140-509: The Autons are an artificial life form from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and adversaries of the Doctor . They were originally created by scriptwriter Robert Holmes for Jon Pertwee 's first serial as the Doctor, Spearhead from Space (1970), and were the first monsters to be presented in colour on the series. They returned for the following season's Terror of
280-581: A Doctor Who Time Lords figurine set featuring the Rani and the Inquisitor in 2018. Multiple collectible trading cards of the Rani have been produced: O'Mara's performance as the Rani has been widely praised, with her portrayal deemed both memorable and definitive. Nur Hussein of SCIFI.radio described the performance as "delightfully over-the-top", and Harry Beckett of Doctor Who TV noted, "She looked exactly how an evil Time Lady should appear ... O'Mara had
420-803: A fair trial . The English monarchs, through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the Hundred Years' War , while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period. Early modern Britain saw religious conflict resulting from the Reformation and the introduction of Protestant state churches in each country. The English Reformation ushered in political, constitutional, social and cultural change in
560-472: A novelisation of Time and the Rani , written by Pip and Jane Baker. The Rani appears in the Virgin Missing Adventures spin-off novel State of Change (1994) by Christopher Bulis , set after The Mark of the Rani . The Master has escaped the Rani's sabotaged TARDIS, but left her adrift in a space-time bubble until she encounters a benign entity that creates a distorted pocket reality where
700-603: A sketch on The Charlotte Church Show showed the Doctor examining the inner thigh of a scantily clad female mannequin; when confronted by Church (playing his companion), he claimed that he thought it was an Auton. They appeared in issue 15 of Doctor Who – Battles in Time as the main theme of the issue. The Autons also appear in Lego Dimensions . They appear in the Doctor Who Level “The Dalek Extermination of Earth” when
840-509: A subpolar oceanic climate . Higher elevations in Scotland experience a continental subarctic climate and the mountains experience a tundra climate . The prevailing wind is from the southwest and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean, although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind. Since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions,
980-587: A welfare state was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the National Health Service , was created. The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain's much-diminished economic position, so that a policy of decolonisation was unavoidable. Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947. Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, and many became members of
1120-638: A Time Lord . Thanks to fan uproar, Doctor Who returned after just 18 months, with the new season 23 airing in September 1986. In the planned story for Yellow Fever and How to Cure It , the Sixth Doctor and Peri arrive in Singapore to find the Rani allied with the Nestene Consciousness to create Autons with bullets that can shoot around corners and hands that can melt the face of the adversary. The Master
1260-580: A cosmic scale. The Rani injects the Doctor with an amnesia drug, and disguises herself as his companion, Mel Bush ( Bonnie Langford ). She extracts information from his brain without taking into account his erratic nature, and he and Mel are eventually able to thwart the Rani's plans and free the Lakertyans. The Rani escapes in her TARDIS but it has been commandeered by the Tetraps, who take the Rani as their prisoner, having realized that she planned to let them die in
1400-531: A fan "Watch-along" of the episode "Rose," writer Russell T Davies wrote a sequel to the episode "Rose" entitled "Revenge of the Nestene." It depicts a surviving Auton after the events of the episode. Writing for Looper.com, Richard Chachowski included the Autons on a list of the show's greatest antagonists. While he states they are hard to take seriously, "their blank, unemotional faces and stiff movements make them some of
1540-402: A formidable foe and a person who you would not want to cross paths with." Caroline Frost of HuffPost UK called the Rani "one of the few characters to match the irrepressible [Doctor] for wit, power and supernatural abilities." The Rani's television portrayer, Kate O'Mara , described the character as "power-crazed" and "ruthless", noting that "one assumes that a creature such as the Rani, who
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#17328516805311680-502: A hole in time, allowing her access to the Doctor's timeline and cycle through his lives, causing him and his companions to jump back and forth between past and present incarnations. The Rani has been collecting specimens of every creature in the universe to create a supercomputer, and at one point unleashes her "menagerie", including a Cyberman , a Sea Devil and an Ogron , to attack the Fifth Doctor ( Peter Davison ). Her plan fails when
1820-774: A land border with the Republic of Ireland ; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the North Sea , the English Channel , the Celtic Sea , and the Irish Sea . The United Kingdom had an estimated population of over 68.2 million people in 2023. The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is London , whose wider metropolitan area is
1960-399: A leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide through the blockade of Africa and pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties. In 1800 the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. After the defeat of France at the end of
2100-400: A mannequin, being robotic in its movements and mute. However, more sophisticated Autons can be created, which look and act human except for a slight plastic sheen to the skin and a flat-sounding voice. In Series 5 of the relaunched Doctor Who series , they are shown as being able to create fully lifelike human replicas, able to fool other humans. The Nestenes are among the oldest beings in
2240-517: A multi-tentacled cephalopod . The Nestenes subsequently returned in the first serial of Pertwee's second year as the Doctor, Terror of the Autons , which also featured the introduction of the Master . In this attempt, the Nestenes also made use of more mundane, everyday plastic objects, animating plastic toys, inflatable chairs and artificial flowers in addition to their Auton servants. The Doctor convinced
2380-412: A nemesis of the series' title character, a Time Lord known as the Doctor . The Rani is an amoral biochemist who experiments on humans and other species, and considers everything secondary to her research. The character appeared in two classic serials, The Mark of the Rani (1985) and Time and the Rani (1987), before the original run of Doctor Who went off the air in 1989. The Rani later appeared as
2520-584: A new incarnation of the Rani, first appearing in the 2014 audio drama The Rani Elite , written by Justin Richards . In this Sixth Doctor audio adventure, the Rani attempts to reverse engineer chaos theory using the collective minds of the academic elite attending the College of Advanced Galactic Education. Redmond's incarnation of the Rani returns in the 2015 audio drama Planet of the Rani , having been imprisoned for 90 years and escaping to seek her revenge against
2660-818: A policy of splendid isolation in Europe, and attempted to contain Russian influence in Afghanistan and Persia , in what came to be known as the Great Game . During this time, Canada , Australia and New Zealand were granted self-governing dominion status. At the turn of the century, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the German Empire and the United States . The Edwardian era saw social reform and home rule for Ireland become important domestic issues, while
2800-408: A prepossessing sense of evil about her, a seductive look that could be both a sneer and a flirtatious smile." Dan Wilson of Metro wrote, "Kate O'Mara played the part to perfection. Powerful and dynamic, with more than a hint of dominatrix glam, she really made the part her own ... O'Mara soars above the bad writing ... If the Rani is to return, then the actor who takes the role would do well to take
2940-504: A result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s, the government encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries . In the following decades, the UK became a more multi-ethnic society. Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, West Germany and Japan. The UK was the first democratic nation to lower its voting age to 18 in 1969. In
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#17328516805313080-487: A runtime of 45 minutes, in the intervening months a new season 23 was conceived that would consist of 14 episodes at 25 minutes each. Holmes was asked to continue with the story but as six 25-minute episodes, this version seeing the removal of the Master. He completed a story outline, but ultimately Yellow Fever and How to Cure It and other planned serials were set aside in favor of a season-spanning arc called The Trial of
3220-777: A series of connected wars (including the English Civil War ) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the execution of King Charles I , and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland. Although the monarchy was restored , the Interregnum along with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689 in England and Claim of Right Act 1689 in Scotland ensured that, unlike much of
3360-453: A sixty foot cliff and gets back up again, as the greatest stunt in the series, highlighting the accidental nature of the stunt and how it made "the Autons seem uncanny... creatures who felt no pain." The image of store mannequins coming to life in Spearhead from Space , in full colour and shooting people down in the street, is one of the series' iconic moments and is often cited as an example of
3500-486: A trilogy of made-for-video films, titled Auton , Auton 2: Sentinel and Auton 3 . These stories featured UNIT battling the Consciousness. In the first film, a Nestene energy unit and several Autons captured by UNIT in Spearhead from Space are accidentally reactivated. In the sequels, the escaped Autons attempt to awaken several dormant Nestenes put in place since before the development of human civilization. Though BBV
3640-541: A villain opposite him on Doctor Who . This renewed buzz about the Rani's potential return portrayed by Anderson, who had been discussed in association with the role as far back as the 2010 debut of Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor . As of 2024, the Rani has yet to return to the series. However since Gatwa’s casting was revealed she has been referenced by name twice. In " Tales of the TARDIS : The Curse of Fenric " (2023)
3780-489: Is a contemporary of both the Doctor and his longtime enemy, the Master , the three having attended the Time Lord Academy together in their youth. Radio Times described the Rani as "the renegade Time Lady who is as evil as the Doctor is good" and the Doctor's "archest of villains". Harry Beckett wrote for Doctor Who TV that "her Machiavellian personality and sheer doggedness in achieving scientific results made her
3920-423: Is a scientist, is totally amoral and prepared to sacrifice all in the cause of science." Nur Hussein of SCIFI.radio called the Rani "iconic", writing that "Unlike the power-hungry villain archetype of the Master, the Rani was a ruthless evil scientist who wasn't interested in ruling the universe as much as she wanted to understand it, no matter the cost ... her amoral pursuit of science was an interesting foil for
4060-417: Is also in Singapore, jealous of the Rani's arrangement with the Nestene and intent on interfering with it. The original run of Doctor Who was broadcast from 1963 to 1989, and the series was revived in 2005. Doctor Who fandom has frequently asked for the return of the Rani, considered a popular fan-favorite thanks to O'Mara's standout performance. New casting announcements for female adversaries of
4200-481: Is only the one specific nominal term 'Great Britain' which invariably excludes Northern Ireland". The BBC historically preferred to use "Britain" as shorthand only for Great Britain, though the present style guide does not take a position except that "Great Britain" excludes Northern Ireland. The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and nationality . People of
4340-525: Is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index . A law has been passed that UK greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2050. England accounts for 53 per cent of the UK, covering 50,350 square miles (130,395 km ). Most of the country consists of lowland terrain, with upland and mountainous terrain northwest of the Tees–Exe line which roughly divides
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4480-669: Is rescued by the Third Doctor , but it was dropped before filming for reasons of time and expense. A third appearance was planned for the aborted 1986 season during Colin Baker 's tenure as the Doctor, but never materialized. Titled Yellow Fever and How to Cure It , it was supposed to be set in Singapore , with appearances by the Rani and the Master. The story, which was to be scripted by the veteran writer Robert Holmes , only exists in outline form. When
4620-592: Is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole. The word England is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK. The term "Britain" is used as a synonym for Great Britain , but also sometimes for the United Kingdom. Usage is mixed: the UK Government prefers to use the term "UK" rather than "Britain" or "British" on its website (except when referring to embassies), while acknowledging that both terms refer to
4760-565: Is the Isle of Wight . Scotland accounts for 32 per cent of the UK, covering 30,410 square miles (78,772 km ). This includes nearly 800 islands , notably the Hebrides , Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. Scotland is the most mountainous constituent country of the UK, the Highlands to the north and west are the more rugged region containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including
4900-630: Is the highest peak in Wales. Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,704 kilometres) of coastline including the Pembrokeshire Coast . Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is Anglesey ( Ynys Môn ). Rani (Doctor Who) The Rani is a fictional character in the British BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who , portrayed by Kate O'Mara . She is a renegade Time Lord , and
5040-603: The Doctor Who universe , described as creatures which existed in the "Dark Times", along with the Racnoss , Great Vampires and Carrionites . Eventually, they sought to invade the Earth (in Spearhead from Space ), using more human-looking Autons to replace key government figures, although these plans were thwarted by UNIT with the help of the Doctor, who also destroyed their invasion form,
5180-572: The 1884 Reform Act championed by William Gladstone granting suffrage to a majority of males for the first time. The British population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation , causing significant social and economic stresses. By the late 19th century, the Conservatives under Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury initiated a period of imperial expansion in Africa , maintained
5320-524: The Atlantic slave trade , mainly between 1662 and 1807 when British or British-colonial slave ships transported nearly 3.3 million slaves from Africa. The slaves were taken to work on plantations , principally in the Caribbean but also North America . However, with pressure from the abolitionism movement , Parliament banned the trade in 1807, banned slavery in the British Empire in 1833, and Britain took
5460-624: The Battle of Culloden in 1746, after which the Scottish Highlanders were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of clan chiefs . The British colonies in North America that broke away in the American War of Independence became the United States . British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to India . British merchants played a leading part in
5600-645: The Cairngorms , Loch Lomond and The Trossachs and Ben Nevis which at 1,345 metres (4,413 ft) is the highest point in the British Isles. Wales accounts for less than 9 per cent of the UK, covering 8,020 square miles (20,779 km ). Wales is mostly mountainous, though South Wales is less mountainous than North and mid Wales . The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia and include Snowdon ( Welsh : Yr Wyddfa ) which, at 1,085 metres (3,560 ft),
5740-512: The Commonwealth of Nations . The UK was the third country to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal (with its first atomic bomb test, Operation Hurricane , in 1952), but the post-war limits of Britain's international role were illustrated by the Suez Crisis of 1956. The international spread of the English language ensured the continuing international influence of its literature and culture . As
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5880-731: The European Convention on Human Rights . The UK remained a great power with global diplomatic and military influence and a leading role in the United Nations and NATO . The UK broadly supported the United States' approach to the " war on terror " in the early 21st century. British troops fought in the War in Afghanistan , but controversy surrounded Britain's military deployment in Iraq , which saw
6020-568: The European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states. From the late 1960s, Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence (sometimes affecting other parts of the UK) conventionally known as the Troubles . It is usually considered to have ended with the 1998 Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement . Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in
6160-486: The Falkland Islands , leading to the 10-week Falklands War in which Argentine forces were defeated. The inhabitants of the islands are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty, expressed in a 2013 referendum . From 1984, the UK economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues. Another British overseas territory, Gibraltar , ceded to Great Britain in
6300-527: The French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace among the great powers (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became
6440-697: The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State , and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom. The UK became
6580-463: The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small socialist groups in 1900, and suffragettes campaigned for women's right to vote. Britain was one of the principal Allies that defeated the Central Powers in the First World War (1914–1918). Alongside their French, Russian and (after 1917) American counterparts, British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on
6720-476: The Nestene Consciousness , an extraterrestrial , disembodied gestalt intelligence which first arrived on Earth in hollow plastic meteorites . Their name comes from Auto Plastics , the company that was infiltrated by the Nestenes and subsequently manufactured their Auton shells in Spearhead From Space . Autons conceal deadly weapons within their hands, which can kill or vaporise their targets. The typical Auton does not look particularly realistic, resembling
6860-455: The Past Doctor Adventures novel The Quantum Archangel (2001). In this reality she, the Master, the Monk and Drax pose as a group of German scientists. The short story "Rescue", written by David Roden and published in the Doctor Who Yearbook 1995 , features the Rani rescuing Cyrian from a Cyberman invasion of his home planet DV Acrol 8, and establishing him as her companion before the events of Dimensions in Time . The Rani returns in
7000-405: The Representation of the People Act 1918 . After the war, Britain became a permanent member of the Executive Council of the League of Nations and received a mandate over a number of former German and Ottoman colonies. Under the leadership of David Lloyd George , the British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population. By
7140-463: The Soviet Union formed in 1941, leading the Allies against the Axis powers . There were eventual hard-fought victories in the Battle of the Atlantic , the North Africa campaign and the Italian campaign . British forces played important roles in the Normandy landings of 1944 and the liberation of Europe . The British Army led the Burma campaign against Japan, and the British Pacific Fleet fought Japan at sea. British scientists contributed to
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#17328516805317280-452: The United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a country in Northwestern Europe , off the coast of the continental mainland . It comprises England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The UK includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland , and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles , making up a total area of 94,354 square miles (244,376 km ). Northern Ireland shares
7420-449: The Western Front . The high fatalities of trench warfare caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order. Britain had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt. The consequences of the war persuaded the government to expand the right to vote in national and local elections to all adult men and most adult women with
7560-408: The coastline paradox . It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel , which at 31 miles (50 km) (24 miles (38 km) underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world. The UK contains four terrestrial ecoregions: Celtic broadleaf forests , English Lowlands beech forests , North Atlantic moist mixed forests , and Caledonian conifer forests . The area of woodland in
7700-436: The largest protest in British history in opposition to the government led by Tony Blair . The Great Recession severely affected the UK economy. The Cameron–Clegg coalition government of 2010 introduced austerity measures intended to tackle the substantial public deficits. Studies have suggested that policy led to significant social disruption and suffering. A referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 resulted in
7840-512: The 16th century and established the Church of England . Moreover, it defined a national identity for England and slowly, but profoundly, changed people's religious beliefs. Wales was fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England , and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown. In what was to become Northern Ireland, the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. In 1603,
7980-401: The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, is a key military base . A referendum in 2002 on shared sovereignty with Spain was rejected by 98.97% of voters in the territory. Around the end of the 20th century, there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The statutory incorporation followed acceptance of
8120-406: The 1970s, the Conservative government of the 1980s led by Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism , deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the Big Bang in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. In 1982, Argentina invaded the British territories of South Georgia and
8260-444: The 50th anniversary Sixth Doctor Puffin Books digital short story "Something Borrowed" (2013) by Richelle Mead . In this story, she poses as the fiancée of a Koturian nobleman to learn more about the species' unique form of regeneration, but is foiled by the Doctor and Peri. The Danbury Mint released a Doctor Who Chess Set in 1992, featuring a pewter figurine of O'Mara's Rani as the Black Queen . Eaglemoss Collections produced
8400-476: The 5th century) united with the Picts to create the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. In 1066, the Normans invaded England from northern France. After conquering England , they seized large parts of Wales , conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman-French culture. The Anglo-Norman ruling class greatly influenced, but eventually assimilated with,
8540-460: The Autons (1971), which also introduced the character of the Master , but they did not appear again in the original series. Holmes intended to feature the Autons for season 23 of Doctor Who in 1986 in a story entitled Yellow Fever and How to Cure It , which featured the Master and the Rani , but it was abandoned due to the programme being put on an 18-month hiatus. Autons are essentially life-sized plastic dummies, automatons animated by
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#17328516805318680-490: The Autons were initially planned to appear before being scrapped at an early stage in development. The Nestenes have also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off novels (which linked the Consciousness with the Great Old Ones of the Cthulhu Mythos , in particular as an offspring of Shub-Niggurath ). In the Sixth Doctor novel Business Unusual by Gary Russell , the Nestenes utilized computer games and plastic toys in another bid for world conquest. They later reappeared in
8820-464: The Brittonic area mainly to what was to become Wales , Cornwall and, until the latter stages of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, the Hen Ogledd (northern England and parts of southern Scotland). Most of the region settled by the Anglo-Saxons became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century. Meanwhile, Gaelic speakers in north-west Britain (with connections to the north-east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in
8960-430: The Doctor , another Time Lord who is technically a renegade as well. Time Lords are an ancient race of extraterrestrials from the planet Gallifrey who possess the ability to regenerate into a new form when mortally wounded or killed, and who utilize time travel technology in the form of spacecraft called TARDISes . In the Rani's backstory , she is banished from Gallifrey as a result of her radical experiments. She
9100-405: The Doctor are typically met with fan speculation that a new incarnation of the Rani has been cast, as was the case with Sarah Lancashire in 2008, Keeley Hawes and Michelle Gomez in 2014, and Barbara Flynn in 2021. In 2012, then-executive producer and showrunner Steven Moffat said, "People always ask me, 'Do you want to bring back the Rani?' No one knows who the Rani is. They all know who
9240-419: The Doctor to regenerate from Colin Baker's Sixth Doctor into McCoy's seventh incarnation. Time Lord regeneration is a device used by the series since 1966 to accommodate the recasting of prominent characters like the Doctor. The 1987 novelisation of Time and the Rani explains that after the events of The Mark of the Rani , the Rani and the Master escaped the Tyrannosaurus rex because it broke its spine on
9380-445: The Doctor's TARDIS to crash on the planet Lakertya and triggers the Doctor to regenerate. Aided by bat-like alien Tetraps , the Rani has taken control of the planet and its peaceful inhabitants. She has created a giant "time brain", using intelligence drawn from geniuses across time and space, which she intends to use to make the calculations necessary to turn Lakertya into a Time Manipulator that would allow her to manipulate evolution on
9520-431: The Doctor's time traveling TARDIS is stuck with the exterior form of a 1963 police telephone call box due to an irreparable " chameleon circuit ", the Rani's TARDIS is unbroken and retains its ability to disguise itself. Like the Doctor's, the Rani's TARDIS is paradoxically "bigger on the inside", with a similar console. The Rani, portrayed by Kate O'Mara, first appears in the 1985 classic Doctor Who serial The Mark of
9660-436: The Doctor. She arrives on the planet Miasimia Goria, a world she once ruled over, where the current leader, Raj Kahnu, regards her as his mother whilst also harbouring deep contempt for her. Kahnu, a genetically engineered humanoid who resides inside the body of a mechanical cockroach, later allows the Rani to leave the planet in a TARDIS survival pod that her previous incarnation had left there. A novelisation of The Mark of
9800-501: The Doctor." Doctor Who TV designated the character "an absolutely wonderful Doctor Who villain because her motivation is purely for scientific results." Mark Donaldson of Screen Rant noted, "The Rani didn't have the Master's obsession with the Doctor. She was never particularly interested in the Doctor and the Master's games." The character has also been described as glamorous, rapacious, cunning and evil, powerful and dynamic, dastardly and possessing fiendish cleverness. While
9940-543: The Egyptians possess 20th-century technology, due to their access to the databanks of a duplicate of the Doctor's TARDIS console. The Rani tries her hand at political machinations in this reality before the intervention of the Doctor breaks her control over the entity, at which point she escapes in her repaired TARDIS. The Rani is mentioned in BBC Books ' Eighth Doctor Adventure novel The Ancestor Cell (2000) by Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole . The Eighth Doctor's former companion, Fitz Kreiner , claims to have killed
10080-789: The Manhattan Project whose task was to build an atomic weapon. Once built, it was decided, with British consent, to use the weapon against Japan. The UK was one of the Big Three powers (along with the US and the Soviet Union) who met to plan the post-war world ; it drafted the Declaration by United Nations with the United States and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . It worked closely with
10220-425: The Master ( Anthony Ainley ), is also present, with his own plan to speed up Earth's development and use the planet as a power base. The Doctor eventually foils the Rani and the Master and the villains escape in the Rani's TARDIS, but the Doctor has sabotaged the navigational system and velocity regulator. As the ship spins out of control, one of the Rani's specimen jars containing a Tyrannosaurus rex embryo falls to
10360-423: The Master is, they know Daleks, they probably know who Davros is, but they don't know who the Rani is, so there's no point in bringing her back." The following year, Harry Beckett of Doctor Who TV voiced his desire for the Rani to return, and noted that despite Moffat's comments, the producer had indeed brought back other lesser known old characters to the series. In late 2013, O'Mara said she would love to reprise
10500-492: The Master that the Nestenes were too dangerous to be reliable allies, and they reversed the radio beam the invasion force was coming in on, sending it back into space. This would be The Nestenes and the Autons final appearance in Doctor Who's original run. They would not return again until the episode Rose in 2005. Early drafts of " The Five Doctors " (1983) featured a scene where Sarah Jane Smith encountered some Autons and
10640-472: The Name of Great Britain". The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former Kingdom of Great Britain , although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain". The Acts of Union 1800 formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland and the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922, which left Northern Ireland as
10780-605: The Normans conquered England . With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales , the domination of Scotland , and the establishment of the British Empire . Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War . In 1707,
10920-454: The Rani , written by Pip and Jane Baker and starring Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor . When cast as the Rani, O'Mara was known as a prolific theatre actress with extensive credits on film and television. She had previously co-starred with Baker as business adversaries Jane Maxwell and Paul Merroney on the hit drama series The Brothers from 1975 to 1976. In 2013, O'Mara noted that
11060-446: The Rani her favorite of the episodes she performed in the series. In her 2003 autobiography Vamp Until Ready , she said that while shooting The Mark of the Rani , she was treated much differently by crew members who did not recognize her while made up as an old crone, versus when she was transformed by flashy wardrobe, hair and "my most glamorous make-up." O'Mara credited Dynasty 's Joan Collins , whose sister O'Mara played on
11200-686: The Rani , written by Pip and Jane Baker, was published by Target Books in January 1986. The Rani is the villain in Race Against Time , a 1986 Choose Your Own Adventure -style children's gamebook , also written by the Bakers, which is part of the Make Your Own Adventure with Doctor Who series. In the story, the Sixth Doctor recruits the reader to help him defeat the Rani and her dangerous Time Destabilizer. In December 1987, Target Books published
11340-436: The Rani . At the time of her death in 2014, O'Mara was in negotiations with Big Finish Productions to reprise the Rani in a new Doctor Who audio drama. Producer David Richardson said: The Rani's return was very much prompted by Kate ... Her agent contacted me and said that she would love to reprise the role with us, and when I mentioned this to executive producer Nicholas Briggs and script editor Alan Barnes they leapt at
11480-598: The Rani and the Master and now displays their skulls as trophies. The Past Doctor Adventure novel Divided Loyalties (1999) by Gary Russell features a dream sequence where the Rani is one of a group of promising young Time Lords called "the Deca" which include many future renegades, including the Doctor, the War Chief , the Meddling Monk and the Master. The Rani briefly appears in an artificially created parallel universe in
11620-475: The Rani had been specifically written for her. In The Mark of the Rani , the Sixth Doctor's TARDIS is thrown off course and arrives in a 19th century English mining town during the Industrial Revolution . He and his human companion , Peri Brown ( Nicola Bryant ), encounter the Rani, a Time Lord and old acquaintance of the Doctor's who rules the planet Miasimia Goria. Her biological experimentation on
11760-701: The Scottish electorate voting by 55.3 to 44.7% to remain part of the United Kingdom. In 2016, 51.9 per cent of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union . The UK left the EU in 2020. On 1 May 2021, the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the UK's economy , caused major disruptions to education and had far-reaching impacts on society and politics in 2020 and 2021. The United Kingdom
11900-548: The Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy . The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. A developed country ,
12040-525: The Seventh Doctor and his companion Ace ( Sophie Aldred ) overload her computer, sending the Rani, her companion Cyrian ( Samuel West ) and her TARDIS into the time tunnel. In late 1984, Nathan-Turner engaged Robert Holmes to write a three-part story, later called Yellow Fever and How to Cure It , for season 23 of Doctor Who . The serial was to feature the Sixth Doctor, Peri and Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart ( Nicholas Courtney ) facing off against
12180-492: The UK has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state , and is ranked fifth globally in military expenditure . The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , Council of Europe , G7 , OECD , NATO , Five Eyes , AUKUS and CPTPP . British influence can be observed in
12320-484: The UK in 2023 is estimated to be 3.25 million hectares, which represents 13% of the total land area in the UK. Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round. The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below 0 °C (32 °F ) or rising above 30 °C (86 °F). Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience
12460-908: The UK into lowland and upland areas. Lowland areas include Cornwall , the New Forest , the South Downs and the Norfolk Broads . Upland areas include the Lake District , the Pennines , the Yorkshire Dales , Exmoor , and Dartmoor . The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames , Severn , and the Humber . England's highest mountain is Scafell Pike , at 978 metres (3,209 ft) in the Lake District; its largest island
12600-402: The United Kingdom and that elsewhere "British government" is used at least as frequently as "United Kingdom government". The UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names recognises "United Kingdom", "UK" and "U.K." as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list "Britain" but notes that "it
12740-411: The United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours, which is just under 30% of the maximum possible. The hours of sunshine vary from 1200 to about 1580 hours per year, and since 1996 the UK has been and still is receiving above the 1981 to 2010 average hours of sunshine. Climate change has a serious impact on the country. A third of food price rise in 2023 is attributed to climate change. As of 2022, the United Kingdom
12880-436: The United Kingdom use several different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British , English , Scottish , Welsh , Northern Irish , or Irish ; or as having a combination of different national identities. Settlement by Cro-Magnons of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago. The island has been continuously inhabited only since
13020-663: The United Kingdom. The 1928 Equal Franchise Act gave women electoral equality with men in national elections. Strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the General Strike of 1926 . Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the First World War when the Great Depression (1929–1932) led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas, as well as political and social unrest with rising membership in communist and socialist parties. A coalition government
13160-626: The United States to establish the IMF , World Bank and NATO . The war left the UK severely weakened and financially dependent on the Marshall Plan , but it was spared the total war that devastated eastern Europe. In the immediate post-war years, the Labour government under Clement Attlee initiated a radical programme of reforms, which significantly impacted British society in the following decades . Major industries and public utilities were nationalised ,
13300-456: The Whirlwind , written by Pip and Jane Baker. The story takes place directly following the events of Time and the Rani , with the Rani as the prisoner of the Tetraps. Condemned to death, she plots her escape while being forced to use her scientific knowledge to help her captors replenish their dwindling food supply: blood. The title of the audio drama was originally announced as Resurrection of
13440-559: The acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies , particularly in North America and the Caribbean. Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the Treaty of Union of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments. On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed,
13580-413: The ceiling of the Rani's TARDIS due to its rapid growth. The end of Time and the Rani required O'Mara to be hung upside down like a bat, but after some blood vessels in her eyes burst, the studio nurse forbade filming her in that manner to continue. Shooting continued by turning the camera upside down and employing a wind machine to make O'Mara's hair fly upwards. In Time and the Rani , the Rani forces
13720-413: The conversion of Lakertya. Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times wrote that O'Mara's "arch delivery was the saving grace of Time and the Rani ." Doctor Who: The Television Companion also praised the actress: "Another highlight is Kate O'Mara's performance as the Rani which, although undeniably camp and over the top, perfectly suits the mood of the piece and is never less than entertaining. She almost steals
13860-466: The creepiest looking antagonists the Doctor encounters in his adventures across time and space." Writing in a review of " Spearhead from Space " for The AV Club , Christopher Bahn states that "The Autons are of secondary importance to the story," but also highlights that they "...provide some effectively chilling moments," highlighting Hugh Burden as the Auton duplicate of the character Channing, as well as
14000-697: The decades-long process of European integration , the UK was a founding member of the Western European Union , established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities (EC). In a 1975 referendum 67% voted to stay in it. When the EC became
14140-477: The eastern parts are the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream , bring mild winters, especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the southeast of England and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills. The average total annual sunshine in
14280-415: The enslaved populace has heightened their awareness but inadvertently compromised their ability to sleep, turning them violent and plunging the planet into chaos. To restore order, the Rani has been harvesting the neuro-chemical that promotes sleep from human brains, carrying this out in violent periods of Earth's history so the resulting aggression and sleeplessness go unnoticed. The Doctor's longtime nemesis,
14420-404: The first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the " Pax Britannica " between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history . However, its involvement in the First World War and
14560-575: The first year, Britain and its Empire continued the war against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. In 1940, the Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain . Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz . The Grand Alliance of Britain, the United States and
14700-486: The floor and begins to grow rapidly, leaving the Rani and the Master trapped by the creature. Mark Braxton of Radio Times praised the scenes between the Rani, the Doctor and the Master, and called O'Mara's performance "spirited". The Discontinuity Guide by Paul Cornell , Martin Day and Keith Topping noted that "the concept of the Rani mocking the ridiculous Master/Doctor rivalry is wonderful." O'Mara called The Mark of
14840-569: The formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of regions such as East Asia and Latin America . Throughout the Victorian era , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies. Beginning with the Great Reform Act in 1832, Parliament gradually widened the voting franchise , with
14980-731: The global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the Crimean War , allied with the Ottoman Empire against Tsarist Russia , participating in the naval battles of the Baltic Sea known as the Åland War in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland , among others. Following the Indian Rebellion in 1857 , the British government led by Lord Palmerston assumed direct rule over India . Alongside
15120-403: The kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots , inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal, and religious institutions. In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in
15260-565: The largest in Western Europe , with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic . In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement . In 1066,
15400-408: The last retreat of the ice around 11,500 years ago. By the end of the region's prehistoric period , the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed Insular Celtic , comprising Brittonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland . The Roman conquest , beginning in 43 AD, and the 400-year rule of southern Britain , was followed by an invasion by Germanic Anglo-Saxon settlers, reducing
15540-409: The legal and political systems of many of its former colonies , and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language , literature , music and sport . English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language . The Acts of Union 1707 declared that the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland were "United into One Kingdom by
15680-524: The local cultures. Subsequent medieval English kings completed the conquest of Wales and tried unsuccessfully to annex Scotland . Asserting its independence in the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath , Scotland maintained its independence thereafter, albeit in near-constant conflict with England . In 1215 the Magna Carta was the first document to state that no government was above the law, that citizens have rights protecting them and that they were entitled to
15820-655: The major part of the British Isles archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within 22 miles (35 km) of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the English Channel . The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London
15960-669: The mid-1920s, most of the British population could listen to BBC radio programmes. Experimental television broadcasts began in 1929 and the first scheduled BBC Television Service commenced in 1936. The rise of Irish nationalism , and disputes within Ireland over the terms of Irish Home Rule , led eventually to the partition of the island in 1921. A period of conflict in what is now Northern Ireland occurred from June 1920 until June 1922. The Irish Free State became independent, initially with Dominion status in 1922, and unambiguously independent in 1931 . Northern Ireland remained part of
16100-610: The newly-introduced Rani, the Master and the Autons , and would be shot in Singapore , where episodes of the BBC drama Tenko had been filmed. Once rights to the Rani were secured, all three episodes were commissioned together on 6 February 1985. However on 27 February 1985, BBC One announced that production of Doctor Who would take an extended hiatus, citing a decline in ratings and audiences' growing concerns over violence on television. While season 22 had consisted of 13 episodes, each with
16240-597: The novel Synthespians™ by Craig Hinton . In 2008, the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller again encountered Autons in the audio Brave New Town . These Autons were part of an old Soviet program to infiltrate Britain during the Cold War before the collapse of the Soviet Union left the Autons stuck in a loop in the fake British town created for the spies, eventually developing independence. A Tenth Doctor novel, Autonomy ,
16380-536: The older Seventh Doctor implies that the Rani was involved in the decision made by Ace ( Sophie Aldred ) to part company with him. In " Space Babies " (2023) the Fifteenth Doctor includes “the Rani” among the list of names used by various Time Lords when explaining his own name to Ruby Sunday ( Millie Gibson ). The Rani, voiced by O'Mara, is the lead character of the 2000 BBV Productions audio drama The Rani Reaps
16520-463: The only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed in 1927 to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as countries . The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom. Some statistical summaries, such as those for
16660-413: The opportunity ... Justin [Richards] wrote The Rani Elite for us, and we were just a few weeks away from recording when the terrible news reached us that Kate had passed away. At first, we were not sure what to do—until Kate's agent again got in touch again, and said that it had been Kate’s wish that we proceed with a new incarnation of the Rani. Scottish actress Siobhan Redmond was subsequently cast as
16800-507: The player time travels to Central London in 2015 using the TARDIS . Whenever the player destroys a purple rock, the Autons come to life from the shop windows and attack the player. They also appear in the Doctor Who adventure world as encounterable enemies. The Autons appear in one of the Doctor Who and Mr. Men mash-up books, published under the Doctor Men series of books. During 2020, as part of
16940-502: The principal villain in Dimensions in Time , a 1993 Doctor Who charity television special for BBC Children in Need . The character has since been featured in multiple Doctor Who audio dramas and novels. The Rani is a renegade Time Lord and amoral scientist who engages in unscrupulous biological experimentation on humans and other species. She is a nemesis of the series' title character,
17080-497: The rest of Europe, royal absolutism would not prevail, and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne. The British constitution would develop on the basis of constitutional monarchy and the parliamentary system . With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. During this period, particularly in England, the development of naval power and the interest in voyages of discovery led to
17220-568: The result of the Acts of Union 1707 between the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland . In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under Robert Walpole , in practice the first prime minister (1721–1742). A series of Jacobite uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart . The Jacobites were finally defeated at
17360-538: The role, and that her age would be "an idea to be exploited." She explained, “To have a much older woman as your adversary, there's something interesting about that. She's learned so much over the centuries—it would be like in the fairy stories, where it's always the old woman who is the most frightening." O'Mara died in March 2014. After being cast as the Fifteenth Doctor in 2022, Ncuti Gatwa voiced his desire to have his Sex Education co-star, Gillian Anderson , play
17500-461: The scene in which the Autons break out of the shop windows. Writing for Doctor Who TV, Raphael Kiyani praised the Autons role in "Rose" as something "children could be scared about every time they walk down the streets," and further highlights that "Every time I see a shop-window I can’t help but think of the Autons, so it’s a powerful image." Den of Geek writer Andrew Blair listed the scene in which stuntman Terry Walsh , playing an Auton, falls down
17640-470: The series in 1987, for making "being an 'older woman' acceptable" in television and film. O'Mara returned as the Rani in the 1987 classic Doctor Who serial Time and the Rani , again written by Pip and Jane Baker but this time starring Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor . The Rani is the only returning "arch-enemy" of the Doctor in the serial, and at the beginning of the story her attack forces
17780-480: The series was revived in 2005, producer and writer Russell T Davies chose the Autons as the first monster to be featured, though the name Auton is never used onscreen. The Nestenes infiltrated Earth once more, using warp shunt technology , in the opening episode of the 2005 series . In " Rose ", it was revealed that the Nestenes lost their food supply during the Time War when their protein planets rotted. Their intent
17920-639: The series' ability to make everyday things terrifying. The use of even more ordinary objects in Terror of the Autons — including the unmasking of a police officer as an Auton — caused public controversy about whether the programme was too frightening for children. The story also featured in a discussion in the House of Lords , where Baroness Bacon expressed worries about it being too frightening even for older children. United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as
18060-504: The shape of its features and limbs. The Autons later appeared in a flashback sequence taking place during the finale of "Rose" in the Series 2 episode Love & Monsters , and again cameoed as a sketch in John Smith's " A Journal of Impossible Things " in the episode " Human Nature ." The Autons returned in the 2010 episode " The Pandorica Opens ", alongside many other monsters from throughout
18200-408: The show's history, to trap the Eleventh Doctor . The Autons in this episode were programmed to believe they were the soldiers of a Roman legion, among them Rory Williams , using the memories of Amy Pond . They were very realistic and far more sophisticated than the average Auton, and their hands contained futuristic laser guns rather than projectile weapons. As in the 2005 appearance, the name "Auton"
18340-494: The show, in fact, and her impersonation of Bonnie Langford in the amusing sequence where the Rani fools the disorientated and drugged Doctor into believing that she is Mel is wickedly perceptive." The original run of Doctor Who went off the air in 1989. The Rani later appeared as the principal villain in Dimensions in Time , a 1993 Doctor Who charity television special written by John Nathan-Turner and David Roden, and supporting BBC Children in Need . The two-part special
18480-436: The twelve NUTS 1 regions , refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as "regions". Northern Ireland is also referred to as a "province". With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used "can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences". The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. It
18620-491: Was a crossover between Doctor Who and the long-running BBC soap opera EastEnders , in celebration of Doctor Who 's 30th anniversary. Needing a returning villain for the special, Nathan-Turner chose the Rani because she was popular with fans. In Dimensions in Time , the Rani attempts to trap the first seven incarnations of the Doctor in a time loop in Walford , the fictional setting of EastEnders . She has opened
18760-598: Was chosen as the defining point of the Prime Meridian at the International Meridian Conference in 1884. The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49° and 61° N , and longitudes 9° W and 2° E . Northern Ireland shares a 224-mile (360 km) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles (17,820 km) long, though measurements can vary greatly due to
18900-404: Was formed in 1931. Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system." After Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain entered the Second World War . Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government in 1940. Despite the defeat of its European allies in
19040-414: Was licensed to use the Nestenes, Autons and UNIT by the writers who created them, the canonicity of these films is unclear. In the first series of the televised Dead Ringers , in a sketch with Jon Culshaw visiting the London Eye (calling it an Interstitial Time Delay Helix ) in the persona of the Fourth Doctor , he humorously accused two tourists: "You are Autons from the planet Tosos!" In 2006,
19180-441: Was not used in dialogue; the phrase "Nestene duplicate" was introduced here to describe the copy of Rory. Due to the influences of the cracks in time, the Rory copy possessed the personality of the real Rory and was able to resist the Nestene's control, later working together with The Doctor to save the universe. The Autons were later mentioned in the series 12 episode Praxeus . According to an interview with writer Pete McTighe,
19320-429: Was released in September 2009 featuring the Autons. In the Doctor Who Annual 2006 , an article written by Russell T Davies mentions the loss of the Nestene Consciousness's planets during the Time War, and states that it "found itself mutating under temporal stress". This may be a reference to the difference between the portrayal of the Consciousness in Spearhead from Space and "Rose". In the late 1990s, BBV released
19460-432: Was the first country in the world to use an approved COVID-19 vaccine , developing its own vaccine through a collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca , which allowed the UK's vaccine rollout to be among the fastest in the world. The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 94,354 square miles (244,376 km ), with a land area of 93,723 square miles (242,741 km ). The country occupies
19600-499: Was to overthrow and destroy the human race, as Earth was ideal for their consumption needs, being filled with smoke, oil and various pollutants . They were eventually destroyed when Rose spilled a vial of the Doctor's "anti-plastic" solution into the vat of molten plastic which housed the main bulk of the Consciousness, causing it to explode. The episode established that the Nestenes animate the Autons by means of telepathic projection, and also featured an Auton facsimile that could change
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