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32-463: NSI was founded by Nobel Laureate Gerald M. Edelman in 1981 in New York City. It remained an active research center until shortly before his death in 2014. In 1993 NSI moved to San Diego , California—first into temporary quarters and then, in 1995, into a newly constructed complex on the campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI). Designed by the firm Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects ,

64-666: A conscious activity to make a truly beneficial Jewish contribution towards upliftment." He died in Hermanus , Western Cape , South Africa , aged 68, and was buried in Israel . The Chief Rabbi CK Harris Memorial Foundation was established to continue his legacy. For the fifteen years that followed, the Foundation assisted many organisations, within both the Jewish and broader communities, to train professional staff in fields in which Rabbi Harris "had

96-457: A program of experimental research, which would eventually include molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral studies and would utilize flies, rodents, non-human primates, and humans. In 2012, severe financial problems forced NSI to vacate its San Diego complex, reduce its computational programs, and shut down its experimental and theoretical programs entirely. The three buildings constituting its former home were ceded to TSRI. What remained of NSI

128-531: The Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel , which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation . An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by

160-716: The Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank ) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics . Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate , receives a gold medal , a diploma , and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation. Different organisations are responsible for awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics;

192-528: The Honor Award for Architecture from the American Institute of Architects in 1997. The structural engineering firm chosen for this project was Severud Associates . One of the complex's three buildings is an auditorium designed to accommodate both scientific lectures and musical concerts. Noted acoustician Cyril Harris worked with the architects to create the 352-seat auditorium. Considered to be among

224-484: The NRP developed innovative formats for intellectual exchange and disseminated knowledge to the worldwide scientific community. The central group today exists as an honorary society, whose members number no more than 36 at any one time and serve seven-year terms. Over the past four decades, 17 Nobel laureates have been members of the NRP. The Neurosciences Institute itself developed from the NRP as an independent institution on

256-780: The Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010) and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Liu Xiaobo , Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined

288-806: The Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK , equivalent to 10.8 million SEK in 2023. In 2017,

320-414: The auditorium, formally became part of TSRI. The institute's size varied considerably over the years of its existence. At its peak, it included three dozen Ph.D.-level research scientists (called "Fellows") and a comparable research support staff. Following the 2012 contraction, fewer than half a dozen Ph.D.-level research scientists remained. This number dwindled in the year preceding Edelman's death. NSI

352-652: The award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics

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384-534: The brain works. Their motivation was the idea that traditional barriers between different scientific disciplines had to be broken down if complex brain functions were ever to be understood. Led by Francis O. Schmitt , this informal collection of research scientists was organized as the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Over the next two decades, and through over 250 meetings and 125 scientific publications,

416-640: The campus of The Rockefeller University in New York in 1981. The NRP moved from Boston to New York in 1983, and became part of the institute when it moved to San Diego in 1993. Nobel Laureate The Nobel Prizes ( Swedish : Nobelpriset , Norwegian : Nobelprisen ) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Swedish Academy , the Karolinska Institutet , and

448-487: The country. They focus on the Holistic Development of young people ages 2 – 35 years and provide them with education, family support services, primary health care, and food and nutrition services. In 1998, he appealed to Orthodox congregations in the country to reach out to disadvantaged communities and "adopt a project – if they are not already involved – in a specific educational developmental or welfare programme as

480-602: The date on which the decision in question was made. Specific General Cyril Harris Cyril Kitchener Harris (19 September 1936 – 13 September 2005) was Chief Rabbi of The Union of Orthodox Synagogues of South Africa from 1987 to 2004 where he served as rabbi of the Great Park Synagogue (previously the Great Synagogue ). Harris was born in Glasgow , Scotland . During his tenure as Chief Rabbi, he

512-427: The decade before its 2012 contraction curtailed these activities, save for the Neurosciences Research Program meetings (see below). In 1988, NSI began its own program of research in theoretical and computational neurobiology. Carried out by a small group of resident Fellows, the program was designed to develop biologically based theories of higher brain functions. In 1993, following its relocation to San Diego, NSI added

544-545: The east and in the immediate surrounding area. Following NSI's 2012 restructuring, the buildings were taken over by TSRI. NSI commissioned the buildings in the early 1990s. Edelman has said that, in selecting an architect, his goal was to find one who could realize his vision of a "scientific monastery" where creative study of the brain could be conducted with few constraining rules and unlimited opportunities for communication. The resulting complex, designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, has been awarded numerous honors, including

576-413: The governing National Party. He said that his community and the broader white community raised during apartheid, had a profound personal and collective responsibility as they confronted the idea that some of their attainments might have been achieved only because of apartheid’s role in denying to others what they now enjoyed. He opined that it was a moral imperative for apartheid beneficiaries to share with

608-460: The laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9 million SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize. The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to

640-511: The most acoustically impressive small performance halls in the United States, the auditorium was built with an original system of faceted, sound-dispersing plaster panels that cover its walls and ceiling, so that the same sound can be heard in every seat. Though it was founded in 1981, NSI traces its origin to 1962. It was in that year that a small group of scientists from diverse backgrounds began to meet regularly to discuss basic ideas about how

672-578: The outbreak of World War II . Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations. Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept

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704-596: The person or people who submitted the nomination. After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public. Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states: A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history. Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after

736-600: The previously disenfranchised populations. He trained at the Jews College , and served suburban congregations in Kenton and Edgware and finally St John's Wood from 1979. From 1966 to 1971, Harris also served as Senior Jewish Chaplain to the British Armed Forces . Ahead of the 1991 retirement of British Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits , Harris was shortlisted as a potential successor. Ultimately, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks

768-447: The second day of the TRC's special three-day hearing into the role of the church under apartheid. Harris said that his community was not involved in establishing apartheid and that many disagreed with the policies. He recognised an awkward tension around apartheid, and that his community were beneficiaries. He noted that South African Jews overwhelmingly voted for opposition parties, rather than

800-427: The three-building complex received much acclaim for its Modernist style and especially for an auditorium that became a favored venue for music and performing arts in the area. In October 2012, plagued by financial problems and as part of a sharp contraction in its research efforts, NSI moved into leased space in an office building in the village of La Jolla , several miles from its old location. Its former home, including

832-475: Was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911. The Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees. Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from

864-511: Was appointed to the position. In February 1993, Harris led prayers for a special 24 hour fast after a number of recent tragedies claimed the lives of local Jews in South Africa. Harry Schwarz , South African Ambassador to the United States , joined in the fast. He later went on to become one of the founders of Afrika Tikkun which is a South African-based NPO that focuses on the Holistic Development of young people in disadvantaged townships of

896-435: Was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless . Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie , who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She

928-586: Was established in 1981 as an independent entity on the campus of The Rockefeller University in New York City. In founding the institute, Edelman argued that the quest for fundamental understanding of brain functions was being impeded, at most existing institutions, by artificial barriers between scientific disciplines and by a reward structure that favored modest, incremental research rather than high-risk, high-payoff research. Edelman claimed that he would be able to break from this reward structure by securing private, unrestricted funding for research at NSI. However, he

960-694: Was housed, in the year immediately preceding Edelman's death, several miles away in rented office space in the La Jolla business district. NSI closed in 2018. Between 1995 and 2012, NSI occupied a three-building complex located on Torrey Pines Mesa in San Diego. It was bordered by TSRI to the west, the Sanford-Burnham Institute to the north, the University of California, San Diego to the south, and numerous biotechnology and pharmaceutical research companies to

992-414: Was mostly unsuccessful at this and NSI struggled financially throughout its existence. In its very early years, NSI sponsored conferences, workshops, and other activities for visiting scientists; these programs were generally organized around a focused research problem. More than 1000 scientists from 300 institutes and 24 countries visited the institute over its first two decades. NSI's financial problems in

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1024-531: Was noted for his support of full democracy during South Africa's apartheid years. He spoke at the induction ceremony of President Nelson Mandela in 1994, and also gave a blessing at Mandela's wedding to Graça Machel in 1998. Mandela frequently referred to Harris as "my rabbi." He supported the aims of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and represented the Jewish community in East London on 18 November 1997,

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