111-870: Netroots Nation is a political convention for American progressive political activists. Originally organized by readers and writers of Daily Kos , a liberal political blog , it was previously called YearlyKos and rebranded as Netroots Nation in 2007. The new name was chosen to reflect the participation of a broader audience of grassroots activists, campaign workers and volunteers, thought leaders , messaging technology innovators as well as local, state, and national elected officials. The convention offers three days of programming: panel discussions on emerging issues in politics and society; training sessions to support more effective activism; keynote addresses from speakers of national stature; an exhibit hall; networking and social events. The event draws roughly 3000 attendees. Netroots Nation 2025 will be held from August 7-9 at
222-500: A convention center dedicated to hosting such events. The term MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions) is widely used in Asia as a description of the industry. The Convention ("C") is one of the most dynamic elements in the M.I.C.E. segment. The industry is generally regulated under the tourism sector . In the technical sense, a convention is a meeting of delegates or representatives. The 1947 Newfoundland National Convention
333-432: A 2006 opinion, Judge Richard Posner wrote that FISA "retains value as a framework for monitoring the communications of known terrorists, but it is hopeless as a framework for detecting terrorists. [FISA] requires that surveillance be conducted pursuant to warrants based on probable cause to believe that the target of surveillance is a terrorist, when the desperate need is to find out who is a terrorist." The ACLU considers
444-456: A Campaign Academy with 30 hands-on training sessions. These trainings, organized with the help of Democracy for America , featured professionals from dozens of organizations and publications in the progressive movement. Along with the panels and trainings, there were seven keynote sessions. Two of the keynotes were question-and-answer sessions: Ask the Speaker with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Ask
555-624: A FISA order. The court affirmed the denial of the motion. There, the court flatly rejected claims that FISA violated Due process clause of the Fifth Amendment , Equal protection , Separation of powers , nor the Right to counsel provided by the Sixth Amendment . However, in a third case, the special review court for FISA, the equivalent of a Circuit Court of Appeals, opined differently. In In re Sealed Case , 310 F.3d 717, 742 (FISA Ct. Rev. 2002),
666-528: A convention to propose amendments to the Constitution. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( FISA , Pub. L. 95–511 , 92 Stat. 1783 , 50 U.S.C. ch. 36 ) is a United States federal law that establishes procedures for the surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence on domestic soil. FISA was enacted in response to revelations of widespread privacy violations by
777-574: A foreign government, any faction of a foreign nation not substantially composed of U.S. persons , and any entity directed or controlled by a foreign government. The definition also includes groups engaged in international terrorism and foreign political organizations. The sections of FISA authorizing electronic surveillance and physical searches without a court order specifically exclude their application to groups engaged in international terrorism. A "U.S. person" includes citizens, lawfully admitted permanent resident aliens, and corporations incorporated in
888-589: A form of that program in Section 702. The subchapters of FISA provide for: Generally, the statute permits electronic surveillance in two different scenarios. The President may authorize, through the Attorney General , electronic surveillance without a court order for the period of one year, provided that it is only to acquire foreign intelligence information, that it is solely directed at communications or property controlled exclusively by foreign powers, that there
999-618: A government application to, and order issuing from, the FISA Court. The Act provides procedures for the government to "certify" the legality of an acquisition program, for the government to issue directives to providers to provide data or assistance under a particular program, and for the government and recipient of a directive to seek from the FISA Court, respectively, an order to compel provider compliance or relief from an unlawful directive. Providers receive costs and full immunity from civil suits for compliance with any directives issued pursuant to
1110-502: A moment. We must be here to build a movement.” On Friday, Senator Elizabeth Warren addressed the crowd, calling for tougher regulations and oversight of Wall Street and ensuring that blue-collar families can earn a livable wage and retire with a social safety net. Actor Mark Ruffalo was at the convention, since he was in Detroit for the "Turn on the Water" march and rally, organized after
1221-784: A proposal for a new Constitution for the union. With the guarantee of deliberative assemblies as a mechanism of redress under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , conventions have proven fundamental in civic actions meant to secure fundamental rights and civil liberties; such as, the Seneca Falls Convention , the Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848 , and the National Women's Rights Conventions . Collectively, these conventions directly led to
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#17328441018771332-489: A question shouted at him during his speech, concerning gay rights and the military. Clinton quipped at a shouting audience member, "You know you should go to one of those Congressional health care meetings," and went on to say that the implementation of the policy was not what he envisioned or how it was originally defined and that it was ridiculous that $ 150,000 was spent "to get rid of an Arabic translator" and that 130 servicemen and -women known to be gay were allowed to serve in
1443-482: A state's constitution, are limited to addressing the constitutional matters of that particular state alone. Nearly all of the sovereign states do not yet have statutory provisions for conventions beyond their permanent legislature, state amendatory conventions , and conventions for ratification of proposals to amend the Constitution . There are no state laws explicitly providing for the election of delegates for
1554-554: A vehicle to secure public rights through constitutions, or as a mechanism of redress to amend them. In fact, they have been instrumental to the nation's continued development into the representative democracy it is today. During the Confederation period under the Articles of Confederation , the former British colonies of North America had united to form a wartime confederation of states. One characterized by state representation in
1665-672: A video message, Hillary Clinton proposed an amendment to the United States Constitution to reverse the Citizens United v. FEC Supreme Court decision, as well as call for more funding to deal with implicit bias. angel Kyodo williams closed out the 2016 convention with an uplifting meditation. The 2017 Netroots Nation was held on August 10–13, 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia at the Hyatt Regency Atlanta. This convention
1776-527: A weak and decentralized central government headed by the unicameral Congress of the Confederation , the precursor to the modern-day United States Senate . One convention of particular note during this time was held between September 11–14, 1786 in Annapolis, Maryland . The Annapolis Convention , was convened primarily to address issues of commerce between the states, but the agenda quickly became focused upon
1887-597: A wide range of deficiencies posed by the current frame of government. The convention ended with a resolution by Alexander Hamilton calling for a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation. Following Hamilton's suggestion, the Confederate Congress called a convention “to render the constitution … adequate to the exigencies of the Union.” The Philadelphia Convention begin on May 14, 1787, and ended on September 17, with
1998-403: Is a classic example of a state-sponsored political convention. More often, organizations made up of smaller units, chapters, or lodges, such as labor unions , honorary societies , and fraternities and sororities , meet as a whole in convention by sending delegates of the units to deliberate on the organization's common issues. This also applies to a political convention , though in modern times
2109-527: Is found under the subchapter pertaining to physical searches. In both cases, the statute creates an affirmative defense for law enforcement personnel acting within their official duties and pursuant to a valid court order. Presumably, such a defense is not available to those operating exclusively under presidential authorization. In 1967, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the requirements of
2220-790: Is necessary in order to understand the intelligence or believes that the person was committing a crime. The Attorney General is required to make a certification of these conditions under seal to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , and report on their compliance to the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Since 50 U.S.C. § 1802 (a)(1)(A) of this Act specifically limits warrantless surveillance to foreign powers as defined by 50 U.S.C. §1801(a) (1),(2),(3) and omits
2331-434: Is no substantial likelihood that it will acquire the contents of any communication to which a United States person is a party, and that it be conducted only in accordance with defined minimization procedures. The code defines "foreign intelligence information" to mean information necessary to protect the United States against actual or potential grave attack, sabotage or international terrorism . "Foreign powers" means
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#17328441018772442-431: Is requested is used or will be used by that foreign power or its agent. In addition, the court must find that the proposed surveillance meet certain "minimization requirements" for information pertaining to U.S. persons. If the foreign power's suspected agent communicates with Americans, the communications of U.S. citizens are incidentally intercepted even though they are not the targets of the surveillance. Depending on
2553-514: Is subject to both criminal penalties and civil liabilities. Under 50 U.S.C. § 1811, the President may also authorize warrantless surveillance at the beginning of a war. Specifically, he may authorize such surveillance "for a period not to exceed fifteen calendar days following a declaration of war by the Congress". Alternatively, the government may seek a court order permitting the surveillance using
2664-662: The Black Lives Matter movement. Black Alliance for Just Immigration staffer and Coordinator of the Black Immigration Network Tia Oso took the stage with O'Malley as the protest group chanted "Black Lives Matter" and "Say Her Name" while calling out the names of black women killed in police custody. Pressed to address his position on the Black Lives Matter movement, O'Malley stated, "Black lives matter, White lives matter, All lives matter," drawing boos from
2775-639: The Bush administration and carried out by the National Security Agency since 2002; a subsequent Bloomberg article suggested this may have already begun by June 2000. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales later confirmed the existence of the program, which was codenamed Stellar Wind . Without obtaining a FISA warrant, the NSA monitored phone calls , Internet activities, text messages, and other forms of communication involving any party it believed to be outside
2886-632: The Center for American Progress were among the groups offering training sessions. Many of the panels were broadcast on C-SPAN . The convention received a significant amount of coverage in traditional media, including a write-up in the New York Times which stated that this event “seems on its way to becoming as much a part of the Democratic political circuit as the Iowa State Fair .” Gina Cooper served as
2997-435: The Center for Media Justice , and Joe Torres of Free Press. The session was moderated by Samhita Mukhopadhyay of the media organization Mic . Saturday's morning keynote included discussions on the state of abortion access and reproductive justice, including speakers Lizz Winstead of Lady Parts Justice, Pamela Merritt of ReproAction, Laura Jimenez of California Leaders for Reproductive Justice, Aimee Thorne-Thomsen of
3108-483: The Church Committee that foreign intelligence surveillance legislation should include provisions for programmatically authorizing surveillance programs because of the particular needs of foreign intelligence where "virtually continuous surveillance, which by its nature does not have specifically predetermined targets" may be required. In these situations, "the efficiency of a warrant requirement would be minimal." In
3219-553: The Department of Justice . There is no provision for a release of information regarding such hearings, or for the record of information actually collected. The USA Freedom Act (Section 402), however, requires the government to declassify and publicly release "to the greatest extent practicable" each order, decision and opinion of the court if it contains a "significant construction or interpretation of law." FISC meets in secret, and approves or denies requests for search warrants . Only
3330-687: The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Security Agency ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the U.S. The court is located within the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in Washington, D.C. The court is staffed by eleven judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States to serve seven-year terms. Proceedings before the FISA court are ex parte and non-adversarial. The court hears evidence presented solely by
3441-508: The Federal Government of the United States formally recognizes conventions , wherever they may arise in constitutional law , as short-term deliberative assemblies . As such, they are subject to the rights of the People to enjoy free of governmental interference of any kind. Throughout the history of the United States, conventions have served as a mechanism of self-governance , providing
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3552-564: The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Improvement and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( S. 3001 ) asserting FISA as the exclusive means to conduct foreign intelligence surveillance. All three competing bills were the subject of Judiciary Committee hearings throughout the summer. On September 13, 2006, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to approve all three mutually exclusive bills, thus, leaving it to
3663-576: The Fourth Amendment applied equally to electronic surveillance and to physical searches. Katz v. United States , 389 U.S. 347 (1967). The Court did not address whether such requirements apply to issues of national security . Shortly after, in 1972, the Court took up the issue again in United States v. United States District Court, Plamondon , 407 U.S. 297 (1972), where the court held that court approval
3774-664: The General Convention of the Episcopal Church USA and the Southern Baptist Convention . Conventions in general enjoy a long history and rich tradition within the United States due in part to their epistemic, moral, and transformative nature. So much so that they have been stitched into the fabric of American government. There is an abundance of case law , historical precedent, examples of congressional intent , and Constitutional language, that demonstrate that
3885-569: The NAACP ’s Environmental and Climate Justice Program; Michelle Romero of Green for All; and Anthony Rogers-Wright, Policy and Organizing Director for Environmental Action. Friday also featured a plenary roundtable discussion on digital culture shifting and increasing racial justice. Speakers included leaders on the frontlines of the 21st century movement for racial justice and civil rights, such as Color of Change’s Rashad Robinson , Linda Sarsour of MPower, Autumn Marie of Black Lives Matter, Malkia Cyril of
3996-580: The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution securing a woman's right to vote . The Colored Conventions Movement was a series of national, regional, and state conventions held irregularly during the decades preceding and following the American Civil War . These conventions offered opportunities for free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans to organize and strategize for racial justice . These early conventions argued for
4107-668: The Yellowstone River Compact Commission , Red River Compact Commission , Colorado River Compact , and the Delaware River Basin Commission . Interstate conventions, otherwise known as conventions of states , may be called by the Governor as well, such was the case with a series of meetings from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, collectively known as the Hartford Convention . The convention
4218-522: The color of law or through disclosing information known to have been obtained through unauthorized surveillance. The penalties for either act are fines up to US$ 10,000, up to five years in jail, or both. In addition, the statute creates a cause of action for private individuals whose communications were unlawfully monitored. The statute permits actual damages of not less than $ 1,000 or $ 100 per day. In addition, that statute authorizes punitive damages and an award of attorney's fees . Similar liability
4329-574: The defendants were members of the Irish Republican Army . They were convicted for various violations regarding the shipment of explosives and firearms . The court held that there were compelling considerations of national security in the distinction between the treatment of U.S. citizens and non-resident aliens. In the United States v. Nicholson , 955 F. Supp. 588 (E.D. Va. 1997), the defendant moved to suppress all evidence gathered under
4440-650: The 2020 case, United States v. Moalin , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the federal government violated FISA, and possibly the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, when it collected the telephony metadata of millions of Americans. Both the subchapters covering physical searches and electronic surveillance provide for criminal and civil liability for violations of FISA. Criminal sanctions follows violations of electronic surveillance by intentionally engaging in electronic surveillance under
4551-573: The Civil War, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts , resulting in the states that once comprised the Confederate States of America being divided into military districts . These Acts of Congress mandated that the rebel states revise their constitutions by means of conventions of elected delegates, to include the ratification of the thirteenth , fourteenth , and fifteenth amendments to
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4662-519: The Constitution. Under Article Five, Congress is obligated to call such a convention when thirty-four states have formally submitted to Congress, a joint resolution known as a state application . To date, the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives has identified nearly two hundred of these applications. Yet, this method of proposal remains elusive and has never occurred in the history of
4773-742: The Convention. Conventions are ubiquitous in the corporate sector and include the State Conventions of the National Association of Realtors and the Annual Convention for the Cleaning Equipment Trade Association for just two of countless examples. Presidential nominating conventions are called by political parties in the United States. They have been a permanent feature of the government since its founding. After
4884-635: The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department stopped water service for more than 15,000 households in the city that had not paid their water bill. On Saturday, attendees chose their favorite app, product or technology at the Netroots Nation New Tools Shootout event. Action Network won for best overall technology and best startup technology. The Sunlight Foundation's OpenCongress won best new feature or product, and Organizer won for best mobile or Facebook app. The Netroots Nation 2015 conference
4995-446: The FIS court. This is called the traditional intelligence collection, because it is "the targeted monitoring of a suspected clandestine operative of a foreign power." Approval of a FISA application requires the court find probable cause that the target of the surveillance be a "foreign power" or an "agent of a foreign power" inside the United States and that the places at which surveillance
5106-469: The FISA Act to be unconstitutional for several reasons including: the law was designed to mainly address terrorism threats, but in fact intercepts communications that have nothing to do with terrorism or criminal activity of any kind; and that "the government can create huge databases that contain information about U.S. persons obtained without warrants and then search these databases at a later point." The Act
5217-456: The FISA courts to issue surveillance and physical search orders without having to find a connection between the "lone wolf" and a foreign government or terrorist group. However, "if the court authorizes such a surveillance or physical search using this new definition of 'agent of a foreign power', the FISC judge has to find, in pertinent part, that, based upon the information provided by the applicant for
5328-469: The FISC may be appealed to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . The Court of Review is a three-judge panel. Since its creation, the court has come into session twice: in 2002 and 2008. In addition to electronic surveillance, FISA permits the "physical search" of the "premises, information, material, or property used exclusively by" a foreign power. The requirements and procedures are nearly identical to those for electronic surveillance. In
5439-655: The Founder and first Director of YearlyKos, later to be Netroots Nation. The 2007 YearlyKos was held at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago , Illinois from August 2–5. Seven of the eight major Democratic Presidential candidates attended the Convention and participated in a forum moderated by bloggers. The candidates were Hillary Clinton , Chris Dodd , John Edwards , Mike Gravel , Dennis Kucinich , Barack Obama , and Bill Richardson . Notably, it
5550-542: The Gulf Coast Center for Law & Policy spoke about grassroots organizing, and Jackson MS Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba challenged the audience to dismantle structural disenfranchisement. There was a featured panel discussion (titled "Hidden Figures") led by women of color strategists about how they are organizing in critical states for 2018. Sens. Elizabeth Warren , Cory Booker and Kamala Harris delivered keynote addresses on Friday. Among Friday's featured panels
5661-531: The House Nancy Pelosi , who was joined on stage by a surprise guest, former Vice President Al Gore , who discussed his new film An Inconvenient Truth , about the devastating effects of climate change. Other prominent speakers in attendance were Gov. Howard Dean , Harold Ford Jr. , Lawrence Lessig , Rep. Donna Edwards and Van Jones . On Saturday night, Gina Cooper announced the end of her tenure as Director of Netroots Nation. In 2009, Netroots Nation
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#17328441018775772-1176: The Leader with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid . A memorable moment came when former Lt. Dan Choi , discharged for serving as openly gay in the military, challenged Senator Reid to repeal Don't Ask, Don't Tell . Prominent speakers included Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Majority Leader Harry Reid , Sen. Al Franken , Elizabeth Warren , Gov. Brian Schweitzer , Ed Schultz , Sen. Jeff Merkley , Sen. Ben Cardin , Sen. Tom Udall , Rep. Alan Grayson , Rep. Raul Grijalva , Rep. Jared Polis , Rep. Donna Edwards , Rep. Jerrold Nadler , Van Jones , Rich Trumka , Tim Wise , Lizz Winstead , Majora Carter , Markos Moulitsas , Tarryl Clark , Bill Halter , Phaedra Ellis-Lamkins , Gerald McEntee and Eliseo Medina . During his speech, Sen. Franken (D-MN) argued against media consolidation and for net neutrality laws. He said, in part, "If we don't protect Net Neutrality now, how long do you think it will take before Comcast-NBC Universal, or Verizon-CBS Viacom or AT&T-ABC-DirecTV or BP-Haliburton-Walmart-Fox-Domino's-Pizza start favoring its content over everyone else's?" The 2011 Netroots Nation
5883-481: The Martin Luther King Institute at Stanford University ; Tef Poe , hip hop artist and co-leader of Hands Up United; CeCe McDonald ; Brittany Ferrell and Alexis Templeton of Millennial Activists United . Friday's keynote included discussion about the intersection of climate change and environmental justice . Speakers included Tom Steyer , president of NextGen Climate; Jacqui Patterson, director of
5994-816: The New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center. The first YearlyKos was held in Las Vegas , from June 8–11, 2006. It was held at the Riviera Hotel and Casino . There were 1,200 attendees, and featured prominent Democrats such as Harry Reid , Howard Dean , and Barbara Boxer , as well as three possible contenders in the 2008 Democratic primary : retired General Wesley Clark , New Mexico governor Bill Richardson , and former Virginia governor Mark Warner . The convention hosted panels, roundtable discussion groups, and other gatherings of activists, media representatives and elected officials. Democracy for America and
6105-542: The Nobel Prize for Economics and NY Times op-ed columnist Paul Krugman , Carol Shea-Porter , AFL-CIO’s Rich Trumka , AFT President Randi Weingarten, soon-to-be elected senators Elizabeth Warren , Mazie Hirono and Tammy Baldwin , Ai-jen Poo - National Domestic Workers Alliance director, and Rhode Island State Representatives Teresa Tanzi and Chuck Rocha. Netroots Nation 2013 was held June 20–23 in San Jose, California and
6216-465: The Protect America Act of 2007, communications that begin or end in a foreign country may be wiretapped by the U.S. government without supervision by the FISA Court. The Act removes from the definition of "electronic surveillance" in FISA any surveillance directed at a person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States. As such, surveillance of these communications no longer requires
6327-453: The U.S., regardless of whether part of the communication took place domestically. The Bush administration initially defended the program as an extension of executive authority ; amid public, political, and legal pressure, the program was ended in January 2007 and the government announced it would seek warrants from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC). Following the controversy over Stellar Wind , Congress later legalized
6438-408: The United States Constitution. Congress has also frequently employed conventions for the admission of new states to the Union under Article Four of the United States Constitution . In all, a total of thirty-one states were admitted to the union in this manner. In each and every case, under the authority derived directly from the federal constitution, Congress mandated an election of delegates with
6549-410: The United States dating back well before the ratification of the Constitution, confusion and controversy has emerged in recent decades. Perhaps, most prominent among them is the distinction between what constitutes a state convention and what constitutes a federal convention. Fortunately this can be determined by identification of the convening authority. A federal convention is one called and convened for
6660-515: The United States subject to enhanced Congressional oversight. Also on March 16, 2006, Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA) introduced the National Security Surveillance Act of 2006 ( S. 2453 ), which would amend FISA to grant retroactive amnesty for warrantless surveillance conducted under presidential authority and provide FISA court (FISC) jurisdiction to review, authorize, and oversight "electronic surveillance programs". On May 24, 2006, Senator Specter and Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) introduced
6771-418: The United States. "Minimization procedures" limit the collection of information concerning United States persons by protecting their identities and requiring a court order to retain the communications for longer than 72 hours. The communications can be retained without court order if there is evidence of a crime. Identification of a US person, known as "unmasking", may also be authorized if an agency believes it
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#17328441018776882-412: The United States. Article Five also provides that Congress may choose among two modes of ratification, either by means of state legislatures or by state conventions. To date the state convention ratification mode was used by Congress just once, to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution which ended prohibition . As a result, many states have statutory provisions providing for
6993-449: The United States. Surveillance beyond the initial authorized period would require a FISA warrant or a presidential certification to Congress. On September 28, 2006, the House of Representatives passed Wilson's bill and it was referred to the Senate. On July 28, 2007, President Bush called on Congress to pass legislation to reform the FISA in order to ease restrictions on surveillance of terrorist suspects where one party (or both parties) to
7104-432: The abolition of slavery, equal educational opportunities, land reform, and the merits of emigration out of the United States. Prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution, a convention of independent states would hold sovereign power over the Confederate Congress. However, most of these conventions were called by state legislatures to resolve boundary disputes; others were called for economic purposes; such as
7215-604: The activist organization SisterSong as well as Representative Jan Schakowsky . The closing keynote on Saturday included speakers like Representative Keith Ellison and New York Times bestselling author Steve Phillips , who spoke about the importance of fighting together for equality and progress (and against Donald Trump). Attendees also heard from Equality Florida’s Carlos Guillermo Smith , who shared stories and experiences from his hometown of Orlando. Joseph Geevarghese and Brittany Butler from Good Jobs Nation discussed ways American workers can stand up for their economic values. In
7326-547: The common issues are limited to selecting a party candidate or party chairman. In this technical sense , a congress , when it consists of representatives, is a convention. The British House of Commons is a convention, as are most other houses of a modern representative legislature . The National Convention or just "Convention" in France comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795. The governing bodies of religious groups may also be called conventions, such as
7437-442: The communication are located overseas. He asked that Congress pass the legislation before its August 2007 recess. On August 3, 2007, the Senate passed a Republican-sponsored version of FISA ( S. 1927 ) in a vote of 60 to 28. The House followed by passing the bill, 227–183. The Protect America Act of 2007 ( Pub. L. 110–55 (text) (PDF) , S. 1927 ) was then signed into law by George W. Bush on August 5, 2007. Under
7548-492: The conference ended, many participants, led by labor organizer Dolores Huerta and others, marched to the State Capitol Building in protest over the right-wing violence in Charlottesville, VA earlier that day, which resulted in the death of Heather Heyer. Netroots Nation 2018 was held August 2–4 in New Orleans , Louisiana ; attendance estimated at 3,000. The opening keynote featured New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell , and candidate Gina Ortiz Jones . Colette Pichon Battle of
7659-433: The controversial Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) legislation to expand George W. Bush 's surveillance powers. After rebranding to Netroots Nation to reflect the growing influence and membership of the Netroots as a community of interest beyond Daily Kos' readership, the 2008 convention was held in Austin, Texas at the Austin Convention Center from July 17–20. Prominent speakers in 2008 included Speaker of
7770-436: The convention mode of ratification became enshrined within Article Seven of the United States Constitution . The Constitution was eventually adopted per the provisions of Article Seven as the Supreme Law of the Land through a series of Ratification Conventions that ultimately culminated on May 29, 1790, with the final ratification which was provided by the State of Rhode Island. Despite this long history of conventions in
7881-442: The country, members of Congress, top digital practitioners, and those at the forefront of the latest Resistance efforts. On Saturday, Senator Elizabeth Warren addressed the crowd, as did MD Gubernatorial candidate Ben Jealous . At the closing keynote, Mustafa Ali interviewed Former Vice President Al Gore on climate justice issues and the recent release of the sequel to An Inconvenient Truth, called An Inconvenient Sequel . As
7992-521: The courts upheld warrantless wiretaps. In Brown , a U.S. citizen's conversation was captured by a wiretap authorized by the Attorney General for foreign intelligence purposes. In Butenko , the court held a wiretap valid if the primary purpose was for gathering foreign intelligence information. A plurality opinion in Zweibon v. Mitchell , 516 F.2d 594 (D.C. Cir. 1975), held that a warrant was required for
8103-497: The crowd. Netroots Nation was held in St. Louis , Missouri , from July 14–17, 2016. The Convention commenced with a keynote hosted by This Week In Blackness with hosts Elon James White , L. Joy Williams, and Sonya Renee Taylor interviewed many notable activists including: Jamala Rogers of Organization for Black Struggle; Rika Tyler of Hands Up United; Elle Hearns of Black Lives Matter; Rev. Sekou, Pastor, Author, Theologian and fellow at
8214-412: The debate at this year’s conference is aimed not at defining who the group is but rather at on what the group should do in 2008 and beyond.” – Chris Cillizza , Washington Post). House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid were expected to appear, but were held up in Washington due to various votes. On Saturday night of the convention, the U.S. House of Representatives passed
8325-474: The definitions contained in 50 U.S.C. §1801(a) (4),(5),(6) the act does not authorize the use of warrantless surveillance on: groups engaged in international terrorism or activities in preparation thereof; foreign-based political organizations, not substantially composed of United States persons; or entities that are directed and controlled by a foreign government or governments. Under FISA, anyone who engages in electronic surveillance except as authorized by statute
8436-467: The domestic surveillance of a domestic organization. In this case, the court found that the domestic organization was not a "foreign power or their agent", and "absent exigent circumstances, all warrantless electronic surveillance is unreasonable and therefore unconstitutional." There have been very few cases involving the constitutionality of FISA. Two lower court decisions found FISA constitutional. In United States v. Duggan , 743 F.2d 59 (2d Cir. 1984),
8547-503: The elections of delegates for future ratification conventions. The Delegates of the Philadelphia Convention chose state conventions instead of state legislatures as the bodies to consider ratification of the Constitution. They broadly believed that ratification by means of conventions would better represent the will of the People and this process "would make the new federal Constitution superior to any specific legislature." Thus
8658-420: The event organizers and attendees. Professional conventions focus on issues of concern along with advancements related to the profession. Such conventions are generally organized by societies or communities dedicated to promotion of the topic of interest. Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities. Science fiction conventions traditionally partake of
8769-414: The event. The Netroots community also participated in a large demonstration against Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio . Representative Donna Edwards was the opening keynote speaker. Senator Elizabeth Warren was also among those that gave keynote addresses. On July 18, 2015, former Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley was interrupted while answering questions at the conference by protestors associated with
8880-428: The federal government under president Richard Nixon . It requires federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to obtain authorization for gathering "foreign intelligence information" between "foreign powers" and "agents of foreign powers" suspected of espionage or terrorism . The law established the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants. Although FISA
8991-527: The first Gulf War until "they kicked them out." The 2010 Netroots Nation conference was held in the Las Vegas Valley at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino . Roughly 2,200 activists attended the conference. More than 200 national and international media covered this year's conference including CNN , Univision , AP, Politico and many others. The conference featured 70 panels, a screening series and
9102-686: The first ever Freedom from Fear Awards program, which highlighted immigration activism and featured an original song from Jill Sobule , entitled They Say They Want Our America Back . Netroots Nation 2012 was held June 7–10 in Providence, Rhode Island at the Rhode Island Convention Center . Prominent featured speakers included Rebuild the Dream co-founder Van Jones , NAACP President Benjamin Jealous , Congressman David Cicilline (RI-01), winner of
9213-511: The full Senate to resolve. On July 18, 2006, U.S. Representative Heather Wilson (R-NM) introduced the Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act ( H.R. 5825 ). Wilson's bill would give the President the authority to authorize electronic surveillance of international phone calls and e-mail linked specifically to identified terrorist groups immediately following or in anticipation of an armed or terrorist attack on
9324-484: The legality of domestic intelligence activities. These investigations were led separately by Sam Ervin and Frank Church in 1978 as a response to President Richard Nixon 's usage of federal resources, including law enforcement agencies, to spy on political and activist groups. The law itself was crafted in large part in closed door meetings between legislators and members of the Justice Department . The act
9435-426: The nature of both professional conventions and fan conventions, with the balance varying from one to another. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads . Conventions are often planned and coordinated, often in exacting detail, by professional meeting and convention planners , either by staff of the convention's hosting company or by outside specialists. Most large cities will have
9546-504: The number of warrants applied for, issued and denied, is reported. In 1980 (the first full year after its inception), it approved 322 warrants. This number has steadily grown to 2,224 warrants in 2006. In the period 1979–2006, a total of 22,990 applications for warrants were made to the Court of which 22,985 were approved (sometimes with modifications; or with the splitting up, or combining, of warrants for legal purposes), and only 5 were definitively rejected. Denials of FISA applications by
9657-435: The opening keynote on Thursday afternoon, touching on topics including marriage equality , compassion for immigrants, and expanded voting access. He said the country has reached an inflection point and that progressives have a chance to bend the arc of history. Rev. Dr. William Barber II spoke Thursday evening, urging attendees to come together as allies. “We must resist the moment mentality,” Barber said. “We are not here for
9768-527: The order, the target had engaged in or was engaging in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefor". On March 16, 2006, Senators Mike DeWine (R-OH), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Chuck Hagel (R-NE), and Olympia Snowe (R-ME) introduced the Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2455), under which the President would be given certain additional limited statutory authority to conduct electronic surveillance of suspected terrorists in
9879-476: The passage of an enabling act ; such as these notable examples: Among the most enigmatic of all conventions, Article Five of the United States Constitution provides for the calling of a constitutional convention , more commonly known as a Convention to propose amendments , whereby delegates are elected in equal fashion to Members of the United States Congress , to deliberate and propose amendments to
9990-426: The purpose of exercising a federal function under authority deriving directly from the United States Constitution. Conversely, state legislatures only exercise federal functions when they apply to Congress for a convention to propose amendments or when they call a convention to ratify a proposed amendment submitted to the states by Congress. Otherwise conventions called and convened under authority deriving directly from
10101-415: The sense of a meeting, is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest. The most common conventions are based upon industry , profession , and fandom . Trade conventions typically focus on a particular industry or industry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to
10212-825: The special court stated "[A]ll the other courts to have decided the issue [have] held that the President did have inherent authority to conduct warrantless searches to obtain foreign intelligence information . ... We take for granted that the President does have that authority and, assuming that is so, FISA could not encroach on the President's constitutional power." K. A. Taipale of the World Policy Institute, James Jay Carafano of The Heritage Foundation , and Philip Bobbitt of Columbia Law School, among others, have argued that FISA may need to be amended to include, among other things, procedures for programmatic approvals, as it may no longer be adequate to address certain foreign intelligence needs and technology developments, including:
10323-547: The strong majority of Americans who want change now. Netroots Nation 2019 was held July 11-13 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , at the Pennsylvania Convention Center . The estimated attendance was 3,600. Democratic Party Presidential candidates Julián Castro , Kirsten Gillibrand , Jay Inslee , and Elizabeth Warren were in attendance. Notably, candidate Bernie Sanders did not personally attend, but he
10434-587: The transition from circuit-based communications to packet-based communications; the globalization of telecommunication infrastructure; and the development of automated monitoring techniques, including data mining and traffic analysis . John R. Schmidt, associate attorney general (1994–1997) in the Justice Department under President Bill Clinton, expressed a need for programmatic approval of technology-enabled surveillance programs. He recalled early arguments made by then-Attorney General Edward Levi to
10545-499: The type of surveillance, approved orders or extensions of orders may be active for 90 days, 120 days, or a year. FISA warrants require renewal depending on the type of surveillance and type of warrant either every 90 days (if targeting a U.S. person) or 120 days (if targeting a non-U.S. person). The Act created the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and enabled it to oversee requests for surveillance warrants by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies (primarily
10656-524: Was "Race-Class: How to Build a Truly Multi-racial Movement for Racial Justice and Shared Prosperity for all." At Saturday's closing keynote, Idaho gubernatorial candidate Paulette Jordan , and New York gubernatorial candidate Cynthia Nixon addressed the crowd. Congressional candidate Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez called for social, economic and racial justice for all working class Americans. Former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Julian Castro challenged progressives to reach, register and mobilize
10767-680: Was also a debate between Pennsylvania Senate candidates Rep. Joe Sestak and Sen. Arlen Specter . The keynote speaker was former US President Bill Clinton . The event captured international headlines when the Democratic Congressional leadership seemingly abandoned the "public option" during the Health Care debate and Howard Dean spoke forcefully that the party would reconsider this issue and not compromise on it. Former President Bill Clinton also made headlines in Pittsburgh when responding to
10878-478: Was amended in 2001 by the USA PATRIOT Act , primarily to include terrorism on behalf of groups that are not specifically backed by a foreign government. In 2004, FISA was amended to include a "lone wolf" provision. 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(1)(C) . A "lone wolf" is a non-U.S. person who engages in or prepares for international terrorism. The provision amended the definition of "foreign power" to permit
10989-626: Was at this event that Hillary Clinton refused to join John Edwards and Barack Obama in a pledge to stop taking money from Washington lobbyists. Before and after the debate the candidates held individual break-out sessions. Media coverage called out the emergence of the Netroots in political discourse (“Liberal bloggers can count the ways they are making their presence felt in the presidential race.” –Chicago Tribune) and predicted its influence beyond 2008 (“The Netroots appear to be here to stay. Much of
11100-591: Was attended by about 3,000 activists, its largest crowd ever. Jeff Merkley held the opening keynote speech. On June 22, Nancy Pelosi participated in a Q&A session and was booed by the audience for saying that Edward Snowden had broken the law by revealing information about the NSA’s surveillance programs and for defending Barack Obama on the issue. Netroots Nation 2014 was held at Cobo Center in Detroit , Michigan on July 17–21, 2014. Vice-President Joe Biden delivered
11211-531: Was called to address the ongoing War of 1812 , as well as, an array of problems arising from the growth of the federal government. Single state conventions may be called due to a provision of the state's constitution, by referendum, or in response to amendment proposal from Congress. To date, there have been 233 state-level conventions in the history of the United States, all of which convened to revise or even entirely rewrite their state constitutions. In each and everyone of these convention, delegates were elected to
11322-519: Was created to provide judicial and congressional oversight of the government's covert surveillance activities of foreign entities and individuals in the United States, while maintaining the secrecy needed to protect national security. FISA came into public prominence in December 2005 following an article in The New York Times that described a program of warrantless domestic wiretapping ordered by
11433-970: Was held June 16–19 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , and drew 2,400 people. Prominent featured speakers included Rep. Debbie Wasserman-Schultz , former Senator Russ Feingold , Minneapolis mayor R. T. Rybak , former Vermont governor Howard Dean , Van Jones , White House Communications Director Daniel Pfeiffer , John Aravosis , Shannon Augare , Senator Mark Begich , Senator Ben Cardin , Rep. Judy Chu , Lt. Dan Choi , Rep. Keith Ellison , Tarryl Clark , Dr. Heidi Cullen , Rep. Donna Edwards , Maj. Gen. Paul Eaton , Laura Flanders , Sen. Al Franken , Rep. John Garamendi , Rep. Luis Gutierrez , Jane Hamsher and Montana State Rep. Ellie Hill . Netroots Nation 2011 also had an international presence, with bloggers and activists from 24 countries—including Germany , Morocco , Yemen , Iran , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan and China —participating. The conference culminated in
11544-574: Was held at Pittsburgh 's David L. Lawrence Convention Center , on August 13–16. Pittsburgh was chosen in part because it is a leader in LEED Certified green building technology, with more square footage of green buildings than any other city in the country. Another reason was Pittsburgh's rich labor union history . Prominent speakers included President Bill Clinton , Valerie Jarrett , former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean , SEIU's Anna Burger , former New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine and Dean Baker . There
11655-583: Was initially limited to government use of electronic surveillance, subsequent amendments have broadened the law to regulate other intelligence-gathering methods, including physical searches, pen register and trap and trace (PR/TT) devices, and compelling the production of certain types of business records. FISA has been repeatedly amended since the September 11 attacks , with several added provisions garnering political and public controversy due to privacy concerns. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)
11766-407: Was introduced on May 18, 1977, by Senator Ted Kennedy and was signed into law by President Carter on 25 October 1978. The bill was cosponsored by nine Senators: Birch Bayh , James O. Eastland , Jake Garn , Walter Huddleston , Daniel Inouye , Charles Mathias , John L. McClellan , Gaylord Nelson , and Strom Thurmond . The FISA resulted from extensive investigations by Senate Committees into
11877-433: Was represented by others from his 2020 campaign, including national co-chair Nina Turner . Also in attendance were Ilhan Omar , Ayanna Pressley , and Rashida Tlaib . They are three of four members of the informal group of freshman U.S. Representatives which includes Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez , known as "The Squad", who are all progressive women of color. Convention (meeting) A convention (or event ), in
11988-468: Was required in order for the domestic surveillance to satisfy the Fourth Amendment. Justice Powell wrote that the decision did not address this issue that "may be involved with respect to activities of foreign powers or their agents". Immediately preceding FISA, a number of courts squarely addressed the issue of "warrantless wiretaps". In both United States v. Brown , 484 F.2d 418 (5th Cir. 1973), and United States v. Butenko , 494 F.2d 593 (3rd Cir. 1974),
12099-465: Was scheduled for mid-summer July 16 in Phoenix, Arizona . The 2015 convention was one of the most diverse events to date. A majority of panelists were people of color (62%) and women (63%). This also was a year where the focus of convention was Latinx and immigration issues. A record 280 scholarships for DREAMers and organizers of color were distributed, helping them gain access to activist trainings throughout
12210-568: Was the case with the Annapolis Convention that ultimately led to the framing of the Constitution. Since ratification however, it has become widely understood that the Constitution recognizes the authority of states and state legislatures to appoint commissioners to these type of conventions,. Although any agreements they may reach are subject to Congressional approval under the Commerce Clause . Examples of this form of convention include
12321-675: Was the most diverse event to date, with 69 percent of selected speakers and moderators being people of color. The opening keynote featured the New Georgia Project's Nse Ufot , Jason Kander , Joe Sanberg , Mustafa Ali , then-FL Gubernatorial Candidate Andrew Gillum , Former Rep. Donna Edwards , then-GA Gubernatorial Candidate Stacey Abrams , and Rep. Barbara Lee . On Friday, plenary speakers included West Virginia activist Paula Jean Swearengen , former Congressional candidate Randy Bryce, Rep. Ruben Gallego , Kimberlé Crenshaw , and Janine Jackson . Panels featured activists from across
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