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74-725: Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive. The color of neodymium compounds comes from the Nd ion and is often a reddish-purple. This color changes with the type of lighting because of the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury , trivalent europium or terbium . Glasses that have been doped with neodymium are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as in inertial confinement fusion . Neodymium

148-424: A chemical compound ; the concept is most readily understood when considering pure chemical substances . It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted, via chemical reaction , into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute

222-419: A solid-state reaction , or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non-metals, such as halogen gases. Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points , and are hard and brittle . As solids they are almost always electrically insulating , but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive , because the ions are mobilized. An intermetallic compound

296-466: A ... white Powder ... with Sulphur it will compose a blood-red and volatile Cinaber. And yet out of all these exotick Compounds, we may recover the very same running Mercury. Boyle used the concept of "corpuscles"—or "atomes", as he also called them—to explain how a limited number of elements could combine into a vast number of compounds: If we assigne to the Corpuscles, whereof each Element consists,

370-581: A colorant for enamels . Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium ions can be used in lasers as gain media for infrared wavelengths (1054–1064 nm), e.g. Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminium perovskite ), Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd:YVO 4 (yttrium orthovanadate), and Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (typically Nd:YVO 4 ) generate high-powered infrared laser beams which are converted to green laser light in commercial DPSS hand-held lasers and laser pointers . Trivalent neodymium ion Nd

444-530: A compound molecule, using the standard chemical symbols with numerical subscripts . Many chemical compounds have a unique CAS number identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service . Globally, more than 350,000 chemical compounds (including mixtures of chemicals) have been registered for production and use. The term "compound"—with a meaning similar to the modern—has been used at least since 1661 when Robert Boyle's The Sceptical Chymist

518-412: A continuous three-dimensional network, usually in a crystalline structure . Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide (OH ) or oxide (O ) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid–base reactions . Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent , precipitation , freezing ,

592-497: A different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a chemical reaction . In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically, this reaction could be described as AB + CD → AD + CB , where A, B, C, and D are each unique atoms; and AB, AD, CD, and CB are each unique compounds. Neodymium(III) hydroxide Neodymium(III) hydroxide

666-476: A free element, instead occurring in ores such as monazite and bastnäsite (which are mineral groups rather than single minerals) that contain small amounts of all rare-earth elements. Neodymium is rarely dominant in these minerals, with exceptions such as monazite-(Nd) and kozoite-(Nd). The main mining areas are in China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. The Nd ion is similar in size to ions of

740-475: A glass to achieve the desired color intensity. The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "rare-earth doped" glasses. Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have needed adjustments. Light transmitted through neodymium glasses shows unusually sharp absorption bands ;

814-403: A high power-to-weight ratio (e.g., in hybrid cars ) and generators (e.g., aircraft and wind turbine electric generators ). Metallic neodymium has a bright, silvery metallic luster. Neodymium commonly exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at about 863 °C. Neodymium, like most of the lanthanides,

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888-636: A new oxide, which they named ceria after the dwarf planet Ceres , which had been discovered two years earlier. Ceria was simultaneously and independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth . Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander , who lived in the same house as Berzelius; he separated out two other oxides, which he named lanthana and didymia . He partially decomposed

962-566: A particular chemical compound, using chemical symbols for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: the chemical formula is H 2 O. In the case of non-stoichiometric compounds , the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation, and give fixed proportions of their component elements, but proportions that are not integral [e.g., for palladium hydride , PdH x (0.02 < x < 0.58)]. Chemical compounds have

1036-796: A peculiar size and shape ... such ... Corpuscles may be mingled in such various Proportions, and ... connected so many ... wayes, that an almost incredible number of ... Concretes may be compos’d of them. In his Logick , published in 1724, the English minister and logician Isaac Watts gave an early definition of chemical element, and contrasted element with chemical compound in clear, modern terms. Among Substances, some are called Simple, some are Compound ... Simple Substances ... are usually called Elements, of which all other Bodies are compounded: Elements are such Substances as cannot be resolved, or reduced, into two or more Substances of different Kinds. ... Followers of Aristotle made Fire, Air, Earth and Water to be

1110-496: A positively charged cation . The nonmetal will gain the electrons from the metal, making the nonmetal a negatively charged anion . As outlined, ionic bonds occur between an electron donor, usually a metal, and an electron acceptor, which tends to be a nonmetal. Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom forms an electrostatic connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles or charges. A compound can be converted to

1184-483: A sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid . The metals that formed these oxides were thus named lanthanum and didymium . Didymium was later proven to not be a single element when it was split into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium, by Carl Auer von Welsbach in Vienna in 1885. Von Welsbach confirmed the separation by spectroscopic analysis, but

1258-565: A signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day. Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e.g. Lalique, in France, or Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to 1980. Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic,

1332-447: A solid state dependent on how low the temperature of the environment is. A covalent bond , also known as a molecular bond, involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Primarily, this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table of elements , yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals. This is due to the mechanism of this type of bond. Elements that fall close to each other on

1406-469: A unique and defined chemical structure held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds . Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds , salts held together by ionic bonds , intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds , or the subset of chemical complexes that are held together by coordinate covalent bonds . Pure chemical elements are generally not considered chemical compounds, failing

1480-403: Is paramagnetic at room temperature. It becomes an antiferromagnet upon cooling below 20 K (−253.2 °C). Below this transition temperature it exhibits a set of complex magnetic phases that have long spin relaxation times and spin glass behavior. Neodymium is a rare-earth metal that was present in the classical mischmetal at a concentration of about 18%. To make neodymium magnets it

1554-541: Is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities ) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds . A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction , which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how

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1628-552: Is a component of " didymium " (referring to mixture of salts of neodymium and praseodymium ) used for coloring glass to make welder's and glass-blower's goggles; the sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm. The similar absorption of the yellow mercury emission line at 578 nm is the principal cause of the blue color observed for neodymium glass under traditional white-fluorescent lighting. Neodymium and didymium glass are used in color-enhancing filters in indoor photography, particularly in filtering out

1702-403: Is a type of metallic alloy that forms an ordered solid-state compound between two or more metallic elements. Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties. They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds. A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called

1776-427: Is alloyed with iron , which is a ferromagnet . Neodymium is the fourth member of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table , it appears between the lanthanides praseodymium to its left and the radioactive element promethium to its right, and above the actinide uranium . Its 60 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f6s, of which the six 4f and 6s electrons are valence . Like most other metals in

1850-580: Is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser . Neodymium alloys are used to make high-strength neodymium magnets , which are powerful permanent magnets . These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in electric motors with

1924-560: Is at least one documented case of a person losing a fingertip when two magnets he was using snapped together from 50 cm away. Another risk of these powerful magnets is that if more than one magnet is ingested, they can pinch soft tissues in the gastrointestinal tract . This has led to an estimated 1,700 emergency room visits and necessitated the recall of the Buckyballs line of toys , which were construction sets of small neodymium magnets. Chemical compound A chemical compound

1998-420: Is combustible and therefore an explosion hazard. Neodymium compounds, as with all rare-earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however, its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Ingested neodymium salts are regarded as more toxic if they are soluble than if they are insoluble. Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes , and moderately irritating to skin. Breathing

2072-493: Is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions . These can be simple ions such as the sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) in sodium chloride , or polyatomic species such as the ammonium ( NH 4 ) and carbonate ( CO 3 ) ions in ammonium carbonate . Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of

2146-430: Is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with "permanent magnet" generators use neodymium). For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle. Neodymium glass (Nd:glass) is produced by the inclusion of neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 3 ) in

2220-485: Is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved than from monazite. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, which liberates carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride , and silicon tetrafluoride . The product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution. Neodymium's per-particle abundance in

2294-608: The Solar System is 0.083 ppb (parts per billion). This figure is about two thirds of that of platinum , but two and a half times more than mercury, and nearly five times more than gold. The lanthanides are not usually found in space, and are much more abundant in the Earth's crust . Neodymium is classified as a lithophile under the Goldschmidt classification , meaning that it is generally found combined with oxygen. Although it belongs to

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2368-452: The coordination centre , and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds, especially those of transition metals , are coordination complexes. A coordination complex whose centre is a metal atom is called a metal complex of d block element. Compounds are held together through a variety of different types of bonding and forces. The differences in

2442-468: The natural abundance )—and two radioisotopes with extremely long half-lives, Nd ( alpha decay with a half-life ( t 1/2 ) of 2.29 × 10 years) and Nd ( double beta decay , t 1/2  ≈ 9.3 × 10 years). In all, 35 radioisotopes of neodymium have been detected as of 2022, with the most stable radioisotopes being the naturally occurring ones: Nd and Nd. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are shorter than twelve days, and

2516-449: The oxygen molecule (O 2 ); or it may be heteronuclear , a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H 2 O). A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance. An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding . The compound

2590-442: The third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices. Other applications of neodymium include: The early lanthanides, including neodymium, as well as lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium, have been found to be essential to some methanotrophic bacteria living in volcanic mudpots , such as Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum . Neodymium is not otherwise known to have a biological role in any other organisms. Neodymium metal dust

2664-413: The 1950s, high purity (>99%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite , a mineral rich in rare-earth elements. The metal is obtained through electrolysis of its halide salts . Currently, most neodymium is extracted from bastnäsite and purified by solvent extraction. Ion-exchange purification is used for the highest purities (typically >99.99%). Since then,

2738-459: The Earth. Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements, which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly. A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule may be homonuclear , that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with two atoms in

2812-416: The Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs , later named cerite . Thirty years later, fifteen-year-old Wilhelm Hisinger , a member of the family owning the mine, sent a sample to Carl Scheele , who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated

2886-524: The Truth ;; tho' they are not all agreed ... Compound Substances are made up of two or more simple Substances ... So a Needle is simple Body, being made only of Steel; but a Sword or a Knife is a compound because its ... Handle is made of Materials different from the Blade. Any substance consisting of two or more different types of atoms ( chemical elements ) in a fixed stoichiometric proportion can be termed

2960-755: The UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), the HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodying Neodymium) 1- terawatt neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature, and pressure interact inside warheads. HELEN can create plasmas of around 10 K , from which opacity and transmission of radiation are measured. Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power ( terawatt scale), high energy ( megajoules ) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion . Nd:glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to

3034-500: The United States, and China. The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light , blue under white fluorescent lighting , and greenish under trichromatic lighting. In combination with gold or selenium , red colors are produced. Since neodymium coloration depends upon " forbidden " f-f transitions deep within

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3108-437: The atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass. However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass. The same forbidden nature of the f-f transitions makes rare-earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in

3182-431: The constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds ; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds ; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds ; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds . Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in

3256-825: The demand for NdFeB magnets is expected to increase significantly in the future. Neodymium magnets (an alloy, Nd 2 Fe 14 B) are the strongest permanent magnets known. A neodymium magnet of a few tens of grams can lift a thousand times its own weight, and can snap together with enough force to break bones. These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than samarium–cobalt magnets . However, they are not superior in every aspect, as neodymium-based magnets lose their magnetism at lower temperatures and tend to corrode, while samarium–cobalt magnets do not. Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones , professional loudspeakers , headphones , guitar and bass guitar pick-ups , and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium

3330-486: The differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor , with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore. The demand for mineral resources, such as rare-earth elements (including neodymium) and other critical materials, has been rapidly increasing owing to

3404-548: The dust can cause lung embolisms , and accumulated exposure damages the liver. Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant , especially when given intravenously. Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have prevented widespread applications. Commercially available magnets made from neodymium are exceptionally strong and can attract each other from large distances. If not handled carefully, they come together very quickly and forcefully, causing injuries. There

3478-414: The early lanthanides of the cerium group (those from lanthanum to samarium and europium ). As a result, it tends to occur along with them in phosphate , silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (MPO 4 ) and bastnäsite (MCO 3 F), where M refers to all the rare-earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y, with somewhat less Pr and Nd). Bastnäsite

3552-400: The fixed ratios. Many solid chemical substances—for example many silicate minerals —are chemical substances, but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios; even so, these crystalline substances are often called " non-stoichiometric compounds ". It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as

3626-508: The four Elements, of which all earthly Things were compounded; and they suppos'd the Heavens to be a Quintessence, or fifth sort of Body, distinct from all these : But, since experimental Philosophy ... have been better understood, this Doctrine has been abundantly refuted. The Chymists make Spirit, Salt, Sulphur, Water and Earth to be their five Elements, because they can reduce all terrestrial Things to these five : This seems to come nearer

3700-443: The glass is used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Another application is the creation of selective astronomical filters to reduce the effect of light pollution from sodium and fluorescent lighting while passing other colours, especially dark red hydrogen-alpha emission from nebulae. Neodymium is also used to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants from glass. Neodymium

3774-468: The glass melt. In daylight or incandescent light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under fluorescent lighting. Neodymium may be used to color glass in shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927. The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains

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3848-423: The glass technology has improved due to the improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide and the advancement of glass technology in general. Early methods of separating the lanthanides depended on fractional crystallization, which did not allow for the isolation of high-purity neodymium until the aforementioned ion exchange methods were developed after World War II. Neodymium is rarely found in nature as

3922-484: The growing human population and industrial development. Recently, the requirement for a low-carbon society has led to a significant demand for energy-saving technologies such as batteries, high-efficiency motors, renewable energy sources, and fuel cells. Among these technologies, permanent magnets are often used to fabricate high-efficiency motors, with neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B sintered and bonded magnets; hereinafter referred to as NdFeB magnets ) being

3996-420: The lanthanide series, neodymium usually only uses three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are strongly bound: this is because the 4f orbitals penetrate the most through the inert xenon core of electrons to the nucleus, followed by 5d and 6s, and this increases with higher ionic charge. Neodymium can still lose a fourth electron because it comes early in the lanthanides, where

4070-633: The light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite. With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua , Bolivia ; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , Canada ; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania . As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under

4144-465: The main type of permanent magnet in the market since their invention. NdFeB magnets are used in hybrid electric vehicles , plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , electric vehicles , fuel cell vehicles , wind turbines , home appliances , computers, and many small consumer electronic devices. Furthermore, they are indispensable for energy savings. Toward achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement ,

4218-452: The majority of these have half-lives that are shorter than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. Neodymium also has 15 known metastable isotopes , with the most stable one being Nd ( t 1/2  = 5.5 hours), Nd ( t 1/2  = 5.5 minutes) and Nd ( t 1/2 ~70 seconds). The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, Nd, are electron capture and positron decay , and

4292-510: The metal to further oxidation; a centimeter-sized sample of neodymium corrodes completely in about a year. Nd is generally soluble in water. Like its neighbor praseodymium , it readily burns at about 150 °C to form neodymium(III) oxide ; the oxide then peels off, exposing the bulk metal to the further oxidation: Neodymium is an electropositive element, and it reacts slowly with cold water, or quickly with hot water, to form neodymium(III) hydroxide : Neodymium metal reacts vigorously with all

4366-465: The need for neodymium. According to the US Geological Survey , Greenland holds the largest reserves of undeveloped rare-earth deposits, particularly neodymium. Mining interests clash with native populations at those sites, due to the release of radioactive substances, mainly thorium , during the mining process. Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of

4440-534: The nuclear charge is still low enough and the 4f subshell energy high enough to allow the removal of further valence electrons. Neodymium has a melting point of 1,024 °C (1,875 °F) and a boiling point of 3,074 °C (5,565 °F). Like other lanthanides, it usually has the oxidation state +3, but can also form in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and even, in very rare conditions, +0. Neodymium metal quickly oxidizes at ambient conditions, forming an oxide layer like iron rust that can spall off and expose

4514-416: The other lanthanides , characterized by an inability to undergo π backbonding . They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric . Naturally occurring neodymium ( 60 Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes —Nd, Nd, Nd, Nd and Nd, with Nd being the most abundant (27.2% of

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4588-536: The periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities , which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons, it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable octet . Ionic bonding occurs when valence electrons are completely transferred between elements. Opposite to covalent bonding, this chemical bond creates two oppositely charged ions. The metals in ionic bonding usually lose their valence electrons, becoming

4662-589: The primary mode after is beta minus decay . The primary decay products before Nd are praseodymium isotopes, and the primary products after Nd are promethium isotopes. Four of the five stable isotopes are only observationally stable, which means that they are expected to undergo radioactive decay, though with half-lives long enough to be considered stable for practical purposes. Additionally, some observationally stable isotopes of samarium are predicted to decay to isotopes of neodymium. Neodymium isotopes are used in various scientific applications. Nd has been used for

4736-424: The production of short-lived isotopes of thulium and ytterbium . Nd has been suggested for the production of Pm, which is a source of radioactive power. Several neodymium isotopes have been used for the production of other promethium isotopes. The decay from Sm ( t 1/2  = 1.06 × 10 y ) to the stable Nd allows for samarium–neodymium dating . Nd has also been used to study double beta decay . In 1751,

4810-458: The products were of relatively low purity. Pure neodymium was first isolated in 1925. The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin. Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. Lindsay Chemical Division was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium. Starting in

4884-682: The rare-earth metals, neodymium is not rare at all. Its abundance in the Earth's crust is about 41 mg/kg. It is similar in abundance to lanthanum . The world's production of neodymium was about 7,000 tons in 2004. The bulk of current production is from China. Historically, the Chinese government imposed strategic material controls on the element, causing large fluctuations in prices. The uncertainty of pricing and availability have caused companies (particularly Japanese ones) to create permanent magnets and associated electric motors with fewer rare-earth metals; however, so far they have been unable to eliminate

4958-469: The spectroscopic properties suitable for the generation of laser radiation. In 1964 Geusic et al. demonstrated the operation of neodymium ion in YAG matrix Y 3 Al 5 O 12 . It is a four-level laser with lower threshold and with excellent mechanical and temperature properties. For optical pumping of this material it is possible to use non-coherent flashlamp radiation or a coherent diode beam. The current laser at

5032-433: The stable halogens : Neodymium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the lilac Nd(III) ion . These exist as a [Nd(OH 2 ) 9 ] complexes: Some of the most important neodymium compounds include: Some neodymium compounds vary in color under different types of lighting. Organoneodymium compounds are compounds that have a neodymium–carbon bond. These compounds are similar to those of

5106-494: The two or more atom requirement, though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms (such as in the diatomic molecule H 2 , or the polyatomic molecule S 8 , etc.). Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number . There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances, which include truly non-stoichiometric examples, from chemical compounds, which require

5180-455: The types of bonds in compounds differ based on the types of elements present in the compound. London dispersion forces are the weakest force of all intermolecular forces . They are temporary attractive forces that form when the electrons in two adjacent atoms are positioned so that they create a temporary dipole . Additionally, London dispersion forces are responsible for condensing non polar substances to liquids, and to further freeze to

5254-421: The variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true chemical compound , or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of

5328-432: The yellow hues from incandescent lighting. Similarly, neodymium glass is becoming widely used more directly in incandescent light bulbs . These lamps contain neodymium in the glass to filter out yellow light, resulting in a whiter light which is more like sunlight. During World War I , didymium mirrors were reportedly used to transmit Morse code across battlefields. Similar to its use in glasses, neodymium salts are used as

5402-409: Was published. In this book, Boyle variously used the terms "compound", "compounded body", "perfectly mixt body", and "concrete". "Perfectly mixt bodies" included for example gold, lead, mercury, and wine. While the distinction between compound and mixture is not so clear, the distinction between element and compound is a central theme. Quicksilver ... with Aqua fortis will be brought into

5476-475: Was the first lanthanide from rare-earth elements used for the generation of laser radiation. The Nd:CaWO 4 laser was developed in 1961. Historically, it was the third laser which was put into operation (the first was ruby, the second the U:CaF laser). Over the years the neodymium laser became one of the most used lasers for application purposes. The success of the Nd ion lies in the structure of its energy levels and in

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