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67-459: The town is made up of two administrative parts: Nepomuk and Dvorec. The town was originally named Pomuk; the origin of the name is unclear. According to legend, it is derived from the rain that descended on the region after the blessing of Saint Adalbert in 992 (from the Old Czech pomoknout , i.e. 'to make wet'). Nepomuk is located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Plzeň . It lies in

134-528: A Catholic priest . In 982, Bishop Dietmar died, and Adalbert, despite being under canonical age, was chosen to succeed him as Bishop of Prague . Amiable and somewhat worldly, he was not expected to trouble the secular powers by making excessive claims for the Church. Although Adalbert was from a wealthy family, he avoided comfort and luxury, and was noted for his charity and austerity. After six years of preaching and prayer, he had made little headway in evangelising

201-471: A Bohemian priest Cosmas of Prague (1045–1125). Vojtěch's father was Slavník (d. 978–981), a duke ruling a province centred at Libice. His mother was Střezislava (d. 985–987), and according to David Kalhous belonged to the Přemyslid dynasty . He had five brothers: Soběslav , Spytimír, Dobroslav, Pořej, and Čáslav. Cosmas also refers to Radim (later Gaudentius ) as a brother; who is believed to have been

268-408: A book. The Prussians had an oral society where communication was face to face. To the locals Adalbert reading from a book may have come off as a manifestation of an evil action. He was forced to leave this first village after being struck in the back of the head by an oar by a local chieftain, causing the pages of his book to scatter upon the ground. He and his companions then fled across a river. In

335-652: A counteroffer, which Frederick William accepted. They signed the Treaty of Wehlau on 19 September 1657 and the Treaty of Bromberg on 6 November 1657. In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia. After almost 200 years of Polish suzerainty over the Teutonic monastic state of Prussia and its successor Ducal Prussia,

402-400: A distinguished thinker "whose work exceeds the traditional framework of scientific knowledge, contributes to the understanding of science as an integral part of general culture and is concerned with unconventional ways of asking fundamental questions about cognition, being and human existence" includes a massive replica of Adalbert's crozier by Czech artist Jiří Plieštík. St. Vojtech Fellowship

469-556: A half-brother by his father's liaison with another woman. After he survived a grave illness in childhood, his parents decided to dedicate him to the service of God. Adalbert was well educated, having studied for approximately ten years (970–80) in Magdeburg under Adalbert of Magdeburg . The young Vojtěch took his tutor's name "Adalbert" at his Confirmation . In 981 Adalbert of Magdeburg died, and his young protege Adalbert returned to Bohemia . Later Bishop Dietmar of Prague ordained him

536-603: A land of Protestantism and sectarianism. In 1544, Duke Albert founded the Albertina University in Königsberg, which became the principal educational establishment for Lutheran pastors and theologians of Prussia. In 1560, the university received a royal privilege from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. It was granted the same rights and autonomy that were enjoyed by the Kraków University and so it became one of

603-630: A missionary to preach to the inhabitants near Prussia . Bolesław I , Duke (and, later, King) of Poland, sent soldiers with Adalbert on his mission to the Prussians. The Bishop and his companions, entered Prussian territory and traveled along the coast of the Baltic Sea to Gdańsk . At the borders of the Polish realm, at the mouth of the Vistula River , his half-brother Radim (Gaudentius), Benedict-Bogusza (who

670-672: A pilgrimage to Adalbert's tomb located in Gniezno. Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral and celebrated a liturgy there in which heads of seven European nations and approximately one million faithful participated. A ten-meter cross was erected near the village of Beregovoe (formerly Tenkitten), Kaliningrad Oblast , where Adalbert is thought to have been martyred by the Prussians. He is also commemorated on 23 April by Evangelical Church in Germany and Eastern Orthodox Church . The Dagmar and Václav Havel VIZE 97 Foundation Prize, given annually to

737-570: A quorum of Teutonic Knights his new ducal status. The knights who disapproved of the decision were pressured into acceptance by Albert's supporters and the burghers of Königsberg, and only Eric of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Komtur of Memel , opposed the new duke. On 10 December 1525, at their session in Königsberg, the Prussian estates established the Lutheran Church in Ducal Prussia by deciding

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804-462: Is a starting point of a local line to Blatná . The main landmark of the town centre is the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk. It was originally an early Baroque church from the mid-17th century, but it was completely rebuilt by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer in 1734–1738. The Church of Saint James the Great was originally a Romanesque church built in 1142–1153. It was then rebuilt in the early Gothic style at

871-532: Is from the early 19th century. In the Middle Ages, this building served as the seat of the Vogt and from the 17th century as an inn. Nepomuk is twinned with: Adalbert of Prague Adalbert of Prague , ( Latin : Sanctus Adalbertus , Czech : svatý Vojtěch , Slovak : svätý Vojtech , Polish : święty Wojciech , Hungarian : Szent Adalbert (Béla) ; c. 956 – 23 April 997), known in

938-527: Is recorded that his body was bought back for its weight in gold by King Boleslaus I of Poland . A few years after his martyrdom, Adalbert was canonized as Saint Adalbert of Prague. His life was written in Vita Sancti Adalberti Pragensis by various authors, the earliest being traced to imperial Aachen and the Bishop of Liège , Notger von Lüttich , although it was previously assumed that

1005-436: Is referred to as Brandenburg-Prussia . Frederick William , the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, achieved full sovereignty over the duchy under the 1657 Treaty of Wehlau , confirmed in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva . In the following years, attempts were made to return to Polish suzerainty, especially by the capital city of Königsberg, whose burghers rejected the treaties and viewed the region as part of Poland. The Duchy of Prussia

1072-541: Is still ambiguous. The Pope directed Adalbert to resume his see, but believing that he would not be allowed back, Adalbert requested a brief as an itinerant missionary. Adalbert then traveled to Hungary and probably baptized Géza of Hungary and his son Stephen in Esztergom . Then he went to Poland where he was cordially welcomed by then-Duke Boleslaus I and installed as Bishop of Gniezno . Adalbert again relinquished his diocese, namely that of Gniezno, and set out as

1139-459: The Blatná Uplands . The highest point is located in the westernmost part of the municipal territory at 544 m (1,785 ft) above sea level. The Mihovka Brook flows through the town. East of the town are two notable ponds, Dvorecký and Panský. There are also several other fishponds in the municipal territory. The first written mention of Pomuk is from 1144, when a new Cistercian monastery

1206-700: The Church Order . By the end of Albert's rule, the offices of Grand Commander and Marshal of the Order had deliberately been left vacant, and the order was left with but 55 knights in Prussia. Some of the knights converted to Lutheranism in order to retain their property and then married into the Prussian nobility, while others returned to the Holy Roman Empire , and remained Catholic . These remaining Teutonic Knights, led by

1273-645: The Czech Republic , Poland and Slovakia by his birth name Vojtěch ( Latin : Voitecus ), was a Czech missionary and Christian saint . He was the Bishop of Prague and a missionary to the Hungarians, Poles, and Prussians, who was martyred in his efforts to convert the Baltic Prussians to Christianity . He is said to be the composer of the oldest Czech hymn Hospodine, pomiluj ny and Bogurodzica ,

1340-535: The Kingdom of Poland , and with his personal bishop, Georg von Polenz of Pomesania and of Samland , who had converted to Lutheranism in 1523, and a number of his commanders already supporting Protestant ideas, Albert began to consider a radical solution. At Wittenberg in 1522, and at Nuremberg in 1524, Martin Luther encouraged him to convert the order's territory into a secular principality under his personal rule, as

1407-493: The Prague Cathedral and Royal Cathedral of Gniezno , each of which claims to possess his relics, but which of these bones are his authentic relics is unknown. For example, pursuant to both claims two skulls are attributed to Adalbert. The one in Gniezno was stolen in 1923. The massive bronze doors of Gniezno Cathedral , dating from around 1175, are decorated with eighteen reliefs of scenes from Adalbert's life. They are

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1474-634: The Protestant Reformation , and the abrupt secularization of the Teutonic Order's remaining Prussian lands exacerbated peasant unrest. The relatively well-to-do rebel leaders, including a miller from Kaimen and an innkeeper from Schaaken in Prussia , were supported by sympathizers in Königsberg. The rebels demanded the elimination of newer taxes by the nobility, and a return to an older tax of two marks per hide (a measure of land of approximately forty acres). They claimed to be rebelling against

1541-674: The Protestant Reformation , in accordance to the Treaty of Kraków , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , Albert, secularized the order's prevailing Prussian territory (the Monastic Prussia), becoming Albert, Duke of Prussia . As the region had been a part of the Kingdom of Poland since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) , King of Poland Sigismund I the Old , as its suzerain, granted

1608-564: The Roman monk John Canaparius wrote the first Vita in 999. Another famous biographer of Adalbert was Bruno of Querfurt who wrote a hagiography of him in 1001–4. Notably, the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia initially refused to ransom Adalbert's body from the Prussians who murdered him, and therefore it was purchased by Poles. This fact may be explained by Adalbert's belonging to the Slavniks family which

1675-563: The Second Northern War , Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Ducal Prussia and dictated the Treaty of Königsberg (January 1656), which made the duchy a Swedish fief. In the Treaty of Marienburg (June 1656), Charles X Gustav promised to cede to Frederick William the Polish voivodships of Chełmno , Malbork , Pomerania , and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia if Frederick William would support Charles Gustav's effort. The proposition

1742-610: The Thirty Years' War broke out, and John Sigismund himself died the following year. His son, George William , was successfully invested with the duchy in 1623 by King of Poland Sigismund III Vasa , thus the personal union Brandenburg-Prussia was confirmed. Many of the Prussian Junkers were opposed to rule by the House of Hohenzollern of Berlin and appealed to Sigismund III Vasa for redress, or even incorporation of Ducal Prussia into

1809-681: The Vršovids , resulted in the storming of the Slavnik town of Libice nad Cidlinou , which was led by the Přemyslid Boleslaus II the Pious . During the struggle four or five of Adalbert's brothers were killed . The Zlič Principality became part of the Přemyslids' estate. Adalbert unsuccessfully attempted to protect a noblewoman caught in adultery. She had fled to a convent, where she was killed. In upholding

1876-798: The de facto collectively ruled governance of Brandenburg-Prussia became more apparent through the titles of the higher ranks of the Prussian government, seated in Brandenburg's capital of Berlin after the return of the court from Königsberg, where they had sought refuge from the Thirty Years' War. After the Kingdom of Prussia's annexation of the bulk of the province of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772, former Ducal Prussia, including previously Polish-controlled Warmia within Royal Prussia,

1943-510: The Baroque period, when Nepomuk was an important pilgrimage site. After confusion, when Nepomuk was alternately called a town and a market town , the town status was confirmed by Emperor Charles VI in 1730. The I/20 road (part of the European route E49 ) from Plzeň to České Budějovice passes through the town. Nepomuk is located on the major interregional railway line Brno –Plzeň. It addition, it

2010-465: The Bohemians, who maintained deeply embedded pagan beliefs. Adalbert opposed the participation of Christians in the slave trade and complained of polygamy and idolatry, which were common among the people. Once he started to propose reforms he was met with opposition from both the secular powers and the clergy. His family refused to support Duke Boleslaus in an unsuccessful war against Poland. Adalbert

2077-530: The Brandenburgian co-inheritance of Prussia, both regents guaranteed the free practice of Catholic religion in predominantly-Lutheran Prussia. Based on the agreements, some Lutheran churches were reconsecrated as Catholic places of worship (e.g. St. Nicholas Church , Elbląg in 1612). In 1618, the Prussian Hohenzollern became extinct in the male line, and so the Polish fief of Prussia was passed on to

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2144-512: The King simultaneously enfeoffed Joachim II and his descendants as co-heirs. Administration in the duchy declined as Albert Frederick became increasingly feeble-minded, which led Margrave George Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach to become Regent of Prussia in 1577. Following King Sigismund III 's Prussian regency agreement (1605) with Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg and his Treaty of Warsaw , 1611, with John Sigismund of Brandenburg , confirming

2211-508: The Poles concealed Adalbert's relics which remain in Gniezno . In 1127 his severed head, which was not in the original purchase according to Roczniki Polskie , was discovered and translated to Gniezno. In 1928, one of the arms of Adalbert, which Bolesław I had given to Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in 1000, was added to the bones preserved in Gniezno. Therefore, today Adalbert has two elaborate shrines in

2278-467: The Polish kingdom, but without success. During to the Polish–Swedish Wars , the duchy became administered in 1635 by the Polish statesman Jerzy Ossoliński , who was appointed by Polish King Władysław IV Vasa . Frederick William the "Great Elector", duke of Prussia and prince-elector of Brandenburg, wished to acquire Royal Prussia in order to territorially connect his two fiefs. Yet, during

2345-521: The Protestant religion in his territories of Franconia and Upper Silesia . Albert also found himself reliant on support from his uncle Sigismund I of Poland, as the Holy Roman Empire , and the Roman Catholic Church, had banned him for his Protestantism. The Teutonic Order had only superficially carried out its mission to Christianize the native rural population and erected few churches within

2412-532: The Prussian dukedom so that his heirs would inherit both. Joachim petitioned his brother-in-law, king Sigismund II of Poland the co-enfeoffment of his line of the Hohenzollern with the Prussian dukedom, and finally succeeded, including the then usual expenses. On 19 July 1569, when, in Lublin , Poland, duke Albert Frederick rendered King Sigismund II homage and was in return installed as Duke of Prussia in Lublin ,

2479-659: The Teutonic Knights would not be able to survive the reformation . On 10 April 1525, Albert resigned his position, became a Protestant and in the Prussian Homage was granted the title "Duke of Prussia" by his uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland. In a deal partly brokered by Luther, Ducal Prussia became the first Protestant state, anticipating the dispensations of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555. When Albert returned to Königsberg, he publicly declared his conversion and announced to

2546-488: The ban in 1540. On 18 January 1524 Bishop George had ordered the use of native languages at baptisms, which improved the acceptance of baptism by the peasants. There was little active resistance to the new Protestant religion. The Teutonic Knights having brought Catholicism made the transition to Protestantism easier. The Church Order of 1525 provided for visitations of the parishioners and pastors, which were first carried out by Bishop George in 1538. Because Ducal Prussia

2613-527: The city to swear allegiance to him. However, in the following decades, at least one attempt to return of Polish suzerainty was made. In 1675, the Polish-French Treaty of Jaworów was signed according to which France was to support Polish efforts to regain control of the region, and Poland was to join the ongoing Franco-Brandenburgian War on the French side, however, it was not implemented. The nature of

2680-508: The end of Polish suzerainty was met with resistance of the population, regardless of ethnicity, as it was afraid of Brandenburg absolutism and wished to remain part of the Polish Crown . The burghers of the capital city of Königsberg, led by Hieronymus Roth , rejected the treaties of Wehlau and Oliva and viewed Prussia as "indisputably contained within the territory of the Polish Crown". It

2747-421: The end of the 13th century and in 1360–1370. The church was abolished in 1786 and the building served as a granary until 1857. In 1859–1860, it was reconstructed in the pseudo-Gothic style and since 1860, it has been a parish church. The separate late Baroque bell tower was built next to the church in 1780–1790. U Lípy House was built between 1360 and 1370 and is the oldest house in the town. The current appearance

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2814-494: The grass while eating a snack, they were set upon by a pagan mob. The mob was led by a man named Sicco, possibly a pagan priest, who delivered the first blow against Adalbert, before the others joined in. They removed Adalbert's head from his body after he was dead, and mounted on a pole while they returned home. This encounter may also have taken place in Tenkitten and Fischhausen (now Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia ). It

2881-564: The harsh nobility, not against Duke Albert, who was away in the Holy Roman Empire and said that they would swear allegiance to him only in person. Upon Albert's return from the Empire, he called for a meeting of the peasants in a field, whereupon he surrounded them with loyal troops and had them arrested without incident. The leaders of the rebellion were subsequently executed. There were no more large-scale rebellions. Ducal Prussia became known as

2948-526: The leading universities in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The use of the native languages in church services made Duke Albert appoint exiled Protestant Lithuanian pastors as professors, e.g. Stanislovas Rapolionis and Abraomas Kulvietis , making the Albertina also a centre of Lithuanian language and literature. While the composition of the nobility changed little in the transition from

3015-408: The monastic state to the duchy, the control of the nobility over the dependent peasantry increased. Prussia's free peasants, called Kölmer, were holders of free estates according to Culm law . Kölmer held them with about a sixth of the arable land, much more than in other nations in the feudal era. Administratively, little changed in the transition from the Teutonic Knights to ducal rule. Although he

3082-460: The next Grand Master, Walter von Cronberg , continued to unsuccessfully claim Prussia, but retained much of the estates in the Teutonic bailiwicks outside of Prussia. On 1 March 1526, Albert married Princess Dorothea , daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark , thereby establishing political ties between Lutheranism and Scandinavia . Albert was greatly aided by his elder brother George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach , who had earlier established

3149-480: The next place that Adalbert tried to preach, his message was met with the locals banging their sticks upon the ground, calling for the death of Adalbert and his companions. Retreating once again Adalbert and his companions went to a market place of Truso (near modern-day Elbląg ). Here they were met with a similar response as at the previous place. On the 23 April 997, after mass, while Adalbert and his companions lay in

3216-777: The oldest known Polish anthem but his authorship of them has not been confirmed. Adalbert was later declared the patron saint of the Czech Republic, Poland , and the Duchy of Prussia . He is also the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Esztergom in Hungary . Born as Vojtěch in 952 or c.  956 in gord Libice , he belonged to the Slavnik clan , one of the two most powerful families in Bohemia. Events from his life were later recorded by

3283-578: The only Romanesque ecclesiastical doors in Europe depicting a cycle illustrating the life of a saint, and therefore are a precious relic documenting Adalbert's martyrdom. We can read that door literally and theologically. The one thousandth anniversary of Adalbert's martyrdom was on 23 April 1997. It was commemorated in Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Russia, and other nations. Representatives of Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Evangelical churches traveled on

3350-487: The right of sanctuary, Bishop Adalbert responded by excommunicating the murderers. Butler suggests that the incident was orchestrated by enemies of his family. After this, Adalbert could not safely stay in Bohemia and escaped from Prague. Strachkvas was eventually appointed to be his successor. However, Strachkvas suddenly died during the liturgy at which he was to accede to his episcopal office in Prague. The cause of his death

3417-456: The senior Brandenburg Hohenzollern line, the ruling margraves and prince-electors of Brandenburg , who thereafter ruled Brandenburg (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire ), and Ducal Prussia (a Polish fief), in personal union . The legal contradiction made a cross-border real union impossible; however, in practice, Brandenburg and Ducal Prussia were more and more ruled as one and were colloquially referred to as Brandenburg-Prussia . In 1618,

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3484-507: The state's territory. There was little longing for Roman Catholicism . Baltic Old Prussians and Prussian Lithuanian peasants continued to practice pagan customs in some areas, for example, adhering to beliefs in Perkūnas (Perkunos) , symbolized by the goat buck , Potrimpo , and Pikullos (Patollu) while "consuming the roasted flesh of a goat". Bishop George of Polentz had forbidden the widespread forms of pagan worship in 1524 and repeated

3551-417: The territory as a hereditary fief of Poland to Duke Albert per the Treaty of Kraków, a decision that was sealed by the Prussian Homage in Kraków in April 1525. The new duke established Lutheranism as the first Protestant state church . The capital remained in Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad ). The duchy was inherited by the Hohenzollern prince-electors of Brandenburg in 1618. This personal union

3618-405: The territory passed under the full sovereignty of Brandenburg. Therefore, Duchy of Prussia then became the more adequate appellation for the state. Full sovereignty was a necessary prerequisite to upgrade Ducal Prussia to the sovereign Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 when Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg can become " king in Prussia " in 1701 without approvement of Emperor Leopold I . However,

3685-498: Was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525. The duchy became the first Protestant state when Albert, Duke of Prussia formally adopted Lutheranism in 1525. It was inhabited by a German, Polish (mainly in Masuria ), and Lithuanian-speaking (mainly in Lithuania Minor ) population. In 1525, during

3752-402: Was built nearby. The monastery was destroyed by Hussite army in 1420 and now there is the village of Klášter . In 1384, Pomuk was merged with neighbouring Přesanice and renamed Nepomuk. It was promoted to a town in 1413. After the monastery was destroyed, its properties were acquired by Lords of Schwamberg and then by the Sternberg family. The greatest development of the town is connected with

3819-413: Was elevated to a kingdom in 1701. As Protestantism spread among the laity of the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia , dissent began to develop against the Roman Catholic rule of the Teutonic Knights , whose Grand Master, Albert, Duke of Prussia , a member of a cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern , lacked the military resources to assert the order's authority. After losing a war against

3886-519: Was established in 1870 by Slovak Catholic priest Andrej Radlinský. It had facilitated Slovak Catholic thinkers and authors, continuing to publish religious original works and translations to this day. It is the official publishing body of Episcopal Conference of Slovakia . Duchy of Prussia The Duchy of Prussia ( German : Herzogtum Preußen , Polish : Księstwo Pruskie , Lithuanian : Prūsijos kunigaikštystė ) or Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen ; Polish: Prusy Książęce )

3953-499: Was formally a vassal of the crown of Poland, Albert retained self-government for Prussia, his own army, the minting of his currency, a provincial assembly , (de, Landtag ), and substantial autonomy in foreign affairs. When Albert died in 1568, his teenage son (the exact age is unknown) Albert Frederick inherited the duchy. Sigismund II was also Albert Frederick's cousin. The Elector of Brandenburg Joachim II , converted to Lutheranism in 1539. Joachim wanted to merge his lands with

4020-411: Was initially received with demonstrations of apparent joy. Together with a group of Italian Benedictine monks which brought with him, he founded in 14 January 993 a monastery in Břevnov (then situated westward from Prague, now part of the city), the second oldest monastery on Czech territory. In 995, the Slavniks ' former rivalry with the Přemyslids, who were allied with the powerful Bohemian clan of

4087-463: Was no longer welcome and eventually forced into exile. In 988 he went to Rome . He lived as a hermit at the Benedictine monastery of Saint Alexis . Five years later, Boleslaus requested that the Pope send Adalbert back to Prague, in hopes of securing his family's support. Pope John XV agreed, with the understanding that Adalbert was free to leave Prague if he continued to encounter entrenched resistance. Adalbert returned as bishop of Prague, where he

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4154-408: Was noted that the incorporation into the Polish Crown under the Treaty of Kraków was approved by the city of Königsberg, while the separation from Poland took place without the city's consent. Polish King John II Casimir was asked for help, and masses were held in Protestant churches for the king and the Polish Kingdom. But in 1662, Elector Frederick William entered the city with his troops and forced

4221-410: Was ostensibly a Lutheran land, authorities traveled throughout the duchy ensuring that Lutheran teachings were being followed and imposing penalties on pagans and dissidents. The rural population of native descent was thoroughly Christianised only starting with the Reformation in Prussia. A peasant rebellion broke out in Sambia in 1525. The combination of taxation by the nobility, the contentions of

4288-407: Was probably a Pole), and at least one interpreter, ventured out into Prussia alone, as Bolesław had only sent his soldiers to escort them to the border. Adalbert achieved some success upon his arrival, however his arrival mostly caused strain upon the local Prussian populations. Partially this was because of the imperious manner with which he preached, but potentially because he preached utilizing

4355-400: Was reorganized into the Province of East Prussia , while Pomerelia and the Malbork Land became the Province of West Prussia , with the exceptions of the two principal cities of Gdańsk and Toruń , annexed into West Prussia only in 1793 after the Second Partition of Poland . The Kingdom of Prussia, then consisting of East and West Prussia, being a sovereign state, and Brandenburg, being

4422-440: Was rival to the Přemyslids. Thus Adalbert's bones were preserved in Gniezno , which assisted Boleslaus I of Poland in increasing Polish political and diplomatic power in Europe. According to Bohemian accounts, in 1039 the Bohemian Duke Bretislav I looted the bones of Adalbert from Gniezno in a raid and translated them to Prague . According to Polish accounts, however, he stole the wrong relics, namely those of Gaudentius, while

4489-452: Was somewhat risky since Frederick William would definitely have to provide military support, and the reward could be provided only on victory. When the tide of the war turned against Charles X Gustav, he concluded the Treaty of Labiau (November 1656), making Frederick William I the full sovereign in Ducal Prussia and Warmia, which, however, was part of Poland. In response to the Swedish-Prussian alliance, King John II Casimir Vasa submitted

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