptoms that began when her father suddenly fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in Ischl . His illness was a turning point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was suddenly tormented by hallucinations and a state of anxiety. At first the family did not react to these symptoms, but in November 1880, Breuer, a friend of the family, began to treat her. He encouraged her, sometimes under light hypnosis, to narrate stories, which led to partial improvement of

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