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50-828: Neo-Byzantine architecture emerged in the 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of the 19th century with the Sacré-Coeur Basilica in Paris , and with monumental works in the Russian Empire , and later Bulgaria . The Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia in the interwar period . Sophia Cathedral in Pushkin (1782–1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise neoclassical structures. In 1830s Nicholas I of Russia promoted

100-690: A common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and Central Asia , the Cossack hosts and the industrial region in Urals around the city of Perm . Architects David Grimm and Vasily Kosyakov developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical pendentive apses that became de facto standard in 1880s-1890s. The reign of Nicholas II

150-549: A hospital during World War I . To earn money, Nikolay painted many scenes of Malta, signing his paintings as N Krasnoff. He is known as Nicholas Krasnoff in Malta. In May 2016 MaltaPost issued a commemorative set of stamps in his honour. In 1922 Krasnov and his wife moved to Belgrade , then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . He was one of around 90,000 Russian emigrés in Yugoslavia at

200-805: A mild, generally humid climate, influenced by the North Atlantic Current . Western Europe is a heatwave hotspot, exhibiting upward trends that are three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of the northern midlatitudes. Western European languages mostly fall within two Indo-European language families: the Romance languages , descended from the Latin of the Roman Empire ; and the Germanic languages , whose ancestor language ( Proto-Germanic ) came from southern Scandinavia . Romance languages are spoken primarily in

250-591: A related style known as Bristol Byzantine was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the Byzantine style with Moorish architecture . Newman University Church , Dublin (1885–86) is a notable Irish example. In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen in vernacular amalgamations with other Medieval revivalist styles such as Romanesque and Gothic , or even with

300-687: A supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to the Neo-Grec and Neo-Renaissance style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture in Austro-Hungary , Serbia and post-war Yugoslavia . Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work includes the Arsenal in Vienna (1852—1856, with Ludwig Förster ),

350-524: A very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. Although some countries were officially neutral , they were classified according to the nature of their political and economic systems. This division largely defines the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe and its borders with Eastern Europe . The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. West Germany peacefully absorbed East Germany , in

400-712: Is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union . In this thesaurus, the countries of Europe are grouped into sub-regions. The following countries are included in the sub-group Western Europe: The Western European and Others Group is one of several unofficial Regional Groups in the United Nations that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums. Regional voting blocs were formed in 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from different regional groups. The European members of

450-563: Is an example of Eclectic Romano-Byzantine architecture. A prominent example of Byzantine Revival architecture in France is the Basilica of Sacre-Coeur in Paris, built between 1875 and 1914, based on the original plan of Paul Abadie . It features five elongated domes on the exterior and an interior with mosaics and other art inspired by Byzantine art . Inspired by the former is another excellent example -

500-725: Is the largest religion in Western Europe. According to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center , 71.0% of Western Europeans identified as Christians. In 1054, the East–West Schism divided Christianity into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity . This split Europe in two, with Western Europe primarily under the Catholic Church , and Eastern Europe primarily under the Eastern Orthodox Church . Ever since

550-775: Is the western region of Europe . The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean world, the Roman Empire (both Western and Eastern ), and medieval " Christendom ". Beginning with the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery , roughly from the 15th century, the concept of Europe as "the West " slowly became distinguished from and eventually replaced

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600-658: The Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe . Warsaw , Berlin , Prague , Vienna , Budapest , Belgrade , Bucharest and Sofia ; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to

650-728: The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux completed in 1954. Westminster Cathedral (1895–1903), the Catholic cathedral in London, is the largest and most thorough British effort in the style, by John Francis Bentley (1839–1902), but there are a number of other churches and other buildings such as the Christ Church, Brixton Road , also in London, by Arthur Beresford Pite , 1897–1903, near The Oval cricket ground and St Mary and St George Church , High Wycombe (1935–1938). From about 1850 to 1880 in Bristol

700-833: The German reunification . Comecon and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Several countries which had been part of the Soviet Union regained full independence. In 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed between Belgium , France , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It was further revisited in 1954 at the Paris Conference , when

750-716: The Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Vienna (1856—1858) and the Christuskirche in Matzleindorf , Vienna (1858—1860). Earliest examples of emerging Byzantine- Romanesque architecture include the Alexander Nevsky Memorial Church , Potsdam, by Russian architect Vasily Stasov , and the Abbey of Saint Boniface , laid down by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1835 and completed in 1840. The basilica followed

800-620: The Ministry of Forestry building (now Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (1923) which bears a memorial plaque to Krasnov; the Serbian National Archive Building (1928); and the Yugoslavian Ministry of Finance Building (built 1926–29). These academicist buildings were large and imposing, and designed to represent the strength of Yugoslavian statehood. However, Krasnov also created buildings of various other styles, including

850-830: The Mission Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival styles. The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States of America. The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of the largest churches in the world, and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C. Its construction of Byzantine Revival and Romanesque Revival architecture began on September 23, 1920, with renowned contractor John McShain and

900-744: The Reformation in the 16th century, Protestantism has also been a major denomination in Europe, with Eastern Protestant and Eastern Catholic denominations also emerging in Central and Eastern Europe . During the four decades of the Cold War , the definition of East and West was simplified by the existence of the Eastern Bloc . A number of historians and social scientists view the Cold War definition of Western and Eastern Europe as outdated or relegating. During

950-516: The Roman conquest, a large part of Western Europe had adopted the newly developed La Tène culture . As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared between the mainly Greek -speaking eastern provinces, which had formed the highly urbanised Hellenistic civilisation , and the western territories, which in contrast largely adopted the Latin language. This cultural and linguistic division

1000-684: The Sacred Heart Church or the Rosary Basilica , both located in Berlin . One of the earliest examples in France is the enormous Marseille Cathedral , built between 1852 and 1893, and the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde , both located in Marseille. Another example is the Russian orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris build 1859-1861. The Saint-Augustin in Paris build between 1860 and 1871

1050-620: The Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts , where he held the title of academician . An opponent of the Russian Revolution , Krasnov left Yalta with his family in 1919 for Malta , alongside the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna , sister of Queen Alexandra , and over 600 members of the Russian aristocracy. Nikolay was in a group housed in the empty Villa St Ignatius , which had been a Jesuit college and then

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1100-510: The Soviet Union . With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain . This term had been used during World War II by German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and, later, Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address on 5 March 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri : From Stettin in

1150-702: The Western European Union was established. It was declared defunct in 2011 after the Treaty of Lisbon , and the Treaty of Brussels was terminated. When the Western European Union was dissolved, it had 10 member countries. Additionally, it had 6 associate member countries, 7 associate partner countries and 5 observer countries. The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) which divides

1200-683: The " Far West ". The term Far West became synonymous with Western Europe in China during the Ming dynasty . The Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci was one of the first writers in China to use the Far West as an Asian counterpart to the European concept of the Far East . In Ricci's writings, Ricci referred to himself as "Matteo of the Far West". The term was still in use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Christianity

1250-594: The CIA classification a little more liberally and including "South-Western Europe", would give the following calculation of Western Europe's population. The Hague is the seat of government The climate of Western Europe varies from Mediterranean in the coasts of Italy , Portugal and Spain to alpine in the Pyrenees and the Alps . The Mediterranean climate of the south is dry and warm. The western and northwestern parts have

1300-440: The Eastern Orthodox Church, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Carolingian Empire ), the division between Roman Catholic and Protestant became more important in Europe than that with Eastern Orthodoxy. In East Asia , Western Europe was historically known as taixi in China and taisei in Japan, which literally translates as

1350-410: The Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Greek or Byzantine Empire , survived and even thrived for another 1000 years. The rise of the Carolingian Empire in the west, and in particular the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism , enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire , center of

1400-508: The countries of the world into regional and subregional groups, based on the M49 coding classification . The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories. In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as Western Europe: The CIA classifies seven countries as belonging to "Western Europe": The CIA also classifies three countries as belonging to "Southwestern Europe": EuroVoc

1450-486: The dominant use of "Christendom" as the preferred endonym within the area. By the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution , the concepts of " Eastern Europe " and "Western Europe" were more regularly used. The distinctiveness of Western Europe became most apparent during the Cold War , when Europe was divided for 40 years by the Iron Curtain into the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc , each characterised by distinct political and economical systems. Prior to

1500-498: The dynastic burial church in Oplenac which was commissioned by the Karađorđeviċ dynasty 1909. With the arrival of Russian émigré artists after the October Revolution , Belgrade's main governmental edifices were planned by eminent Russian architects trained in Russia. It was King Alexander I who was the patron of the Neo-Byzantine movement. Its main proponents were Aleksandar Deroko , Momir Korunović , Branko Krstić , Grigorije Samojlov and Nikolay Krasnov . Their main contribution were

1550-430: The final stages of World War II , the future of Europe was decided between the Allies in the 1945 Yalta Conference , between the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , the U.S. President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and the Premier of the Soviet Union , Joseph Stalin . Post-war Europe was divided into two major spheres: the Western Bloc , influenced by the United States , and the Eastern Bloc , influenced by

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1600-432: The founder of Moscow 's Tretyakov Gallery , and entrepreneur Petar Gubonyin. In 1887 Krasnov took up the post of Chief Architect in Yalta , for which he was paid 900 roubles per year. He had a contract for 24 years, of which he served 12. Taking up the post at the age of 23, Krasnov had large responsibility for the rapid growth of the city at the time. He started by expanding the promenade, which by 1913 would become

1650-402: The group are: In addition, Australia , Canada , Israel and New Zealand are members of the group, with the United States as observer. Using the CIA classification strictly would give the following calculation of Western Europe's population. All figures based on the projections for 2018 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Using

1700-544: The highest gross domestic product in Europe and the largest financial surplus of any country, Luxembourg has the world's highest GDP per capita, and Germany has the highest net national wealth of any European state. Switzerland and Luxembourg have the highest average wage in the world, in nominal and PPP , respectively. Norway ranks highest in the world on the Social Progress Index . Nikolay Krasnov (architect) Nikolay Petrovich Krasnov (Russian: Николай Петрович Краснов; 23 November 1864 – 8 December 1939)

1750-437: The main street of the city, before developing and adopting a new city plan in 1889. This included a new sewer system, new planning regulations including limits to the width of streets and height of buildings, the building of new streets, and prevention of unregulated construction in the city. The plan also included a school and children's hospital, and the construction of the Pushkin Boulevard. Two concrete bridges were built over

1800-408: The protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Western Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. Western Europe is one of the richest regions of the world. Germany has

1850-403: The renovation of the medieval Ružica Church in 1925. He also created the artistic interiors for St. George's Church royal mausoleum in Topola , the villa of the Old Palace in Belgrade, and the House of the National Assembly (completed in 1936). He died in Belgrade on 8 December 1939, and is buried in the Russian section of the New Cemetery in Belgrade. In 2016 a street in Belgrade

1900-476: The river, and the embankment strengthened. Many streets were also renamed as part of this plan. Krasnov also ran a private practice in Yalta until 1911. Among his most famous work is the Livadia Palace , later the location of the 1945 Yalta Conference . This was built on the Yalta estate of Tsar Nicholas II , on the site of a previous palace demolished in 1904. Krasnov worked on the designs through 1909 and they were commissioned in 23 April 1910, and built over

1950-479: The royal castles on Dedinje, the Church of Saint Sava and the St. Mark's Church in Belgrade. After the communist era ended, Mihajlo Mitrović and Nebojša Popović were proponents of new tendencies in sacral architecture which used classic examples in the Byzantine tradition. Istanbul: Agia Triada in Taksim. Ayvalık: Agios Georgios (çınarlı mosque), Agios Ioannis (saatli mosque), Taxiarchis (Koç museum) in Moschonisi/Cunda. Danish architect Theophil Hansen became

2000-418: The rules of 6th-century Ravenna architecture, although its corinthian order was a clear deviation from the historical Byzantine art. In 1876 Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned Neo-Byzantine interiors of the externally Romanesque Neuschwanstein Castle , complete with mosaic images of Justinian I and Greek saints. Several Neo-Byzantine-style churches were constructed during the Gründerzeit , for instance,

2050-480: The so-called Russo-Byzantine style of churches designed by Konstantin Thon . Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel -shaped gable , and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome ; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard. True Byzantine art, popularized by Grigory Gagarin and David Grimm ,

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2100-430: The southern and central part of Western Europe, Germanic languages in the northern part (the British Isles and the Low Countries ), as well as a large part of Northern and Central Europe . Other Western European languages include the Celtic group (that is, Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Manx , Welsh , Cornish and Breton ) and Basque , the only currently living European language isolate . Multilingualism and

2150-450: The subsequent 17 months. Krasnov designed over 60 buildings in Crimea in total, blending a modernist style with the traditions of the local architecture. Other notable examples include the Dulber Palace in Koreiz (built 1895-97), Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Yalta (1902), Yusupov Palace in Koreiz (1909), and Kokkoz Jami Mosque in Sokolyne (1910). In 1913, he presented a collection of illustrations he had produced of his works to

2200-477: The time, and one of many Russian architects and civil engineers that would have a large impact on the country over the next two decades. In Belgrade he became head of the Department of Monumental Architectural Developments and Monuments, part of the Serbian Ministry of Housing and Building. His building designs in Serbia number around 60, and were created under the name Nikola Krasnov, as a mark of respect to his adopted homeland. His key works in Belgrade include:

2250-433: Was a Russian Serbian architect and painter, who served as Chief Architect of Yalta , Crimea , between 1887 and 1899. From 1922 he lived and worked in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and was a key figure in the architectural development of Belgrade . Krasnov started attending the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1876, aged 12. As a young artist he received patronage from Sergey Tretyakov, brother of

2300-500: Was adopted by Alexander II of Russia as the de facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire ( Congress Poland , Crimea , the Caucasus ). However, few buildings were completed in the reign of Alexander II due to financial troubles. Alexander III changed state preference in favor of Russian Revival trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained

2350-699: Was completed on December 8, 2017, with the dedication and solemn blessing of the Trinity Dome mosaic on December 8, 2017, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , by Cardinal Donald William Wuerl . Other notable US examples include many buildings on the campus of Rice University in Texas , and Christ Church United Methodist in Manhattan by Ralph Adams Cram ; Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota) , Immaculate Conception Church in New Orleans , St. Francis de Sales Church in Philadelphia , Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , Temple Beth Israel in Portland, Oregon, and Sts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church in Buffalo, New York. Western Europe Western Europe

2400-424: Was eventually reinforced by the later political east–west division of the Roman Empire . The Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire controlled the two divergent regions between the 3rd and the 5th centuries. The division between these two was enhanced during late antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events. The Western Roman Empire collapsed , starting the Early Middle Ages . By contrast,

2450-416: Was notable for the architect's turn from this standard back to Hagia Sophia legacy, peaking in the Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt and Poti cathedral. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary Art Nouveau yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition

2500-414: Was terminated by the Russian Revolution of 1917 but was continued by emigrant architects in Yugoslavia and Harbin . The Bulgarian Neo-Byzantine style from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is often a combination of Byzantine, typical Bulgarian , Eastern Orthodox and Secession / Art Nouveau / Modernisme elements. Serbia's modern sacral architecture got its main impetus from

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