Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit . It can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the throat.
86-409: Over 30 definitions of nausea were proposed in a 2011 book on the topic. Nausea is a non-specific symptom , which means that it has many possible causes. Some common causes of nausea are gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal disorders , food poisoning , motion sickness , dizziness , migraine , fainting , low blood sugar , anxiety , hyperthermia , dehydration and lack of sleep . Nausea
172-441: A flare-up . A flare-up may show more severe symptoms. The term chief complaint , also "presenting problem", is used to describe the initial concern of an individual when seeking medical help, and once this is clearly noted a history of the present illness may be taken. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom. Some symptoms can be misleading as a result of referred pain , where for example
258-428: A seasonal affective disorder . Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder often features an extremely intense depressive mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode; and posttraumatic stress disorder ,
344-544: A "rational response to global conditions", according to Ann Cvetkovich . Psychogeographical depression overlaps somewhat with the theory of "deprejudice", a portmanteau of depression and prejudice proposed by Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon in 2012, who argue for an integrative approach to studying the often comorbid experiences. Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon are concerned with the ways in which social stereotypes are often internalized , creating negative self-stereotypes that then produce depressive symptoms. Unlike
430-431: A CT scan, upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema, or MRI. Abnormal GI motility can be assessed using specific tests like gastric scintigraphy, wireless motility capsules, and small-intestinal manometry. If dehydration is present due to loss of fluids from severe vomiting, rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions is preferred. If this is not effective or possible, intravenous rehydration may be required. Medical care
516-420: A diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor. Physical activity has a protective effect against the emergence of depression in some people. There
602-399: A disorder is known as a syndrome . When a disease is evidenced by symptoms it is known as symptomatic . There are many conditions including subclinical infections that display no symptoms, and these are termed asymptomatic . Signs and symptoms may be mild or severe, brief or longer-lasting when they may become reduced ( remission ), or then recur ( relapse or recrudescence ) known as
688-561: A distinction between endogenous (internally caused) and exogenous (externally caused) types. Other psycho-dynamic theories were proposed. Existential and humanistic theories represented a forceful affirmation of individualism. Austrian existential psychiatrist Viktor Frankl connected depression to feelings of futility and meaninglessness . Frankl's logotherapy addressed the filling of an "existential vacuum" associated with such feelings, and may be particularly useful for depressed adolescents. Researchers theorized that depression
774-493: A distinctive facial expression or appearance known as a facies . An example is elfin facies which has facial features like those of the elf , and this may be associated with Williams syndrome , or Donohue syndrome . The most well-known facies is probably the Hippocratic facies that is seen on a person as they near death. Anamnestic signs (from anamnēstikós , ἀναμνηστικός, "able to recall to mind") are signs that indicate
860-421: A few days later by the measles rash . Cardinal signs and symptoms are very specific even to the point of being pathognomonic . A cardinal sign or cardinal symptom can also refer to the major sign or symptom of a disease. Abnormal reflexes can indicate problems with the nervous system . Signs and symptoms are also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to
946-418: A group of known signs, or signs and symptoms. These can be a group of three known as a triad; a group of four ("tetrad"); or a group of five ("pentad"). An example of a triad is Meltzer's triad presenting purpura a rash, arthralgia painful joints, and myalgia painful and weak muscles. Meltzer's triad indicates the condition cryoglobulinemia . Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that
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#17331229881191032-441: A huge impact on diagnostic capability. The recognition of signs, and noting of symptoms may lead to a diagnosis. Otherwise a physical examination may be carried out, and a medical history taken. Further diagnostic medical tests such as blood tests , scans , and biopsies , may be needed. An X-ray for example would soon be diagnostic of a suspected bone fracture . A noted significance detected during an examination or from
1118-525: A long-standing history of nausea will point towards a chronic illness as the culprit. The timing of nausea and vomiting after eating food is an important factor to pay attention to. Symptoms that occur within an hour of eating may indicate an obstruction proximal to the small intestine, such as gastroparesis or pyloric stenosis . An obstruction further down in the intestine or colon will cause delayed vomiting. An infectious cause of nausea and vomiting such as gastroenteritis may present several hours to days after
1204-410: A main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia , a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet
1290-439: A medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or catastrophic injury . Similar depressive symptoms are associated with survivor's guilt . Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following social rejection , peer pressure, or bullying. Depression in childhood and adolescence
1376-494: A medical test may be known as a medical finding . Signs and symptoms Syndrome Disease Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Prognosis Acute Chronic Cure Eponymous disease Acronym or abbreviation Remission Depression (mood) Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. It affects about 3.5% of the global population , or about 280 million people of all ages (as of 2020). Depression affects
1462-447: A mental disorder that sometimes follows trauma , is commonly accompanied by depressed mood. Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions. Given the lived experiences of marginalized peoples, ranging from conditions of migration , class stratification , cultural genocide , labor exploitation , and social immobility , depression can be seen as
1548-430: A pain in the right shoulder may be due to an inflamed gallbladder and not to presumed muscle strain. Many diseases have an early prodromal stage where a few signs and symptoms may suggest the presence of a disorder before further specific symptoms may emerge. Measles for example has a prodromal presentation that includes a hacking cough, fever, and Koplik's spots in the mouth. Over half of migraine episodes have
1634-564: A past condition, for example paralysis in an arm may indicate a past stroke . Some diseases including cancers , and infections may be present but show no signs or symptoms and these are known as asymptomatic . A gallstone may be asymptomatic and only discovered as an incidental finding . Easily spreadable viral infections such as COVID-19 may be asymptomatic but may still be transmissible . A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall")
1720-471: A pathognomonic cardinal sign, the absence of a sign or symptom can often rule out a condition. This is known by the Latin term sine qua non . For example, the absence of known genetic mutations specific for a hereditary disease would rule out that disease. Another example is where the vaginal pH is less than 4.5, a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis would be excluded. A reflex is an automatic response in
1806-535: A period of six months are termed B symptoms associated with lymphoma and indicate a poor prognosis. Other sub-types of symptoms include: Vital signs are the four signs that can give an immediate measurement of the body's overall functioning and health status. They are temperature , heart rate , breathing rate , and blood pressure . The ranges of these measurements vary with age, weight, gender and with general health. A digital application has been developed for use in clinical settings that measures three of
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#17331229881191892-447: A person's thoughts , behavior , feelings , and sense of well-being . Experiences that would normally bring a person pleasure or joy gives reduced pleasure or joy, and the afflicted person often experiences a loss of motivation or interest in those activities. Depressed mood is a symptom of some mood disorders , also categorized and called depression , such as major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder and dysthymia . It
1978-427: A person's reported subjective experiences. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showing on a medical scan . A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body, which occur as the body's immune system fights off an infection. A medical sign
2064-436: A process of self-recognition and identifying familiar stimuli. By maintaining one's personal past and identity, it is a technique that stimulates people to view their lives in a more objective and balanced way, causing them to pay attention to positive information in their life stories, which would successfully reduce depressive mood levels. There is limited evidence that continuing antidepressant medication for one year reduces
2150-513: A prodromal phase. Schizophrenia has a notable prodromal stage, as has dementia . Some symptoms are specific , that is, they are associated with a single, specific medical condition. Nonspecific symptoms , sometimes also called equivocal symptoms , are not specific to a particular condition. They include unexplained weight loss, headache, pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, night sweats, and malaise . A group of three particular nonspecific symptoms – fever, night sweats, and weight loss – over
2236-472: A result of these factors. It is possible that some early generation beta-blockers induce depression in some patients, though the evidence for this is weak and conflicting. There is strong evidence for a link between alpha interferon therapy and depression. One study found that a third of alpha interferon-treated patients had developed depression after three months of treatment. ( Beta interferon therapy appears to have no effect on rates of depression.) There
2322-826: A splashing " succussion " sound is more indicative of gastric outlet obstruction. Eliciting pain on the abdominal exam when pressing on the patient may indicate an inflammatory process. Signs such as papilledema, visual field losses, or focal neurological deficits are red flag signs for elevated intracranial pressure. When a history and physical exam are not enough to determine the cause of nausea and vomiting, certain diagnostic tests may prove useful. A chemistry panel would be useful for electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities. Liver function tests and lipase would identify pancreaticobiliary diseases. Abdominal X-rays showing air-fluid levels indicate bowel obstruction, while an X-ray showing air-filled bowel loops are more indicative of ileus . More advanced imaging and procedures may be necessary, such as
2408-434: A study on academic journal Molecular Psychiatry that depression is not caused by a serotonin imbalance in the human body, unlike what most of the psychiatry community points to, and that therefore anti-depressants do not work against the illness. However, such study was met with criticism from some psychiatrists, who argued the study's methodology used an indirect trace of serotonin, instead of taking direct measurements of
2494-425: A unique combination of symptoms or an overlap of conditions, or to the symptoms being atypical of a known disorder, or to the disorder being extremely rare. It is possible that a person with a particular syndrome might not display every single one of the signs and/or symptoms that compose/define a syndrome. Sensory symptoms can also be described as positive symptoms , or as negative symptoms depending on whether
2580-410: Is a departure from normal function or feeling. Symptomatology (also called semiology) is a branch of medicine dealing with the signs and symptoms of a disease. This study also includes the indications of a disease . It was first described as semiotics by Henry Stubbe in 1670 a term now used for the study of sign communication . Prior to the nineteenth century there was little difference in
2666-399: Is a likely etiology. However, vomiting does not relieve the pain brought on by pancreatitis or cholecystitis . It is important to watch out for signs of dehydration, such as orthostatic hypotension and loss of skin turgor . Auscultation of the abdomen can produce several clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. A high-pitched tinkling sound indicates possible bowel obstruction , while
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2752-766: Is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. It may feature sadness , difficulty in thinking and concentration, or a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. People experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection or hopelessness and may experience suicidal thoughts . Depression can either be short term or long term. Adversity in childhood , such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings, can contribute to depression in adulthood. Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with
2838-617: Is a side effect of many medications including chemotherapy , or morning sickness in early pregnancy. Nausea may also be caused by disgust and depression . Medications taken to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting are called antiemetics . The most commonly prescribed antiemetics in the US are promethazine , metoclopramide , and the newer ondansetron . The word nausea is from Latin nausea , from Greek ναυσία – nausia , "ναυτία" – nautia , motion sickness , "feeling sick or queasy". Gastrointestinal infections (37%) and food poisoning are
2924-707: Is also indicated for this purpose. In certain people, cannabinoids may be effective in reducing chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting. Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in the advanced stages of illnesses such as cancer and AIDS . In hospital settings topical anti-nausea gels are not indicated because of lack of research backing their efficacy. Topical gels containing lorazepam , diphenhydramine , and haloperidol are sometimes used for nausea but are not equivalent to more established therapies. Ginger has also been shown to be potentially effective in treating several types of nausea. The outlook depends on
3010-404: Is an objective observable indication of a disease, injury, or medical condition that may be detected during a physical examination . These signs may be visible, such as a rash or bruise , or otherwise detectable such as by using a stethoscope or taking blood pressure . Medical signs, along with symptoms , help in forming a diagnosis . Some examples of signs are nail clubbing of either
3096-445: Is associated with low extraversion , and people who have high levels of neuroticism are more likely to experience depressive symptoms and are more likely to receive a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Additionally, depression is associated with low conscientiousness. Some factors that may arise from low conscientiousness include disorganization and dissatisfaction with life. Individuals may be more exposed to stress and depression as
3182-422: Is characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric signs and symptoms. A large number of these groups that can be characteristic of a particular disease are known as a syndrome . Noonan syndrome for example, has a diagnostic set of unique facial and musculoskeletal features. Some syndromes such as nephrotic syndrome may have a number of underlying causes that are all related to diseases that affect
3268-1425: Is common during early pregnancy but may occasionally continue into the second and third trimesters. In the first trimester nearly 80 % of women have some degree of nausea. Pregnancy should therefore be considered as a possible cause of nausea in any sexually active woman of child-bearing age. While usually it is mild and self-limiting, severe cases known as hyperemesis gravidarum may require treatment. A number of conditions involving balance such as motion sickness and vertigo can lead to nausea and vomiting. Dysmenorrhea can cause nausea. Nausea may be caused by depression , anxiety disorders and eating disorders . While most causes of nausea are not serious, some serious conditions are associated with nausea. These include pancreatitis , small bowel obstruction , appendicitis , cholecystitis , hepatitis , Addisonian crisis , diabetic ketoacidosis , increased intracranial pressure , spontaneous intracranial hypotension , brain tumors , meningitis , heart attack , rabies , carbon monoxide poisoning and many others. Obstructing disorders Enteric infections Inflammatory diseases Sensorimotor dysfunction Other Cardiopulmonary Inner-ear diseases Intracerebral disorders Psychiatric illnesses Other Drugs Endocrine/metabolic disease Toxins Research on nausea and vomiting has relied on using animal models to mimic
3354-448: Is crucial for the access of treatments. The mhGAP adopted its approach of improving detection rates of depression by training general practitioners. However, there is still weak evidence supporting this training. According to 2011 study, people who are high in hypercompetitive traits are also likely to measure higher for depression and anxiety. The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere , "to press down". From
3440-470: Is due to toxins produced by bacteria in food. Many medications can potentially cause nausea. Some of the most frequently associated include cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for cancer and other diseases, and general anaesthetic agents . An old cure for migraine, ergotamine , is well known to cause devastating nausea in some patients; a person using it for the first time will be prescribed an antiemetic for relief if needed. Nausea or " morning sickness "
3526-404: Is limited evidence suggesting yoga may help some people with depressive disorders or elevated levels of depression, but more research is needed. Reminiscence of old and fond memories is another alternative form of treatment, especially for the elderly who have lived longer and have more experiences in life. It is a method that causes a person to recollect memories of their own life, leading to
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3612-794: Is moderately strong evidence that finasteride when used in the treatment of alopecia increases depressive symptoms in some patients. Evidence linking isotretinoin , an acne treatment, to depression is strong. Other medicines that seem to increase the risk of depression include anticonvulsants , antimigraine drugs , antipsychotics and hormonal agents such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist . Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines ), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants . Depressed mood can be
3698-688: Is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Chronic nausea may be the presentation of many gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally as the major symptom, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease , functional dyspepsia , gastritis , biliary reflux , gastroparesis , peptic ulcer , celiac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity , Crohn's disease , hepatitis , upper gastrointestinal malignancy, and pancreatic cancer . Uncomplicated Helicobacter pylori infection does not cause chronic nausea. Food poisoning usually causes an abrupt onset of nausea and vomiting one to six hours after ingestion of contaminated food and lasts for one to two days. It
3784-435: Is recommended if: a person cannot keep any liquids down, has symptoms more than 2 days, is weak, has a fever, has stomach pain, vomits more than two times in a day or does not urinate for more than 8 hours. Numerous pharmacologic medications are available for the treatment of nausea. There is no medication that is clearly superior to other medications for all cases of nausea. The choice of antiemetic medication may be based on
3870-660: Is shown to be lower than those who do not. Likewise, those from smaller towns and rural areas tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological unwellness. Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians. Life events and changes that may cause depressed mood includes, but are not limited to, childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, military service, family, living conditions, marriage, etc.),
3956-541: Is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress, experiencing loss, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders; most commonly anxiety disorder and conduct disorder . Depression also tends to run in families. Depression
4042-469: Is the study of how epigenetics (heritable characteristics that do not involve changes in DNA sequence) contribute to depression. Behavioral theories of depression explain the etiology of depression with behavioral science ; adherents promote the use of behavioral therapies for treatment. Evolutionary approaches to depression are attempts by evolutionary psychologists and evolutionary psychiatrists to use
4128-567: The Mickey Mouse sign and the Golden S sign . When using imaging to find the cause of a complaint, another unrelated finding may be found known as an incidental finding . Cardinal signs and symptoms are those that may be diagnostic, and pathognomonic – of a certainty of diagnosis. Inflammation for example has a recognised group of cardinal signs and symptoms, as does exacerbations of chronic bronchitis , and Parkinson's disease . In contrast to
4214-501: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Both of these measures are psychological tests that ask personal questions of the participant, and have mostly been used to measure the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report scale that helps a therapist identify the patterns of depression symptoms and monitor recovery. The responses on this scale can be discussed in therapy to devise interventions for
4300-401: The kidneys . Sometimes a child or young adult may have symptoms suggestive of a genetic disorder that cannot be identified even after genetic testing . In such cases the term SWAN (syndrome without a name) may be used. Often a diagnosis may be made at some future point when other more specific symptoms emerge but many cases may remain undiagnosed. The inability to diagnose may be due to
4386-463: The nucleus of the solitary tract , the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and central pattern generator . These structures go on to signal various downstream effects of nausea and vomiting. The body's motor muscle responses involve halting the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and in fact causing reversed propulsion of gastric contents towards the mouth while increasing abdominal muscle contraction. Autonomic effects involve increased salivation and
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#17331229881194472-549: The signs and symptoms of pregnancy , or the symptoms of dehydration . Sometimes a disease may be present without showing any signs or symptoms when it is known as being asymptomatic . The disorder may be discovered through tests including scans. An infection may be asymptomatic but still be transmissible . Signs and symptoms are often non-specific, but some combinations can be suggestive of certain diagnoses , helping to narrow down what may be wrong. A particular set of characteristic signs and symptoms that may be associated with
4558-498: The 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author Richard Baker's Chronicle to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author Samuel Johnson in a similar sense in 1753. In Ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or humors . Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by
4644-412: The anatomy and neuropharmacologic features of the human body. The physiologic mechanism of nausea is a complex process that has yet to be fully elucidated. There are four general pathways that are activated by specific triggers in the human body that go on to create the sensation of nausea and vomiting. Signals from any of these pathways then travel to the brainstem, activating several structures including
4730-483: The body to a stimulus. Its absence, reduced (hypoactive), or exaggerated (hyperactive) response can be a sign of damage to the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system . In the patellar reflex (knee-jerk) for example, its reduction or absence is known as Westphal's sign and may indicate damage to lower motor neurons . When the response is exaggerated damage to the upper motor neurons may be indicated. A number of medical conditions are associated with
4816-414: The cause. Most people recover within few hours or a day. While short-term nausea and vomiting are generally harmless, they may sometimes indicate a more serious condition. When associated with prolonged vomiting, it may lead to dehydration or dangerous electrolyte imbalances or both. Repeated intentional vomiting, characteristic of bulimia , can cause stomach acid to wear away at the enamel present on
4902-545: The chance of death by suicide by two to three times. In 2017, the British Medical Association found that 49% of UK chronic pain patients also had depression. As many as 1/3 of stroke survivors will later develop post-stroke depression . Because strokes may cause damage to the parts of the brain involved in processing emotions, reward, and cognition, stroke may be considered a direct cause of depression. A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as
4988-477: The disorder and are not normally experienced by most individuals and reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions; examples are hallucinations , delusions , and bizarre behavior. Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found but that are diminished or absent, such as apathy and anhedonia . Dynamic symptoms are capable of change depending on circumstance, whereas static symptoms are fixed or unchanging regardless of circumstance. For example,
5074-486: The dominant humor in a particular person. Derived from the Ancient Greek melas , "black", and kholé , "bile", melancholia was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by Hippocrates in his Aphorisms , where he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment. During the 18th century, the humoral theory of melancholia
5160-448: The findings meant and the layman did not". A number of advances introduced mostly in the 19th century, allowed for more objective assessment by the physician in search of a diagnosis, and less need of input from the patient. During the 20th century the introduction of a wide range of imaging techniques and other testing methods such as genetic testing , clinical chemistry tests , molecular diagnostics and pathogenomics have made
5246-444: The fingernails or toenails or an abnormal gait . A symptom is something felt or experienced, such as pain or dizziness. Signs and symptoms are not mutually exclusive, for example a subjective feeling of fever can be noted as sign by using a thermometer that registers a high reading. The CDC lists various diseases by their signs and symptoms such as for measles which includes a high fever , conjunctivitis , and cough , followed
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#17331229881195332-510: The food was ingested. The contents of the emesis is a valuable clue towards determining the cause. Bits of fecal matter in the emesis indicate obstruction in the distal intestine or the colon. Emesis that is of a bilious nature (greenish in color) localizes the obstruction to a point past the stomach. Emesis of undigested food points to an obstruction prior to the gastric outlet, such as achalasia or Zenker's diverticulum . If patient experiences reduced abdominal pain after vomiting, then obstruction
5418-404: The genetic reverberations for subsequent generations. Likewise, research by scientists at Emory University suggests that memories of trauma can be inherited, rendering offspring vulnerable to psychological predispositions for stress disorders , schizophrenia , and PTSD . Measures of depression include, but are not limited to: Beck Depression Inventory-11 and the 9-item depression scale in
5504-1030: The global population has depression, according to a report released by the UN World Health Organization (WHO), which shows an 18 percent increase in the number of people living with depression between 2005 and 2015. Depression is a major mental-health cause of disease burden . Its consequences further lead to significant burden in public health , including a higher risk of dementia , premature mortality arising from physical disorders, and maternal depression impacts on child growth and development. Approximately 76% to 85% of depressed people in low- and middle-income countries do not receive treatment; barriers to treatment include: inaccurate assessment, lack of trained health-care providers, social stigma and lack of resources. The stigma comes from misguided societal views that people with mental illness are different from everyone else, and they can choose to get better only if they wanted to. Due to this more than half of
5590-558: The likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime. People who have experienced four or more adverse childhood experiences are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression. Poor housing quality, non-functionality, lack of green spaces , and exposure to noise and air pollution are linked to depressive moods, emphasizing the need for consideration in planning to prevent such outcomes. Locality has also been linked to depression and other negative moods. The rate of depression among those who reside in large urban areas
5676-795: The metabolic myopathy of McArdle's disease (GSD-V) and some individuals with phosphoglucomutase deficiency (CDG1T/GSD-XIV) , initially experience exercise intolerance during mild-moderate aerobic exercise, but the symptoms alleviate after 6–10 minutes in what is known as " second wind ". Neuropsychiatric symptoms are present in many degenerative disorders including dementia , and Parkinson's disease . Symptoms commonly include apathy , anxiety , and depression . Neurological and psychiatric symptoms are also present in some genetic disorders such as Wilson's disease . Symptoms of executive dysfunction are often found in many disorders including schizophrenia , and ADHD . Radiologic signs are abnormal medical findings on imaging scanning . These include
5762-560: The most distressing symptoms of depression. There are multiple schools of depression theory. Beck's cognitive triad theorizes that an individual with depression has "automatic, spontaneous, and seemingly uncontrollable negative thoughts" about the self, the world or environment, and the future. The Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression helps to explain the common comorbidity of anxiety and depression by separating symptoms into three groups: negative affect, positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal. The epigenetics of depression
5848-424: The need for IV fluid resuscitation. The combination of pyridoxine and doxylamine is the first line treatment for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Dimenhydrinate is an inexpensive and effective over the counter medication for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Other factors to consider when choosing an antiemetic medication include the person's preference, side-effect profile, and cost. Nabilone
5934-454: The people with depression do not receive help with their disorders. The stigma leads to a strong preference for privacy. An analysis of 40,350 undergraduates from 70 institutions by Posselt and Lipson found that undergraduates who perceived their classroom environments as highly competitive had a 37% higher chance of developing depression and a 69% higher chance of developing anxiety. Several studies have suggested that unemployment roughly doubles
6020-420: The powers of observation between physician and patient. Most medical practice was conducted as a co-operative interaction between the physician and patient; this was gradually replaced by a "monolithic consensus of opinion imposed from within the community of medical investigators". Whilst each noticed much the same things, the physician had a more informed interpretation of those things: "the physicians knew what
6106-440: The resources available to a population to seek comfort, health, stability, and sense of security. The historical memory of this trauma conditions the psychological health of future generations, making psychogeographical depression an intergenerational experience as well. This work is supported by recent studies in genetic science which has demonstrated an epigenetic link between the trauma suffered by Holocaust survivors and
6192-601: The result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies , neurological conditions, and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease , Cushing's syndrome , pernicious anemia , hypothyroidism , hyperparathyroidism , Lyme disease , multiple sclerosis , Parkinson's disease , celiac disease , chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and HIV. Studies have found that anywhere from 30 to 85 percent of patients suffering from chronic pain are also clinically depressed. A 2014 study by Hooley et al. concluded that chronic pain increased
6278-489: The risk of depression recurrence with no additional harm. Recommendations for psychological treatments or combination treatments in preventing recurrence are not clear. Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, the United Nations (UN) health agency reported, estimating that it affects more than 300 million people worldwide – the majority of them women, young people and the elderly. An estimated 4.4 percent of
6364-783: The risk of developing depression. The World Health Organization has constructed guidelines – known as The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) – aiming to increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance-use disorders. Depression is listed as one of conditions prioritized by the programme. Trials conducted show possibilities for the implementation of the programme in low-resource primary-care settings dependent on primary-care practitioners and lay health-workers. Examples of mhGAP-endorsed therapies targeting depression include Group Interpersonal Therapy as group treatment for depression and "Thinking Health", which utilizes cognitive behavioral therapy to tackle perinatal depression. Furthermore, effective screening in primary care
6450-418: The sensation of feeling faint that often occurs with nausea and vomiting. It has been described that alterations in heart rate can occur as well as the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary . Taking a thorough patient history may reveal important clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. If the patient's symptoms have an acute onset, then drugs, toxins, and infections are likely. In contrast,
6536-475: The severity of a major depressive episode . Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder , features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition , and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression. Individuals with bipolar depression are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as
6622-499: The situation during which the person experiences nausea. For people with motion sickness and vertigo, antihistamines and anticholinergics such as meclizine and scopolamine are particularly effective. Nausea and vomiting associated with migraine headaches respond best to dopamine antagonists such as metoclopramide , prochlorperazine , and chlorpromazine . In cases of gastroenteritis, serotonin antagonists such as ondansetron were found to suppress nausea and vomiting, as well as reduce
6708-588: The symptom is abnormally present such as tingling or itchiness, or abnormally absent such as loss of smell . The following terms are used for negative symptoms – hypoesthesia is a partial loss of sensitivity to moderate stimuli, such as pressure, touch, warmth, cold. Anesthesia is the complete loss of sensitivity to stronger stimuli, such as pinprick. Hypoalgesia (analgesia) is loss of sensation to painful stimuli. Symptoms are also grouped in to negative and positive for some mental disorders such as schizophrenia . Positive symptoms are those that are present in
6794-435: The symptoms of exercise intolerance are dynamic as they are brought on by exercise, but alleviate during rest. Fixed muscle weakness is a static symptom as the muscle will be weak regardless of exercise or rest. A majority of patients with metabolic myopathies have dynamic rather than static findings, typically experiencing exercise intolerance, muscle pain, and cramps with exercise rather than fixed weakness. Those with
6880-557: The teeth. Nausea and or vomiting is the main complaint in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia. However, only 25% of people with nausea visit their family physician. In Australia, nausea, as opposed to vomiting, occurs most frequently in persons aged 15–24 years, and is less common in other age groups. Non-specific symptom Signs and symptoms are diagnostic indications of an illness , injury, or condition. Signs are objective and externally observable; symptoms are
6966-523: The theory of evolution to further understand mood disorders . The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to
7052-558: The theory of "deprejudice", a psychogeographical theory of depression attempts to broaden study of the subject beyond an individual experience to one produced on a societal scale, seeing particular manifestations of depression as rooted in dispossession; historical legacies of genocide , slavery , and colonialism are productive of segregation, both material and psychic material deprivation, and concomitant circumstances of violence, systemic exclusion, and lack of access to legal protections. The demands of navigating these circumstances compromise
7138-498: The two most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Side effects from medications (3%) and pregnancy are also relatively frequent. There are many causes of chronic nausea. Nausea and vomiting remain undiagnosed in 10% of the cases. Aside from morning sickness, there are no sex differences in complaints of nausea. After childhood, doctor consultations decrease steadily with age. Only a fraction of one percent of doctor visits by those over 65 are due to nausea. Gastrointestinal infection
7224-440: The vital signs (not temperature) using just a smartphone , and has been approved by NHS England . The application is registered as Lifelight First , and Lifelight Home is under development (2020) for monitoring-use by people at home using just the camera on their smartphone or tablet. This will additionally measure oxygen saturation and atrial fibrillation . Other devices are then not needed. Many conditions are indicated by
7310-637: Was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. During the 1960s and 70s, manic-depression came to refer to just one type of mood disorder (now most commonly known as bipolar disorder ) which was distinguished from (unipolar) depression. The terms unipolar and bipolar had been coined by German psychiatrist Karl Kleist . In July 2022, British psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff , also psychiatrist Mark Horowtiz and others proposed in
7396-673: Was increasingly being challenged by mechanical and electrical explanations; references to dark and gloomy states gave way to ideas of slowed circulation and depleted energy. German physician Johann Christian Heinroth , however, argued melancholia was a disturbance of the soul due to moral conflict within the patient. In the 20th century, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin distinguished manic depression. The influential system put forward by Kraepelin unified nearly all types of mood disorder into manic–depressive insanity . Kraepelin worked from an assumption of underlying brain pathology, but also promoted
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