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69-732: After the establishment of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) in 1804, Bible societies were set up in many European countries to facilitate the affordable publishing and distribution of the Bible, particularly in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars . This was only possible in the Netherlands after the withdrawal of the French occupation army over the course of 1813 after eight years of French domination and direct occupation. Local Bible societies were set up in

138-733: A New Testament in the West Timorese Roti language was published by the NBG. It was only after the establishment of the United Bible Societies (UBS) in 1946 and the Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia ( transl.  Indonesian Bible Society; LAI ) in 1951 was the responsibility for translating the Bible into languages other than Dutch was transferred from the NBG to the UBS and LAI. Bibles and Bible portions translated and published by

207-560: A group of Christians, associated with the Religious Tract Society , sought to address the problem of a lack of affordable Bibles in Welsh for Welsh-speaking Christians. Many young girls had walked long distances to Thomas Charles to get copies of the Bible. Later the story was told of one of them – a young girl called Mary Jones who walked over 20 miles to get a Bible in Bala, Gwynedd . BFBS

276-563: A list of the canon of the Old Testament and the New Testament, including the deuterocanonical books as canonical: Now the whole canon of Scripture on which we say this judgment is to be exercised, is contained in the following books: – Five books of Moses, that is, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; one book of Joshua the son of Nun; one of Judges; one short book called Ruth; next, four books of Kings [the two Books of Samuel and

345-567: A modern Dutch language ecumenical translation of the Bible. Efforts remain stymied by various reasons and it was decided to first publish an ecumenical translation using vernacular Dutch. This took off from the 1972 Groot Nieuws voor U translation of the New Testament and by 1983, the full Bible including the Deuterocanonical books was published in 1983 as the Groot Nieuws Bijbel ( transl.  Great News Bible ). This version

414-574: Is delivered on the ground through the close relationship they have with each of their fellow Bible Societies. Deuterocanonical books The deuterocanonical books , meaning 'of, pertaining to, or constituting a second canon ', collectively known as the Deuterocanon ( DC ), are certain books and passages considered to be canonical books of the Old Testament by the Catholic Church ,

483-523: Is new translation in contemporary vernacular Dutch and the first copy was presented to King Willem-Alexander , the patron of the NBG, on 1 October 2014. Not long after its establishment, the NBG also turned its attention to the distribution of the Bible in the Dutch East Indies . It started by reprinting the 1733 Leydekker Bible in Malay . In 1823, the NBG had also started its own initiative in translating

552-684: The Benedictus , the Nunc dimittis from Luke's birth narrative, and the conclusion of the hymn that begins with the "Gloria in Excelsis". Beckwith states that manuscripts of anything like the capacity of Codex Alexandrinus were not used in the first centuries of the Christian era, and believes that the comprehensive codices of the Septuagint, which start appearing in the 4th century AD, are all of Christian origin. In

621-574: The Council of Carthage confirmed the canon issued at Hippo; the recurrence of the Old Testament part is stated: Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , Joshua the son of Nun , Judges , Ruth , four books of Kings [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two books of Paraleipomena [1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles], Job , the Psalter , five books of Solomon [ Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Wisdom of Solomon , and Ecclesiasticus ],

690-551: The Council of Laodicea , Athanasius , Cyril of Jerusalem , and Epiphanius of Salamis , the Book of Jeremiah forms a single book together with Baruch, Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah, also called the Epistle of Jeremiah.) The Synod of Hippo (in 393 AD), followed by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419) , may be the first councils that explicitly accepted

759-688: The Councils of Rome (382 AD), Hippo (393 AD), Carthage (397 AD and 419 AD), Florence (1442 AD) and Trent (1546 AD), but which were not in the Hebrew canon. Forms of the term “deuterocanonical” were adopted after the 16th century by the Eastern Orthodox Church to denote canonical books of the Septuagint not in the Hebrew Bible, a wider selection than that adopted by the Council of Trent, and also by

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828-709: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Church include other books in their canons . The deuterocanonical books are included in the Septuagint , the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. They date from 300 BC to 100 AD, before the separation of the Christian church from Judaism , and they are regularly found in old manuscripts and cited frequently by the Church Fathers , such as Clement of Rome , Clement of Alexandria , Origen , Irenaeus , Tertullian , among others. According to

897-609: The Eastern Orthodox Church , the Oriental Orthodox Church , and the Church of the East . In contrast, modern Rabbinic Judaism and Protestants regard the DC as Apocrypha . Seven books are accepted as deuterocanonical by all the ancient churches: Tobit , Judith , Baruch , Ecclesiasticus , Wisdom , First and Second Maccabees and also the Greek additions to Esther and Daniel . In addition to these,

966-752: The Epistle of Jeremiah and the Maccabees . The twenty-two books of the Hebrews are the following: That which is called by us Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Jesus, the son of Nave (Joshua book); Judges and Ruth in one book; the First and Second of Kings (1 Samuel and 2 Samuel) in one; the Third and Fourth of Kings (1 Kings and 2 Kings) in one; of the Chronicles, the First and Second in one; Esdras, First and Second (Ezra–Nehemiah) in one;

1035-605: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church to apply to works believed to be of Jewish origin translated in the Old Testament of the Ethiopic Bible , a wider selection still. The acceptance of some of these books among early Christians was widespread, though not universal, and surviving Bibles from the early Church always include, with varying degrees of recognition, books now called deuterocanonical . Some say that their canonicity seems not to have been doubted in

1104-775: The Gelasian Decree , the Council of Rome (382 AD) defined a list of books of scripture as canonical. It included most of the deuterocanonical books. Patristic and synodal lists from the 200s, 300s and 400s usually include selections of the deuterocanonical books. Canonical for the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Church of the East: Canonical only for

1173-464: The Hebrew Bible contained 22 canonical books. The same number of 22 books was reported also by the Christian bishop Athanasius , but they might differ on the exact content (see below for Athanasius), as Josephus did not provide a detailed list. Origen of Alexandria ( c.  240 AD ), cited by Eusebius , described the Hebrew Bible as containing 22 canonical books. Among these books he listed

1242-574: The New Testament are taken from the Koine Greek Septuagint (LXX), editions of which include the deuterocanonical books, as well as apocrypha – both of which are called collectively anagignoskomena ("readable, worthy of reading"). No two Septuagint codices contain the same apocrypha. Greek Psalm manuscripts from the fifth century contain three New Testament "psalms": the Magnificat ,

1311-750: The SPCK . The first Romani translation was the Gospel of Luke into the Caló language of Iberia. A report in the 13 November 1824 edition of the Buffalo Emporium and General Advertiser (NY) , stated that the BFBS "since its establishment, has distributed 1,723,251 Bibles, and 2,529,114 Testaments — making a total of 4,252,365." From the early days, the Society sought to be ecumenical and non-sectarian. The Controversy in 1825–26 about

1380-598: The Second World War , many felt that a translation based on similar principles was needed. This resulted in the publishing of the Groot Nieuws voor U ( transl.  Great News For You ) translation of the New Testament, primarily as a result of the work of A. W. G. Jaake. The NBG also commissioned a revised edition of the Statenvertaling by establishing a revision committee under Rev. C. A. Tukker. This revision

1449-559: The "wider circulation and use" of the Scriptures. Bibles published by the BFBS have on their front page as publisher's name the BFBS's name translated into the text's language, e.g. "Société biblique britannique et étrangère" on Louis Segond 's French Bible or "Brita kaj Alilanda Biblia Societo" on the Esperanto bible compiled from L. L. Zamenhof 's papers after the latter's death. The British and Foreign Bible Society dates back to 1804 when

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1518-457: The 15 March 1879 edition of The Gazette (Montreal) , noted that the total circulation by the BFBS "has been 82,000,000...during the last seventy-five years" (since 1804). By 1909 it had issued 215,000,000 copies of the Bible. During World War One the Bible Society distributed more than nine million copies of Scripture, in over 80 languages, to combatants and prisoners of war on all sides of

1587-810: The Apocrypha and the Metrical Psalms resulted in the secession of the Glasgow and Edinburgh Bible Societies, which later formed what is now the Scottish Bible Society . This and another similar 1831 controversy about Unitarians holding significant Society offices resulted in a minority separating to form the Trinitarian Bible Society . The Bible Society extended its work to England, India, Europe and beyond. Protestant communities in many European countries (such as Croatia and Albania ) date back to

1656-620: The Bible and improve distribution channels. British and Foreign Bible Society The British and Foreign Bible Society , often known in England and Wales as simply the Bible Society , is a non-denominational Christian Bible society with charity status whose purpose is to make the Bible available throughout the world. The Society was formed on 7 March 1804 by a group of people including William Wilberforce and Thomas Charles to encourage

1725-495: The Bible in 1,431 languages. At that time it was distributing 173 million copies each year. The Society is working to circulate the Scriptures across the world, in the church and through the culture. The strategy of the Bible Society centres on Bible availability, accessibility and credibility - what it calls the 'lifecycle' of the Bible. These strategic approaches encompass all of its activity: translation, production, distribution, literacy, engagement and advocacy. To these aims

1794-654: The Bible into Javanese and other local languages of the East Indies. In 1826, the first NBG sponsored linguist and translator, Johann Friedrich Carl Gericke , was dispatched to Java and he completed a translation of the whole Bible in Javanese in 1854. The NBG also sponsored other linguists and translators, including Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk ( Batak ), Nicolaus Adriani ( Bare'e ), Benjamin Frederik Matthes ( Makassarese and Bugis ), and Hendrik Kraemer . In 1895,

1863-532: The Church until it was challenged by Jews after 100 AD, sometimes postulating a hypothetical Council of Jamnia . Regional councils in the West published official canons that included these books as early as the 4th and 5th centuries. The Catholic Encyclopedia states: The official attitude of the Latin Church, always favourable to them, kept the majestic tenor of its way. Two documents of capital importance in

1932-477: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Church: c.  100 BC – AD 100 (3:39–5:9) (3:39–5:9) Koine Greek, possibly originally Hebrew or Aramaic Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian Sixtus of Siena , who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism , to describe scriptural texts considered canonical by the Catholic Church, but which recognition

2001-858: The Epistle (of Jeremiah)". In Athanasius 's canonical books list (367 AD) the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah are included while Esther is omitted. At the same time, he mentioned that the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Sirach, Judith and Tobit, the book of Esther and also the Didache and The Shepherd of Hermas , while not being part of the Canon, "were appointed by the Fathers to be read". He excluded what he called "apocryphal writings" entirely. Epiphanius of Salamis ( c.  385 AD ) mentions that "there are 27 books given

2070-567: The Jews by God, but they are counted as 22, however, like the letters of their Hebrew alphabet, because ten books are doubled and reckoned as five". He wrote in his Panarion that Jews had in their books the deuterocanonical Epistle of Jeremiah and Baruch, both combined with Jeremiah and Lamentations in only one book. While Wisdom of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon were books of disputed canonicity. Augustine of Hippo ( c.  397 AD ), in his book On Christian Doctrine (Book II Chapter 8) , cites

2139-636: The Maccabees . (According to the Council of Laodicea , Athanasius , Cyril of Jerusalem , and Epiphanius of Salamis , the Book of Jeremiah forms a single book together with Baruch, Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah, also called the Epistle of Jeremiah.) The Apostolic Canons approved by the Eastern Council in Trullo in 692 AD (not recognized by the Catholic Church) states as venerable and sacred

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2208-507: The NBG in the languages and dialects of the Dutch East Indies include: In keeping with its goal of: the NBG uses multiple platforms to increase Bible accessibility and literacy in the Netherlands, including the setting up of an online portal; debijbel.nl , that provides online resources for the study of the Bible. The NBG, as a member of the UBS, also works closely with other affiliated Bible Societies to produce modern translations of

2277-495: The NBG reported: In 2021, the Dutch Bible Society agreed to fuse with the Flemish Bible Society to form the united Dutch-Flemish Bible Society. In 1847, the NBG decided to take up the work of publishing the Bible themselves. The version that was primarily distributed in the Netherlands then was the 1637 Statenvertaling ( transl.  State Translation , also known as the Statenbijbel or State Bible). The NBG appointed two colporteurs in 1890 specially for distribution in

2346-492: The New Testament, Hebrews 11:35 is understood by some as referring to an event that was recorded in one of the deuterocanonical books, 2 Maccabees . For instance, the author of Hebrews references oral tradition which spoke of an Old Testament prophet who was sawn in half in Hebrews 11:37, two verses after the 2nd Maccabees reference. Other New Testament authors such as Paul also reference or quote period literature. The Jewish historian Josephus ( c.  94 AD ) wrote that

2415-538: The Old Testament and that it was considered canonical by Jews and Christians. On the other hand, the contrary claim has been made: "In the catalogue of Melito, presented by Eusebius, after Proverbs, the word Wisdom occurs, which nearly all commentators have been of opinion is only another name for the same book, and not the name of the book now called 'The Wisdom of Solomon'." Cyril of Jerusalem ( c.  350 AD ) in his Catechetical Lectures cites as canonical books "Jeremiah one, including Baruch and Lamentations and

2484-501: The Protestants while the KBS and the Vlaamse Bijbelstichting ( transl.  Flemish Bible Foundation ) representing the Roman Catholics. A complete formal ecumenical translation of the Bible was finally published in 2004 as the Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling ( transl.  New Bible Translation ) and launched in Rotterdam by Queen Beatrix . In 2014, the NBG published the Bijbel in Gewone Taal ( transl.  Bible in Plain Language ). This translation, started in 2006,

2553-423: The Psalms. Also of the historical books, one book of Job, one of Tobit, one of Esther, one of Judith, two of Maccabees, two of Ezra [Ezra, Nehemiah], two of Chronicles. In the 7th century Latin document the Muratorian fragment , which some scholars actually believe to be a copy of an earlier 170 AD Greek original, the book of the Wisdom of Solomon is counted by the church. Moreover, the epistle of Jude and two of

2622-437: The Qumran library of approximately 1,100 manuscripts found in the eleven caves at Qumran was not entirely produced at Qumran, but may have included part of the library of the Jerusalem Temple, that may have been hidden in the caves for safekeeping at the time the Temple was destroyed by Romans in 70 AD. Deuterocanonical and Apocryphal books included in the Septuagint are: The large majority of Old Testament references in

2691-405: The Society was the original publisher of translations the Bible into several contemporary languages, among which Louis Segond 's French Bible (1910) and L. L. Zamenhof 's Bible in Esperanto (1926). The Bible Society has by far the largest collection of Bibles in the world, with about 39,000 items. It includes its Chinese Collection which is the largest collection of Chinese Scriptures anywhere in

2760-513: The Son of Nun; The Judges; Ruth; The Kings, iv. books [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings]; The Chronicles, ii. books; Job; The Psalter; The Five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus]; The Twelve Books of the Prophets [Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi]; Isaiah; Jeremiah; Ezechiel; Daniel; Tobit; Judith; Esther; Ezra, ii. books [Ezra, Nehemiah]; Maccabees, ii. books. On 28 August 397,

2829-433: The Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach, Judith, Tobit and two books of Maccabees. Baruch is not specified by name in Rufinus's list, but it is in Cyril's, as though a part of Jeremiah, "Jeremiah, with Baruch, and the Lamentations and the Epistle." (Catech. 4, §36.) Pope Innocent I (405 AD) sent a letter to the bishop of Toulouse citing deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament canon. Which books really are received in

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2898-452: The above-mentioned (or, bearing the name of) John are counted (or, used) in the catholic [Church]; and [the book of] Wisdom, written by the friends of Solomon in his honour. In later copyings of the canons of the Council of Laodicea (from 364 AD) a canon list became appended to Canon 59, likely before the mid fifth century, which affirmed that Jeremiah, and Baruch, the Lamentations, and the Epistle (of Jeremiah) were canonical, while excluding

2967-407: The book of Psalms; the Proverbs of Solomon; Ecclesiastes; the Song of Songs; Isaiah; Jeremiah, with Lamentations and the epistle (of Jeremiah) in one; Daniel; Ezekiel; Job; Esther. And besides these there are the Maccabees. Eusebius wrote in his Church History ( c.  324 AD ) that Bishop Melito of Sardis in the 2nd century AD considered the deuterocanonical Wisdom of Solomon as part of

3036-401: The books of the twelve prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezechiel , Daniel , Tobit , Judith , Esther , two books of Esdras [Ezra, Nehemiah], two Books of the Maccabees . In 419 AD, the Council of Carthage in its canon 24 lists the deuterocanonical books as canonical scripture: The Canonical Scriptures are as follows: Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , Joshua

3105-467: The canon, this brief addition shows. These therefore are the things of which you desired to be informed. Five books of Moses, that is, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, and Joshua the son of Nun, and Judges, and the four books of Kings [the two Books of Samuel and the two books of Kings] together with Ruth, sixteen books of the Prophets, five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus], and

3174-446: The catalogue of Trent. The African Church, always a staunch supporter of the contested books, found itself in entire accord with Rome on this question. Its ancient version, the Vetus Latina, had admitted all the Old Testament Scriptures. St. Augustine seems to theoretically recognize degrees of inspiration; in practice he employs protos and deuteros without any discrimination whatsoever. Moreover in his "De Doctrinâ Christianâ" he enumerates

3243-414: The challenge. They printed New Testaments bound in khaki, stamped with a cross, for distribution via the Red Cross among sick and wounded soldiers, sailors and prisoners of war. On average between 6–7,000 volumes were sent out every working day for fighting men, the sick and wounded, the prisoners of war, exiles and refugees. That's over four copies distributed each minute, day and night, for the duration of

3312-422: The components of the complete Old Testament. The Synod of Hippo (393) and the three of Carthage (393, 397, and 419), in which, doubtless, Augustine was the leading spirit, found it necessary to deal explicitly with the question of the Canon, and drew up identical lists from which no sacred books are excluded. These councils base their canon on tradition and liturgical usage. The Book of Sirach , whose Hebrew text

3381-405: The countryside where the Bible was often difficult to obtain by laypeople . This was initially done by pushcart and later evolved into using horse-drawn carriages and trucks. These "Mobile Bible Houses" became a hallmark of the NBG's distribution programme until it was eventually discontinued in 2002. Over time the 17th century Statenvertaling had become less accessible to the general public due to

3450-414: The evolution and development of the Dutch language as well as the advances made in biblical scholarship. Earlier attempts in the 19th century to revised the Statenvertaling were not successful and in 1911 a group of scholars decided to embark on a new translation of the Bible in Dutch that would be translated from Greek manuscripts considered more reliable than the Textus Receptus while staying faithful to

3519-410: The first canon which includes a selection of books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed. Canon XXIV from the Synod of Hippo (in 393 AD) records the scriptures which are considered canonical; the Old Testament books as follows: Genesis; Exodus; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy; Joshua

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3588-651: The first three books of Maccabees and Wisdom of Sirach . The Council of Florence (1442) promulgated a list of the books of the Bible, including the books of Judith, Esther, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch and two books of the Maccabees as Canonical books: Five books of Moses, namely Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Joshua, Judges, Ruth, four books of Kings [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two of Paralipomenon [1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles], Esdras [Ezra], Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Job, Psalms of David, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel;

3657-504: The full Bible was published as the NBG Vertaling ( transl.  NBG Translation ). A new English translation of the New Testament using the principle of dynamic equivalence had been published in 1966 by the American Bible Society . Entitled Good New For Modern Man: The New Testament in Today's English Version , it was targeted at people who did not have English as their first language as well as people who had limited exposure to church. As Dutch society rapidly secularised after

3726-441: The history of the canon constitute the first formal utterance of papal authority on the subject. The first is the so-called "Decretal of Gelasius", the essential part of which is now generally attributed to a synod convoked by Pope Damasus in the year 382. The other is the Canon of Innocent I, sent in 405 to a Gallican bishop in answer to an inquiry. Both contain all the deuterocanonicals, without any distinction, and are identical with

3795-417: The idiomatic style of the Statenvertaling that the majority of Dutch Christians were familiar with. In 1927, the NBG got involved in the project and eventually became the main sponsor and coordinator. Translators in the project were from the Protestant church in the Netherlands and represented the various theological streams within Protestantism. In 1939 the New Testament was completed and published and in 1951

3864-402: The names of these prophets are as follows: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi; then there are the four greater prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, Ezekiel. According to the monk Rufinus of Aquileia ( c.  400 AD ) the deuterocanonical books were not called canonical but ecclesiastical books. In this category Rufinus includes

3933-855: The other deuterocanonical books. According to Decretum Gelasianum , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553, the Council of Rome (382 AD) cites a list of books of scripture presented as having been made canonical. This list mentions all the deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament canon: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kings IV books [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], Chronicles II books, 150 Psalms , three books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs], Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah, Jeremiah with Cinoth i.e. his lamentations , Ezechiel, Daniel, Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habbakuk Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Job, Tobit, Esdras II books [Ezra, Nehemiah], Ester, Judith, Maccabees II books. (According to

4002-410: The son of Nun , Judges , Ruth , four books of Kings [1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings], two books of Chronicles , Job , the Psalter , five books of Solomon [Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus], the books of the twelve prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezechiel , Daniel , Tobit , Judith , Esther , two books of Esdras [Ezra, Nehemiah], two Books of

4071-475: The two books of Kings], and two of Chronicles, Job, and Tobias, and Esther, and Judith, and the two books of Maccabees, and the two of Ezra [Ezra, Nehemiah]; one book of the Psalms of David; and three books of Solomon, that is to say Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes. For two books, one called Wisdom and the other Ecclesiasticus. Twelve separate books of the prophets which are connected with one another, and having never been disjoined, are reckoned as one book;

4140-417: The various provinces of the Netherlands and they were united as the NBG on 29 June 1814 on the initiative of the BFBS. The mission of the NBG was deliberately limited to the distribution of Bibles and literature with the work of evangelism being left to other agencies. The initial activities of the NBG was to purchase and redistribute Bibles or portions of the Bible affordably to the public. In November 1815,

4209-440: The war. Translation work never stopped – between August 1914 and November 1918, the Bible Society printed Scriptures in 34 new languages and dialects. This meant on average there was one new version every seven weeks during the whole period of war. For many years the headquarters of the society was in London; in 1972 its address was 146, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4. By 1972 it had published or distributed whole Bibles or parts of

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4278-453: The war. The Bible Society managed this despite immense challenges – supply shortages, rising paper costs, paper rationing, submarine blockades and the sinking of merchant shipping. Even greater than these physical difficulties was the emotional toll – former colleagues suddenly found themselves fighting on opposing sides. Bible salesmen throughout Europe were conscripted or volunteered into their respective armies. The Bible Society responded to

4347-414: The work of nineteenth-century BFBS Bible salesmen. Auxiliary branches were set up all over the world, which later became Bible Societies in their own right, and today operate in co-operation as part of the United Bible Societies . The Bible Society is a non-denominational Christian network which works to translate, revise, print, and distribute affordable Bibles in England and Wales. A newspaper article in

4416-412: The world. Since the society's move to Swindon in 1985 the library has been located in the library of the University of Cambridge . The Society's mission is global. Its work is organised into two categories: domestic and international. The Society is part of an international fellowship of over 140 Bible Societies around the world, known as the United Bible Societies . Its entire international programme

4485-500: Was already known from the Cairo Geniza , has been found in two of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2QSir or 2Q18, 11QPs_a or 11Q5) in Hebrew. Another Hebrew scroll of Sirach has been found in Masada (MasSir). Five fragments from the Book of Tobit have been found in Qumran written in Aramaic and in one written in Hebrew (papyri 4Q, nos. 196–200). The Letter of Jeremiah (or Baruch chapter 6) has been found in cave 7 (papyrus 7Q2 ) in Greek . Recent scholars have suggested that

4554-415: Was considered "secondary". For Sixtus, this term included portions of both Old and New Testaments. Sixtus considers the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark to be deuterocanonical. He also applies the term to the Book of Esther from the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The term was then taken up by other writers to apply specifically to those books of the Old Testament which had been recognised as canonical by

4623-399: Was not the first Bible Society in the world. The first organisation in Britain to be called "The Bible Society" was founded in 1779: it still exists and is called the Naval & Military Bible Society. The first BFBS translation project was the Gospel of John into Mohawk for Canada in 1804. In the British Isles BFBS reprinted Bibles in Welsh, Scots Gaelic and Manx Gaelic first produced by

4692-423: Was primarily a linguistic adaptation with modernised spelling used without any further substantial changes and was published in 1977 as the Statenvertaling 1977 (also known as the Tukkervertaling or Tukker Translation). After the Second World War , the NBG started collaborating with the Roman Catholic Katholieke Bijbelstichting ( transl.  Catholic Bible Foundation ; KBS ) to translate and produce

4761-412: Was revised in 1996 to incorporate the latest scholarship as well as contemporary changes in Dutch spelling. As a result of a 1989 meeting of the Consultative Council on the Bible, a decision was made to translate and publish a completely new ecumenical translation. In 1993, the translation work began with the NBG, and the Vlaams Bijbelgenootschap ( transl.  Flemish Bible Society ) representing

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