58-682: Nesari is a village in Gadhinglaj Taluka of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra , India. As of 2011, it had a population of 21,000. It is about 20 kilometres from Gadhinglaj , and 30 kilometres from National Highway 48 (NH48). Nesari is located near the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The coordinates are 16°04′00″N 74°19′58″E / 16.066743°N 74.332702°E / 16.066743; 74.332702 . It has an average elevation of 625 meters, and average temperatures of 19 °C in winter and 26 °C in summer. According to
116-577: A spice to add "heat" to dishes. Capsaicin and the related capsaicinoids give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically . Chili peppers exhibit a range of heat and flavors. This diversity is the reason behind the availability of different types of chili powder , each offering its own taste and heat level. Chili peppers originated in Central or South America and were first cultivated in Mexico. European explorers brought chili peppers back to
174-677: A chemical irritant, for use as less-lethal weapons for control of unruly individuals or crowds. Such products have considerable potential for misuse, and may cause injury or death. Conflicts between farmers and elephants have long been widespread in African and Asian countries, where elephants nightly destroy crops, raid grain houses, and sometimes kill people. Farmers have found the use of chilies effective in crop defense against elephants. Elephants do not like capsaicin due to their large and sensitive olfactory and nasal system. The smell of chili causes them discomfort and deters them from feeding on
232-418: A fresh invasion. When King Shivaji heard of about Prataprao decision, he was incensed and wrote an angry letter to Prataprao refusing him permission to see him until such time, until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Prataprao realised his mistake and was so upset about what he had done that he now wanted to capture Bahlol Khan at any cost. One day, he learnt of Bahlol Khan camping nearby. Prataprao decided to make
290-441: A low capsaicin content can be cooked like bell peppers, for example stuffing and roasting them. Hotter varieties need to be handled with care to avoid contact with skin or eyes; washing does not efficiently remove capsaicin from skin. Chilies can be roasted over very hot coals or grilled for a short time, as they break up if overcooked. The leaves of every species of Capsicum are edible, being mildly bitter and nowhere near as hot as
348-418: A purely decorative garden plant. Psychologist Paul Rozin suggests that eating ordinary chilies is an example of a "constrained risk" like riding a roller coaster , in which extreme sensations like pain and fear can be enjoyed because individuals know that these sensations are not actually harmful. This method lets people experience extreme feelings without any significant risk of bodily harm. Capsaicin ,
406-423: A stand against Balol Khan at Nesari. Prataprao Gujar with 1200 troops versus Khan with 15000. So, Prataprao reasoned that there was no point in taking 1200 men to suicide with him. So, in a fit of anger and overreacting to the letter, he left alone, without asking his cavalry to charge. It was his personal honour at stake, not his army. On seeing their leader head to certain death, 6 other Maratha sardars joined him in
464-530: A strong agricultural sector and is known for its sugarcane , jaggery and red chili production. Kadgaon is at 16°14′09″N 74°18′15″E / 16.235854°N 74.304142°E / 16.235854; 74.304142 . It has an average elevation of 627 metres (2043 feet). It has an average weather of clear sky and temperature of around 15 °C in winter and 24 °C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur District . It
522-664: A variety of products. Drying enables chilies grown in temperate regions to be used in winter. For home use, chilies can be dried by threading them with cotton and hanging them up in a warm dry place to dry. Products include whole dried chilies, chili flakes, and chili powder , Fresh or dried chilies are used to make hot sauce , a liquid condiment —usually bottled for commercial use—that adds spice to other dishes. Dried chilies are used to make chili oil , cooking oil infused with chili. In 2020, 36 million tonnes of green chilies and peppers (counted as any Capsicum or Pimenta fruits) were produced worldwide, with China producing 46% of
580-468: Is 67.43% out of which 75.31% males and 60.05% females are literate. There are about 959 houses in basarge bk village. Pincode of basarge bk village locality is 416506. When it comes to administration, Basarge Bk village is administrated by a sarpanch who is elected representative of the village by the local elections. As per 2019 stats, Basarge Bk village comes under Chandgad assembly constituency & Kolhapur parliamentary constituency. Sankeshwar(karnataka)
638-465: Is a hydrophobic , colorless, odorless, and crystalline-to-waxy solid at room temperature. The quantity of capsaicin varies by variety, and depends on growing conditions. Water-stressed peppers usually produce stronger fruits. When a habanero plant is stressed, for example by shortage of water, the concentration of capsaicin increases in some parts of the fruit. When peppers are consumed by mammals such as humans, capsaicin binds with pain receptors in
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#1732844458359696-401: Is a taluka in Maharashtra . The city of Gadhinglaj is the taluka headquarters and Gadhinglaj subdivision headquarters as well. As of 2011, the taluka had a population of 874,015, of which 35% were urban. Languages spoken in this area are Marathi, Kannada, Hindi and English also. But the most-spoken language is Marathi, as Marathi is a state language. Gadhinglaj is a city and municipality in
754-728: Is a Town in Gadhinglaj Taluka Kolhapur district situated in the southwest corner of the state Maharashtra, India . Mahagaon is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats is about 10 km from Gadhinglaj towards south and 14 km from the second-largest city Kadgaon in Gadhinglaj Taluka. Mahagaon is at 16°08′31″N 74°20′12″E / 16.14184°N 74.336683°E / 16.14184; 74.336683 . It has an average elevation of 624 metres (2043 feet). It
812-602: Is a center of diversification where varieties of all five domesticates were introduced, grown, and consumed in pre-Columbian times. The largest diversity of wild Capsicum peppers is consumed in Bolivia. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms: ulupicas , species with small round fruits including C. eximium , C. cardenasii , C. eshbaughii , and C. caballeroi landraces; and arivivis with small elongated fruits including C. baccatum var. baccatum and C. chacoense varieties. When Christopher Columbus and his crew reached
870-661: Is a major market place and third largest settlement in Gadhinglaj taluka. Nesari is about 22 km from Gadhinglaj, 24 kmm from the second largest settlement Kadgaon and 19 km from National Highway 48 (NH48). Nesari is a city in India, near the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka, co-ordinates 16°04′00″N 74°19′58″E / 16.066743°N 74.332702°E / 16.066743; 74.332702 . It has an average elevation of 1,599 metres. It has an average temperature of 19 °C in winter and 26 °C in summer. Mahagaon
928-423: Is a non- photoperiod -sensitive crop. Chilies are vulnerable to pests including aphids , glasshouse red spider mite , and glasshouse whitefly , all of which feed on plant sap. Common diseases include grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea ; this rots the tissues and produces a brownish-grey mould on the surface. Harvested chilies may be used fresh, or dried, typically on the ground in hot countries, to make
986-497: Is a town near at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is well connected to all of Kolhapur and Maharashtra. It has a very excellent civic amenities. As is usual in Maharashtra the primary language spoken is Marathi with 20,851 speaking as their primary language. Nesari is a town in Gadhinglaj Taluka of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra, India. In 2001 it had a population of 15,299, but as of 2011 it has population of 20,249. It
1044-401: Is at 16°06′50″N 74°24′09″E / 16.113977°N 74.402375°E / 16.113977; 74.402375 . It has an average elevation of 1,979 metres. It is a town near the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka . As the town lies on a hill, its climate is always cold with temperatures ranging from 27 °C to 19 °C in summer and 24 °C to 15 °C in winter. It
1102-455: Is at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is a growing city in terms of population and economy. The majority of people are Hindu, very few Muslims and a small number of other religions. Kadgaon is a Town situated Gadhinglaj Taluka of Kolhapur district situated in the southwest corner of state Maharashtra, India. Kadgaon is about 4 km from Gadhinglaj, 79 km from Kolhapur and about 15 km from National Highway 48 (NH48). It
1160-414: Is flavoured with a tai pla sauce made with garlic, shallots, galangal, kaffir lime, turmeric, fish paste, and bird's eye chilies. In Jamaica, jerk chicken is spiced with powerful habanero chilies and allspice . Goan vindaloo curry uses the extremely hot ghost pepper or bhut jolokia to create "perhaps [India's] hottest dish". In Bhutan , ema datshi , entirely made of chili mixed with local cheese,
1218-430: Is found in commonly used peppers: The top 8 world's hottest chili peppers (by country) are: Red hot chili peppers are 88% water, 9% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 0.4% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, chili peppers supply 40 calories , and are a rich source of vitamin C and vitamin B 6 . Due to their unique pungency (spicy heat), chili peppers constitute a crucial part of many cuisines around
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#17328444583591276-555: Is fourth-largest city in Gadhinglaj Taluka. It is a major town and educational center in South Maharashtra. Harali is a Town in Gadhinglaj Taluka Kolhapur district situated in the southwest corner of state Maharashtra, India. Harali is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats is about 7 km from Gadhinglaj towards south and 12 km from the second-largest city Kadgaon in Gadhinglaj Taluka and just 2 km from Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj . It
1334-490: Is managed by Town Council . In 2011 it has a population of about 15,856. Harali is eight largest city and town in Gadhinglaj Taluka. Shri Appasaheb Nalawade Gadhinglaj Taluka Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana (sugar mills) is situated in the Town. Harali is at 16°09′53″N 74°20′19″E / 16.164613°N 74.338614°E / 16.164613; 74.338614 . It has an average elevation of 624 metres (2043 feet). It
1392-599: Is managed by Town Council . It is in the phase of transforming from a small town to a bustling city. It is the second largest city after Gadhinglaj in Gadhinglaj Taluka also second largest city in Gadhinglaj sub division which include talukas of Gadhinglaj, Ajra , Bhudargad , Chandgad . As of 2012 it has a population of about 20,851. Kadgaon has an amenities that are of the Level of Municipal Council in India. Kadgaon has developed as an industrial hub in recent years. It has
1450-575: Is nearest town to basarge bk for all major economic activities, which is approximately 10km away. Mungurwadi is a town in Gadhinglaj Taluka of the Kolhapur district , state of Maharashtra, India. In 2001 it had a population of 3,271, but as of 2011, it has population of 12,199. It is a major market place and tenth largest settlement in Gadhinglaj taluka. Mungurwadi is about 24 km from Gadhinglaj, 29 km from second largest settlement Kadgaon and 12 km from National Highway 48 (NH48).Mungurwadi
1508-421: Is one of the most densely forested areas in Kolhapur . Red chili Chili peppers , also spelled chile or chilli (from Classical Nahuatl chīlli [ˈt͡ʃiːlːi] ), are varieties of berry-fruit plants from the genus Capsicum , which are members of the nightshade family Solanaceae , cultivated for their pungency . Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as
1566-428: Is situated 22km away from sub-district headquarter Gadhinglaj (tehsildar office) and 80km away from district headquarter Kolhapur. As per 2009 stats, Basarge Budruk is the gram panchayat of Basarge Bk village. The total geographical area of village is 749 hectares. Basarge Bk has a total population of 4,136 peoples, out of which male population is 2,001 while female population is 2,135. Literacy rate of basarge bk village
1624-408: Is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats. Mahagaon has an average Weather of clear sky and temperature of around 18 °C in winter and 25 °C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur District . It is a town near at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is managed by Town Council . In 2011 it has a population of about 20,108. Mahagaon
1682-462: Is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats. Mahagaon has an average weather of clear sky and temperature of around 19 °C in winter and 27 °C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur District . According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Basarge Bk village is 416506. Basarge Bk village is located in Gadhinglaj tehsil of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra, India. It
1740-470: Is the national dish. Many Mexican dishes use chilies of different types, including the jalapeño , poblano , habanero , serrano , chipotle , ancho , pasilla , guajillo , de árbol , cascabel and mulato . These offer a wide range of flavours including citrus, earthy, fruity, and grassy. They are used in many dishes and the spicy mole sauce and Mexican salsa sauces. The contrast in color and appearance makes chili plants interesting to some as
1798-564: The Old World in the late 16th century as part of the Columbian Exchange , which led to the cultivation of multiple varieties across the world for food and traditional medicine. Five Capsicum species have been widely cultivated: annuum , baccatum , chinense , frutescens , and pubescens . Capsicum plants originated in modern-day Peru and Bolivia , and have been a part of human diets since about 7,500 BC. They are one of
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1856-439: The pungent chemical in chili peppers, is used as an analgesic in topical ointments , nasal sprays , and dermal patches to relieve pain. A 2022 review of preliminary research indicated that regular consumption of chili peppers was associated with weak evidence for a lower risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and cancer . Capsaicin extracted from chilies is used in pepper sprays and some tear gas formulations as
1914-483: The 2011 India census, Nesari has a population of 19,000 which includes Nesari town as well as extended areas included in the town. Nesari has an average literacy rate of 85% as compared to the national average of 74.9%. The male literacy stands at 84%, and female literacy is 72%. In Nesari, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. The language most widely spoken is Marathi with 19,000 people speaking Marathi as their Primary Language. Prataprao Gujar , Kudtoji Gujar,
1972-672: The Balkans, where they came to be processed into paprika . The rapid introduction of chilies to Africa and Asia was likely through Portuguese and Spanish traders in the 16th century, though the details are unrecorded. The Portuguese introduced them first to Africa and Arabia, and then to their colonies and trading posts in Asia, including Goa , Sri Lanka , and Malacca . From there, chilies spread to neighboring regions in South Asia and western Southeast Asia via local trade and natural dispersal. Around
2030-553: The Caribbean, they were the first Europeans to encounter Capsicum fruits. They called them "peppers" because, like black pepper ( Piper nigrum ), which had long been known in Europe, they have a hot spicy taste unlike other foods. Chilies were first brought back to Europe by the Spanish, who financed Columbus's voyages, at the start of the large-scale interchange of plants and culture between
2088-623: The Gadhinglaj Taluka, a subdivision of the Kolhapur district , state of Maharashtra, India . It is the headquarters of the taluka. It shares with most of the cities in Maharashtra that the main language spoken is Marathi . Gadhinglaj is situated on the banks of the river Hiranyakeshi. In 2011 its population was 79,997; it is the third largest city in Kolhapur District . Gadhinglaj is at 16°14′N 74°21′E / 16.23°N 74.35°E / 16.23; 74.35 . It has an average elevation of 623 metres (2043 feet). It
2146-705: The New World and the Old World called the Columbian exchange . Chilies appear in Spanish records by 1493. Unlike Piper vines, which grow naturally only in the tropics , chilies could be grown in temperate climates . By the mid-1500s, they had become a common garden plant in Spain and were incorporated into numerous dishes. By 1526, they had appeared in Italy, in 1543 in Germany, and by 1569 in
2204-731: The charge, they attacked the enemy camp and were slaughtered. Anandrao and Hansaji Mohite, though, stayed back. It was an impulsive decision and the loss of Prataprao Gujar was a big loss to the Marathas. Anandrao Mohite managed to take the army to safer areas. The story of this brave surgical strike and the ensuing battle has been retold through a thrilling Marathi drama "Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" written by Bashir Momin Kavathekar and melodious song "Vedaat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" written by Kusumagraj & sung by Lata Mangeshkar. King Shivaji
2262-651: The chili pepper in Chinese writing dates to 1591, though the pepper is thought to have entered the country in the 1570s. Chili peppers are the shiny, brightly coloured fruits of species of Capsicum . Botanically they are berries . The plants are small, 20 to 60 centimetres (7.9 to 23.6 in) depending on variety, making them suitable for growing in pots, greenhouses , or commercially in polytunnels . The plants are perennial , provided they are protected from cold. The fruits can be green, orange, red, or purple, and vary in shape from round and knobbly to smooth and elongated. If
2320-438: The crops. By planting a few rows of the fruit around valuable crops, farmers create a buffer zone through which the elephants are reluctant to pass. Chili dung bombs are also used for this purpose. They are bricks made of mixing dung and chili, and are burned, creating a noxious smoke that keeps hungry elephants out of farmers' fields. This can lessen dangerous physical confrontation between people and elephants. Birds do not have
2378-573: The eyes or any sensitive body parts. Consuming hot peppers may cause stomach pain, hyperventilation , sweating , vomiting , and symptoms possibly requiring hospitalization. Unscrupulous traders have illegally added at least eight different synthetic dyes, including Auramine O , Chrysoidine , Sudan stains I to IV , Para red , and Rhodamine B to chili products. All these chemicals are harmful. They can be detected by liquid chromatography used together with mass spectrometry . The 16th century Spanish missionary and naturalist José de Acosta noted
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2436-473: The famous battle of Salher. Salher is a major battle between mughals and marathas, and the first large-scale pitched battle between the two in open field. The victory of the Marathas at Salher is seen as a definitive turning point in their military prowess vis-a-vis the Mughals. Prataprao Gujar's major drawback was his impulsive emotional nature. A few months before King Shivaji's coronation in 1674, Prataprao Gujar
2494-795: The fruits are picked green and unripe, more flowers develop, yielding more fruit; fruits left on the plant can become hotter in taste, and acquire their ripe coloration, at the price of a reduced harvest. Ideal growing conditions for peppers include a sunny position with warm, loamy soil, ideally 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F), that is moist but not waterlogged. The seeds germinate only when warm, close to 21 °C (70 °F). The plants prefer warm conditions, but can tolerate temperatures down to 12 °C (54 °F); and are sensitive to cold. The flowers can self-pollinate . However, at extremely high temperatures, 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F), pollen loses viability, and its flowers are much less likely to result in fruit. For flowering, Capsicum
2552-469: The fruits. They are cooked as greens in Filipino cuisine, where they are called dahon ng sili (literally "chili leaves"). They are used in the chicken soup tinola . In Korean cuisine, the leaves may be used in kimchi . Chilies are present in many cuisines. In Peru, Papa a la huancaina is a dish of potatoes in a sauce of fresh cheese and aji amarillo chilies. In Thailand, kaeng tai pla fish curry
2610-434: The main measure. Capsaicin is produced by the plant as a defense against mammalian predators . A study suggests that by protecting against attack by a hemipteran bug, the risk of disease caused by a Fusarium fungus carried by the insects is reduced. As evidence, the study notes that peppers increased the quantity of capsaicin in proportion to the damage caused by fungi on the plant's seeds. A wide range of intensity
2668-464: The mouth and throat, potentially evoking pain via spinal relays to the brainstem and thalamus where heat and discomfort are perceived. However, birds are unable to perceive the hotness and so they can eat some of the hottest peppers. The intensity of the "heat" of chili peppers is commonly reported in Scoville heat units (SHU), invented by American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville in 1912. Historically, it
2726-502: The oldest cultivated crops in the Americas. Chili peppers were cultivated in east-central Mexico some 6,000 years ago, and independently across different locations in the Americas including highland Peru and Bolivia, central Mexico, and the Amazon . They were among the first self-pollinating crops cultivated in those areas. Peru has the highest diversity of cultivated Capsicum ; it
2784-650: The same circumstances, thus reducing competition for resources. The English word is from Classical Nahuatl chīlli with the same meaning. The name of the plant is unrelated to that of the country Chile . While pepper originally meant the genus Piper , not Capsicum , the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster record both usages. The three primary spellings are chili , chile and chilli , all recognized by dictionaries. The volatile oil in chili peppers may cause skin irritation, requiring hand washing and care when touching
2842-440: The same sensitivity to capsaicin as mammals, as they lack a specific pain receptor . Chili peppers are eaten by birds living in the chili peppers' natural range, possibly contributing to seed dispersal and evolution of the protective capsaicin in chili peppers, as a bird in flight can spread the seeds further away from the parent plant after they pass through its digestive system than any land or tree dwelling mammal could do so under
2900-574: The same time, the Spanish also introduced chilies to the Philippines, where they spread to Melanesia , Micronesia , and other Pacific Islands via their monopoly of the Manila galleons . Their spread to East Asia in the late 16th century is less clear, but was likely also through local trade or through Portuguese and Spanish trading ports in Canton, China , and Nagasaki , Japan . The earliest known mention of
2958-899: The total. Species of Capsicum that produce chili peppers are shown on the simplified phylogenetic tree , with examples of cultivars: C. annuum : bell peppers , [REDACTED] wax , cayenne , jalapeño , Thai , chiltepin , New Mexico chile [REDACTED] C. frutescens : tabasco , malagueta , labuyo , piri piri , kambuzi [REDACTED] C. chinense : hottest peppers, e.g. naga , habanero , datil , Scotch bonnet [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] C. baccatum : aji [REDACTED] C. pubescens : rocoto , chile de caballo [REDACTED] C. eximium C. lycianthoides The substances that give chili peppers their pungency (spicy heat) when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl- N -vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids . Pure capsaicin
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#17328444583593016-490: The village is managed by the Nesari gram panchayat. Th The major areas of commerce of Nesari are trading, sugar production, and red chili . Nearby marketing hubs include Goa and Sindhudurg district . Nesari is connected to the various towns of Maharashtra via several state highways and is about 15 km from National Highway 4(NH 4). The nearest airport at Belgaum is 39 km away. Gadhinglaj Taluka Gadhinglaj
3074-504: The world, particularly in Chinese (especially in Sichuanese food ), Mexican, Thai, Indian, New Mexican cuisine and many other South American, Caribbean and East Asian cuisines. In 21st-century Asian cuisine , chili peppers are commonly used across many regions. Chili is a key ingredient in many curries , providing the desired amount of heat; mild curries may be flavoured with many other spices, and may omit chili altogether. Chilies with
3132-474: Was a measure of the dilution of an amount of chili extract added to sugar syrup before its heat becomes undetectable to a panel of tasters; the more it has to be diluted to be undetectable, the more powerful the variety, and therefore the higher the rating. Since the 1980s, spice heat has been assessed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which measures the concentration of heat-producing capsaicinoids, typically with capsaicin content as
3190-458: Was deeply grieved on hearing of Pratprao's death. Later, Chhatrapati Shivaji's army avenged the death of their general, by defeating Bahlol Khan and looting his jagir (fiefdom) under the leadership of Anandrao and Hambirao Mohite. Hambirrao Mohite became the new Sarnaubat (Commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). King Shivaji also married his second son, Rajaram, to the daughter of Prataprao Gujar; who
3248-993: Was later to be the Empress of the Maratha Empire, Maharani Jankibai.[1] On 8 October 2014, DAR Motion Pictures, IME Motion Pictures and Blue Drop Films jointly announced a big budget Marathi feature film based on the famous battle. The film titled 'Saat' was slated for a 2016 release. Recently Mahesh Manjrekar also announced a hindi movie "Vedat Marathe Veer Daudle Saat" which is said to be an adoption of Momin Kavathekar's Marathi drama. 1. Chatrapati Shivaji Jr, College. Nesari. 2.Arts and Commerce College, Nesari 3. S.S.Highschool, Nesari 4. S.P.G. High school, Nesari 5. V.K.Chavhan High school, Nesari 6. Progressive English Medium School, Nesari 7.S.S. English Medium, School Nesari 8. ST.Xavier's English medium high school Nesari 9. कुमार विद्यामंदीर नेसरी 10.कन्या विद्यामंदीर नेसरी 11. Roshanbi Shamanji College of Agriculture, Nesari The civic administration of
3306-561: Was sent to deal with the invading force led by the Adilshahi general, Bahalol Khan. The Maratha army surrounded the camp of Bahalol Khan at the place of Nesari. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle. In spite of specific warnings against doing so by King Shivaji, Prataprao released Bahalol Khan along troops and the seized war material, when Bahalol Khan promised not to invade King Shivaji's territories again. Days after his release Bahalol Khan started preparing for
3364-410: Was the third royal Senapati of King Shivaji's army, which was probably the most successful guerrilla force in 17th century India. He was given the title of Prataprao (the brave) by King Shivaji in acknowledgement of his bravery in the war against Mirza Jaisingh. He was a highly gifted aristocratic general, who enjoyed the trust of his king and the loyalty of his troops. He defeated a large mughal army at
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