110-704: Native School or native school may refer to: Native School, Adelaide , a school for local Aboriginal children in the colony of South Australia Native school of painting, developed during the Elizabethan era in England Native schools , established for Māori children in colonial New Zealand St Joseph's Native School and Orphanage at New Norcia mission in Western Australia See also [ edit ] Indian school (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
220-540: A Native School (also knowns as the Native School Establishment, and the location as the Native Location), with boarding facilities, for teaching local Aboriginal children, and functioned for some years in this capacity. As the school was not fully supported and therefore under-utilised, it started being used for young women arriving in the colony on their own, sometimes as orphans, and around 1850 became
330-570: A "ramshackle" administration marked by "broken promises and outright betrayal" of Māori people. Grey's collection of Māori artefacts, one of the earliest from New Zealand and assembled during his first governorship, was donated to the British Museum in 1854. Grey was Governor of Cape Colony from 5 December 1854 to 15 August 1861. He founded Grey College, Bloemfontein in 1855 and Grey High School in Port Elizabeth in 1856. In 1859 he laid
440-720: A belief that the Auckland was at risk from attack by the Waikato Māori. Governor Grey had to contend with newspapers that were unequivocal to their support of the interests of the settlers: the Auckland Times , Auckland Chronicle , The Southern Cross , which started by William Brown as a weekly paper in 1843 and The New Zealander , which was started in 1845 by John Williamson . These newspapers were known for their partisan editorial policies – both William Brown and John Williamson were aspiring politicians. The Southern Cross supported
550-441: A benevolent society which would provide the necessities of life for widows and orphans, abandoned children, and industrious workers who by sickness or injury could not provide for themselves and their families; all assuming they had no family to call on. No consideration was given to destitution as the result of general unemployment. Around 1839 a Native School, later designated "Native School Establishment" with boarding facilities
660-508: A child for instance, or to be admitted to the Asylum. Duties included visiting past inmates to check on their living arrangements. Those who had clearly been dissembling or whose circumstances had improved (through inheritance or marriage etc.) were invoiced for the cost of their accommodation. By 1865 a schoolhouse had been built on the grounds, and one John Young (not John L. Young ) and his wife were appointed teachers. The school closed with
770-537: A commission to enquire into the operation of the Destitute Act. Chairman was the Chief Justice , ( Samuel Way ), and members included C. H. Goode ; Maurice Salom ; W. Haines, W. Bundey (mayor); Henry W. Thompson ; C. Proud acted as secretary. Chief subjects examined were the boys' reformatories at Magill and the hulk Fitzjames at Largs Bay; the girls' reformatory and the evils of the barrack system compared with
880-459: A cordial relationship with the powerful rangatira Pōtatau Te Wherowhero of Tainui , in order to deter Ngāpuhi from invading Auckland . He was knighted in 1848. In 1854, Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony in South Africa , where his resolution of hostilities between indigenous South Africans and European settlers was praised by both sides. After separating from his wife and developing
990-580: A dispatch to Earl Grey, Governor Grey stated that in implementing the Act, Her Majesty would not be giving the self-government that was intended, instead: "...she will give to a small fraction of her subjects of one race the power of governing the large majority of her subjects of a different race... there is no reason to think that they would be satisfied with, and submit to, the rule of a minority" Earl Grey agreed and in December 1847 introduced an Act suspending most of
1100-558: A great impression on him. He was promoted lieutenant in 1833 and obtained a first-class certificate at the examinations of the Royal Military College, in 1836. In 1837, at the age of 25, Grey led an ill-prepared expedition that explored North-West Australia . British settlers in Australia at the time knew little of the region and only one member of Grey's party had been there before. It was believed possible at that time that one of
1210-539: A morgue. The Destitute Asylum operated until 1926 providing financial assistance and temporary accommodation to the needy." "The Mounted Police barracks, with a brick archway leading to a quadrangle, was built between 1851 and 1855, and served until 1917, when a new facility was built on the Port Road near the Adelaide Gaol. One of the buildings was used by Adelaide Teachers College from 1921, after they had been evicted by
SECTION 10
#17328514710911320-615: A new morgue was built at the West Terrace Cemetery and went into service that June. The old one was not demolished however, as witnessed by the SA Museum photographer in 1918. Three services were held each Sunday: Baptist, Wesleyan (Methodist), and Episcopalian (Anglican). Catholic Mass was conducted here fortnightly. "Outdoor relief" was an office established to supply basic food to indigent citizens who would otherwise starve. Approved recipients would queue up outside on ?? at
1430-492: A plan of the establishment designated GRG 27/32. A copy now held by SA Archives, on which some person has pencilled a key to Areas and Building/Room numbers, is reproduced here. Note that, contrary to usual practice, west is at the top. The (colored) location map alongside has been rotated to correspond. In November 1917, with demolition of many of the Asylum's buildings imminent, the South Australian Museum took
1540-570: A series of photographs, which the State Library now hold, and have made digital copies freely available. A number of these have been adapted and listed below, sequenced by Area, roughly clockwise, and the Room/Building numbers are listed Left to Right (S→N), Top to Bottom (W→E) of the plan. George Grey Sir George Grey , KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) was a British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator and writer. He served in
1650-729: A severe opium addiction , Grey was again appointed Governor of New Zealand in 1861, three years after Te Wherowhero, who had established himself the first Māori King in Grey’s absence, had died. The Kiingitanga (Maori King) posed a significant challenge to the British push for sovereignty, and with his Ngāpuhi absent from the movement, Grey found himself challenged on two sides. He struggled to reuse his skills in negotiation to maintain peace with Māori, and his relationship with Te Wherowhero's successor Tāwhiao deeply soured. Turning on his former allies, Grey began an aggressive crackdown on Tainui and launched
1760-449: A succession of governing positions: Governor of South Australia , twice Governor of New Zealand , Governor of Cape Colony , and the 11th premier of New Zealand . He played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand , and both the purchase and annexation of Māori land . Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, just a few days after his father, Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, was killed at
1870-696: A surgeon and naturalist; and Corporals John Coles and Richard Auger of the Royal Sappers and Miners . Joining the party at Cape Town were Sapper Private Robert Mustard, J.C. Cox, Thomas Ruston, Evan Edwards, Henry Williams, and Robert Inglesby. In December they landed at Hanover Bay (west of Uwins Island in the Bonaparte Archipelago ). Travelling south, the party traced the course of the Glenelg River . After experiencing boat wrecks, near-drowning, becoming completely lost, and Grey himself being speared in
1980-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Native School, Adelaide The Destitute Asylum was a government-funded institution in Adelaide in the colony of South Australia , designed to support those of its citizens who had no means of financial support, especially new arrivals and mothers with children. It was first established around 1839 as
2090-637: The Anglo-Maori Warder , which followed an editorial policy in opposition to Governor Grey. At the time of the northern war The Southern Cross and The New Zealander blamed Henry Williams and the other CMS missionaries for the Flagstaff War . The New Zealander newspaper in a thinly disguised reference to Henry Williams, with the reference to "their Rangatira pakeha [gentlemen] correspondents", went on to state: We consider these English traitors far more guilty and deserving of severe punishment than
2200-605: The Battle of Badajoz in Spain. He was educated in England. After military service (1829–37) and two explorations in Western Australia (1837–39), Grey became Governor of South Australia in 1841. He oversaw the colony during a difficult formative period. Despite being less hands-on than his predecessor George Gawler , his fiscally responsible measures ensured the colony was in good shape by
2310-828: The Church Missionary Society (CMS) that was led by the Reverend Henry Williams . Williams attempted to interfere with the land purchasing practices of the company, which exacerbated the ill-will that was directed at the CMS by the Company in Wellington and the promoters of colonisation in Auckland who had access to the Governor and to the newspapers that had started publication. Unresolved land disputes that had resulted from New Zealand Company operations erupted into fighting in
SECTION 20
#17328514710912420-559: The Eyre Peninsula . In October 1848 a contingent of 219 Irish orphan girls arrived by the Roman Emperor and were given temporary accommodation in the under-utilised schoolhouse by Matthew Moorhouse , who had the dual responsibilities of Protector of Aborigines and Immigration Officer. It had been expected that these girls, aged 9 to 14, would relieve the servant shortage in the colony, but most found husbands instead. Roman Emperor
2530-538: The Hutt Valley in 1846. The Ngati Rangatahi were determined to retain possession of their land. They assembled a force of about 200 warriors led by Te Rangihaeata , Te Rauparaha 's nephew (son of his sister Waitohi, died 1839), also the person who had killed unarmed captives in Wairau Affray . Governor Grey moved troops into the area and by February had assembled nearly a thousand men together with some Māori allies from
2640-530: The Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, with 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops attacking 4,000 Māori and their families. Appointed in 1877, he served as Premier of New Zealand until 1879, where he remained a symbol of colonialism. By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist , Grey eschewed the class system to be part of Auckland's new governance he helped to establish. Cyril Hamshere argues that Grey
2750-599: The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 . Grey was briefly appointed Governor-in-Chief on 1 January 1848, while he oversaw the establishment of the first provinces of New Zealand , New Ulster and New Munster . In 1846, Lord Stanley , the British Colonial Secretary, who was a devout Anglican, three times British Prime Minister and oversaw the passage of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ,
2860-723: The Noongar language . Due to his interest in Aboriginal culture in July 1839, Grey was promoted to captain and appointed temporary Resident Magistrate at King George Sound , Western Australia, following the death of Sir Richard Spencer , the previous Resident Magistrate. On 2 November 1839 at King George Sound, Grey married Eliza Lucy Spencer (1822–1898), daughter of the late Government Resident, Sir Richard Spencer. Their only child, born in 1841 in South Australia, died aged five months and
2970-496: The Te Āti Awa hapu to begin the Hutt Valley campaign . Māori attacked Taita on 3 March 1846, but were repulsed by a company of the 96th Regiment. The same day Grey declared martial law in the Wellington area. Richard Taylor , a CMS missionary from Whanganui , attempted to persuade the Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Rangatahi to leave the disputed land. Eventually Grey paid compensation for
3080-627: The Union Jack was hoisted; hence the flagstaff symbolised the grievances of Heke and his ally Te Ruki Kawiti , as to changes that had followed the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi . There were many causes of the Flagstaff War and Heke had a number of grievances in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi . While land acquisition by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) were politicised, the rebellion led by Heke
3190-738: The Waimate Mission Station in November 1861. Also in 1861 Henry Williams' son Edward Marsh Williams was appointed by Sir George to be the Resident Magistrate for the Bay of Islands and Northern Districts. Following a campaign for self-government by settlers in 1846, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 , granting the colony self-government for
3300-619: The 1846 Constitution Act. Grey wrote a draft of a new Constitution Act while camping on Mount Ruapehu in 1851, forwarding this draft to the Colonial Office later that year. Grey's draft established both provincial and central representative assemblies, allowed for Māori districts and a Governor elected by the General Assembly. Only the latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Grey's constitution,
3410-619: The Asylum and into respectable homes. Initial trials of their "boarding-out" scheme proved encouraging, and was adopted by Reed, not only as a humanitarian move but for its potential for saving money. By 1873 organisation of the scheme had been put on a firm foundation. Reed left for England in March 1876 for a year's leave with pay at the end of which time he resigned. Judah Moss Solomon , his replacement, died in August 1880 and Reed, by now back in Adelaide,
Native School - Misplaced Pages Continue
3520-467: The Asylum, a Civil Service position. On 3 February 1867 T. S. Reed , brother-in-law of Chief Justice Hanson , was appointed Chairman, and senior to Holthouse, whose salary was reduced by £80. When Holthouse protested, he was accused of lack of respect and dismissed. Emily Clark and Catherine Helen Spence , fearful for the deleterious effect unhealthy and dispirited adults would have on unwanted and orphaned children, sought to remove such children from
3630-504: The Asylum. It was notorious that many women and children became destitute when their husbands and fathers left without trace, into the country or interstate, out of reach of the authorities and any but the most determined and resourceful of wives. Catherine Helen Spence observed in 1906 that the Destitute Board was so fearful of supporting healthy men who could not find work that it refused sustenance to his wife and children, compelling
3740-460: The British could keep an army of nearly 1,000 soldiers in the field continuously. Heke's confidence waned after he was wounded in battle with Tāmati Wāka Nene and his warriors, and by the realisation that the British had far more resources than he could muster; his enemies included some Pākehā Māori supporting colonial forces. After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Heke and Kawiti were ready for peace. It
3850-692: The Church of Scotland. Under a new Act — the Destitute Persons Relief Bill, passed on 29 December 1866 — the Board was dissolved and the first meeting of the new Destitute Board, whose responsibilities now also included the Children's Apprenticeship Board, was held at the Destitute Asylum buildings on 15 February 1867. Edward Holthouse (1813–1890) was Secretary of the Board 1850–1867 and Superintendent of
3960-597: The Crown. The potential for conflict between the Māori and settlers was exacerbated as the British authorities progressively eased restrictions on land sales after an agreement at the end of 1840 between the company and Colonial Secretary Lord John Russell , which provided for land purchases by the New Zealand Company from the Crown at a discount price, and a charter to buy and sell land under government supervision. Money raised by
4070-610: The Destitute Asylum. By 1855 it was holding both males and females, many of whom had been transferred for convalescence from the Adelaide Hospital . The Destitute Asylum was housed in several buildings, some of which were altered over time. Part of the old asylum now houses the Migration Museum in Kintore Avenue . The asylum was eventually closed in 1912. In 1839 The South Australian Register called for establishment of
4180-533: The Destitute Department under control of the Chief Secretary. In January 1889 the post of Chairman was added to his responsibilities and £15 p.a. to his salary. G. W. Hawkes, Henry Kelly, J.P., Joshua Gurr, Charles Clark, J.P., and A. A. Fox, J.P. were appointed to the new Board. Lindsay retired in 1905 and was succeeded by T. H. Atkinson (1859–1933), his longtime deputy. In 1883 parliament appointed
4290-579: The Emigration Board, whose remit was to assist new arrivals who as yet were unable to support themselves. By 1848 it had become the Emigration and Destitute Poor Department, which after dropping the "Emigration" remained the responsible department until around 1910, under the direction of the Destitute Board. They had two programs: "outdoor":distribution of rations to those who would otherwise starve, and "indoor": provision of shelter and medical attention to
4400-779: The Female Immigrant Depot added to his responsibilities, but had no direct involvement. He retired 15 months later. Any problems the staff had were to be resolved by the Secretary of the Destitute Board. The position of Superintendent of the Destitute Asylum was created in 1863, initially as a non-Board position, and was held by: This was a board position, whose duty it was to assess prospective recipients, to check their bona fides and living arrangements, and what resources, including family, they could call on and what assets they could liquidate, then to determine what rations they should be allocated, to pay for essential services, burial of
4510-528: The Flagstaff War. In a letter of 25 June 1846 to William Ewart Gladstone , the Colonial Secretary in Sir Robert Peel 's government, Governor Grey referred to the land acquired by the CMS missionaries and commented that "Her Majesty's Government may also rest satisfied that these individuals cannot be put in possession of these tracts of land without a large expenditure of British blood and money". By
Native School - Misplaced Pages Continue
4620-454: The Governor and his representatives having the sole right to buy and sell land from the Māori. Māori were eager to sell land, and settlers eager to buy. Grey took pains to tell Māori that he had observed the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi , assuring them that their land rights would be fully recognised. In the Taranaki district, Māori were very reluctant to sell their land, but elsewhere Grey
4730-609: The Māori. On 18 November 1845 George Grey arrived in New Zealand to take up his appointment as governor, where he was greeted by outgoing Governor FitzRoy, who worked amicably with Grey before departing in January 1846. At this time, Hōne Heke challenged the British authorities, beginning by cutting down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill at Kororareka . On this flagstaff the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand had previously flown; now
4840-421: The New Zealand Company purported to purchase approximately 20 million acres (8 million hectares) in Nelson , Wellington, Whanganui and Taranaki . Disputes arose as to the validity of purchases of land, which remained unresolved when Grey became governor. The company saw itself as a prospective government of New Zealand and in 1845 and 1846 proposed splitting the colony in two, along a line from Mokau in
4950-444: The University, pending erection of a new building on Kintore Avenue. "Destitute Asylum situated in Kintore Avenue was built of bluestone in 1877-78. The two storey building depicted is part of the women's general quarters and not on Kintore Avenue. It is part of quadrangle C, buildings 26 and 20. Arches feature along the walls of both storeys providing shelter from the elements. " Around 1900, an unnamed government department prepared
5060-406: The Victorian gold rush. Destitute Asylum which was erected in 1854." "By 1856 a quadrangle of buildings in Kintore Avenue off North Terrace known as the Destitute Asylum was providing indoor relief to many women, men and children in the new colony. Welfare provisions introduced at the turn of the century reduced the demand for the home and it was finally closed in 1918." "The Old Destitute Asylum
5170-422: The area. The Hutt Valley campaign was followed by the Wanganui campaign from April to July 1847. In January 1846 fifteen chiefs of the area, including Te Rauparaha, had sent a combined letter to the newly arrived Governor Grey, pledging their loyalty to the British Crown. After intercepting letters from Te Rauparaha , Grey realised he was playing a double game. He was receiving and sending secret instructions to
5280-430: The boarding-out plan. Goode and Thompson subsequently became members of the State Children's Council . Day-to-day running of the Asylum was in the hands of several appointed officers: Initially, the Destitute Asylum had no-one responsible for day-to-day operations. In 1855 Matthew Moorhouse , Protector of Aborigines, had the position of Comptroller of the Destitute Poor Establishment, and also that of Superintendent of
5390-404: The brave natives whom they have advised and misled. Cowards and knaves in the full sense of the terms, they have pursued their traitorous schemes, afraid to risk their own persons, yet artfully sacrificing others for their own aggrandizement, while, probably at the same time, they were most hypocritically professing most zealous loyalty. Official communications also blamed the CMS missionaries for
5500-584: The compound for an hour once a week, but were obliged to wear an institution jumper (which Rev. Bryant C. Stephenson , visiting chaplain for much of that decade, deplored) rather than their own clothes. Meals were mostly meat (boiled or roast mutton principally) and potatoes, with bread and lard or butter. A "sick diet" consisted largely of oatmeal, soup and gruel and wine. " It ceased to be an asylum in 1931, The Adelaide Destitute Asylum housed women and children in dire poverty. The number of inmates increased significantly when husbands deserted their families during
5610-404: The elected ministry, led by the Premier , controlled the colonial government's policy on Māori land. The short-term effect of the treaty was to prevent the sale of Māori land to anyone other than the Crown. This was intended to protect Māori from the kinds of shady land purchases which had alienated indigenous peoples in other parts of the world from their land with minimal compensation. Before
SECTION 50
#17328514710915720-492: The end of his first term as governor, Grey had changed his opinion as to the role of the CMS missionaries, which was limited to attempts to persuade Hōne Heke bring an end to the fighting with the British soldiers and the Ngāpuhi, led by Tāmati Wāka Nene , who remained loyal to the Crown. Grey was "shrewd and manipulative" and his main objective was to impose British sovereignty over New Zealand, which he did by force when he felt it necessary. But his first strategy to attain land
5830-436: The first time, requiring Māori to pass an English-language test to be able to participate in the new colonial government. In his instructions to Grey, Colonial Secretary Earl Grey (no relation to George Grey) sent the 1846 Constitution Act with instructions to implement self-government. George Grey responded to Earl Grey that the Act would lead to further hostilities and that the settlers were not ready for self-government. In
5940-637: The gold diggings in (especially) Victoria . In 1855 there were eight beds in this ward. "Lying-in" is the traditional rest period accorded a woman after she has given birth, when her sole responsibility is to her baby, and has little or no contact with men. The Asylum had a lying-in ward on the upper floor of the women's ward east of the quadrangle in 1865, but it was not of a high standard, and newspapers report Adelaide's first lying-in ward as founded in October 1867 in Flinders Street , and had been set up to service recent immigrants and poor but respectable wives and widows, but also young single mothers. Mrs Hunt
6050-415: The government from sales to the company would be spent on assisting migration to New Zealand. The agreement was hailed by the company as "all that we could desire ... our Company is really to be the agent of the state for colonizing NZ." The Government waived its right of pre-emption in the Wellington region, Wanganui and New Plymouth in September 1841. Following his term as Governor of South Australia, Grey
6160-425: The government. Tāmihana returned to his rohe to stop a planned uprising. Tāmihana sold the Wairau land to the government for 3,000 pounds. Grey spoke to Te Rauaparaha and persuaded him to give up all outstanding claims to land in the Wairau valley. Then, realising he was old and sick he allowed Te Rauparaha to return to his people at Ōtaki in 1848. Auckland was made the new capital in March 1841 and by
6270-554: The governor, meaning control of Māori affairs and land remained outside of the elected ministry. This quickly became a point of contention between the Governor and the colonial parliament, who retained their own "Native Secretary" to advise them on "native affairs". In 1861, Governor Grey agreed to consult the ministers in relation to native affairs, but this position only lasted until his recall from office in 1867. Grey's successor as governor, George Bowen , took direct control of native affairs until his term ended in 1870. From then on,
6380-425: The hip during a skirmish with Aboriginal people , the party gave up. After being picked up by HMS Beagle and the schooner Lynher , they were taken to Mauritius to recover. Lieutenant Lushington was then mobilised to rejoin his regiment in the First Anglo-Afghan War . In September 1838 Grey sailed to Perth hoping to resume his adventures. In February 1839 Grey embarked on a second exploration expedition to
6490-414: The home for six months. By which time a strong bond with the baby would usually have developed, and the mother would presumably have benefited from the matron's knowledge and experience. In 1869 a section adjacent the ground floor section was set apart as a Girls' Reformatory. This proved a poor decision, as the introduction of the irresponsible element led to a breakdown of morale and self-discipline among
6600-414: The homeless. In 1855 the Asylum had accommodation for 66 inmates, but held 25 males and 46 females, many of whom had been transferred for convalescence from the chronically overcrowded Adelaide Hospital . In October 1879 ten inmates who were beyond medical help, but whose condition was not contagious and were mentally sound, were transferred to the Home for Incurables in Fullarton , which establishment
6710-403: The hospital for convalescent patients, or those suffering incurable or chronic conditions. Traditional inmate employment, breaking rocks and oakum-picking , was limited by available space. Existence of relatives capable of maintaining them was often discovered by opening their mail. Residents of the Female section (established 1851) were mostly single mothers or wives whose husbands had left for
SECTION 60
#17328514710916820-456: The illegal retribution exacted by Major Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran on an Aboriginal tribe, some of whose members had murdered all 25 survivors of the Maria shipwreck. Grey was governor during another mass murder: the Rufus River Massacre , of at least 30 Aboriginals, by Europeans, on 27 August 1841. Governor Grey sharply cut spending. The colony soon had full employment, and exports of primary products were increasing. Systematic emigration
6930-428: The land claimants, such as the New Zealand Company, and vigorously attacked Governor Grey's administration, while The New Zealander , supported the ordinary settler and the Māori. The northern war adversely affected business in Auckland, such that The Southern Cross stopped publishing from April 1845 to July 1847. Hugh Carleton , who also became a politician, was the editor of The New Zealander then later established
7040-501: The land in the Supreme Court, and when Williams refused to give up the land unless the charges were retracted, he was dismissed from the CMS in November 1849. Governor Grey's first term of office ended in 1853. In 1854 Williams was reinstated to CMS after Bishop Selwyn later regretted the position and George Grey addressed the committee of the CMS and requested his reinstatement. When he returned to New Zealand in 1861 for his second term as governor, Sir George and Henry Williams meet at
7150-461: The local Māori who were attacking settlers. In a surprise attack on his pā at Taupo (now named Plimmerton ) at dawn on 23 July, Te Rauparaha, who was now quite elderly, was captured and taken prisoner. The justification given for his arrest was weapons supplied to Māori deemed to be in open rebellion against the Crown. However, charges were never laid against Te Rauparaha so his detention was declared unlawful. While Grey's declaration of Martial law
7260-455: The man to desert them, a major cause of broken families. Given these facts, it would be expected that most of the Asylum's inmates would be female but that was far from the case. Males outnumbered females two to one. "The Commonwéalth old age pension system came into operation in 1909, and there was a drop in the ratio per thousand of population of persons assisted by the State Government from 9.43 in 1908–09 to 9.31 in 1909–10." The Asylum
7370-404: The needy." "This stone building, with its Dutch gables and slate roof, was originally part of the Police Barracks and was granted to the Destitute Board in April 1851." "Destitute Asylum situated in Kintore Avenue was built of bluestone in 1877-78. Buildings were added over the years to accommodate the poor, infirm and orphans. Some of these buildings included a nursery, wash-house, stables and
7480-436: The north, where he was again wrecked with his party, again including Surgeon Walker, at Kalbarri . They were the first Europeans to see the Murchison River , but then had to walk to Perth , surviving the journey through the efforts of Kaiber, a Whadjuk Noongar man (that is, indigenous to the Perth region), who organised food and what water could be found (they survived by drinking liquid mud). At about this time, Grey learnt
7590-474: The northernmost entrance, where they would be issued with flour, salt, tea and sugar. Chits for meat and (as an alternative to the flour ration) bread were issued, redeemable at the contract butcher and the Aerated Bread Company. It was the duty of the Relieving Officer to visit the homes of those seeking or receiving rations, to check the bona fides of recipients. A stock of well-thumbed books, whose original covers had been replaced with sturdy buckram boards,
7700-567: The number of Pākehā came to equal the number of Māori , at around 60,000 each. Settlers were keen to obtain land and some Māori were willing to sell, but there were also strong pressures to retain land – in particular from the Māori King Movement . Grey had to manage the demand for land for the settlers to farm and the commitments in the Treaty of Waitangi that the Māori chiefs retained full "exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties." The treaty also specifies that Māori will sell land only to
7810-569: The opening of the Industrial School at Magill and the increase in boarding-out and adoption of orphans. Another key position was that of head wardsman, held by Ernest Charles Gunther (died 1929) from at least 1901–1911. Gunther and matron Uppington represented the Asylum when the Duke and Duchess toured North Terrace in 1901. Most of the occupants of the laying-in department were unmarried girls. Their best hopes of subsequent solvency, if they had no family to return to, lay in marriage or domestic service, otherwise they were destined for prostitution or
7920-474: The part of the colonisers. However this site was dismantled in 1845, on the orders of Governor George Grey , who thought it best to take the children away from their parents, and a new Native School run by the government, which taught only in English, was established near what is now Kintore Avenue . The Native School closed in 1851, with the remaining children were taken to Poonindie Mission at Port Lincoln on
8030-670: The potato crop they had planted on the land. He also gave them 300 acres at Kaiwharawhara by the modern ferry terminal. Chief Taringakuri agreed to these terms. But when the settlers tried to move onto the land they were frightened off. On 27 February the British and their Te Ati Awa allies burnt the Māori Pā at Maraenuku in the Hutt Valley, which had been built on land that the settlers claimed to own. The Ngati Rangatahi retaliated on 1 and 3 March by raiding settlers' farms, destroying furniture, smashing windows, killing pigs, and threatening
8140-460: The principal venereal diseases. The lying-in home was governed by the Destitute Board but registered separately from the Asylum, and there was to be no fraternisation between inmates of the two institutions. The matron served as midwife, and officiated at all births that did not require use of obstetric instruments, in which case a surgeon would be called from the Adelaide Hospital. The matron
8250-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Native School . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_School&oldid=1210979873 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
8360-427: The settlers with death if they gave the alarm. They murdered Andrew Gillespie and his son. 13 families of settlers moved into Wellington for safety. Governor Grey proclaimed martial law on 3 March. Sporadic fighting continued, including a major attack on a defended position at Boulcott's Farm on 6 May. On 6 August 1846, one of the last engagements was fought – the Battle of Battle Hill – after which Te Rangihaeata left
8470-506: The time Grey was appointed governor in 1845, it had become a commercial centre as well as including the administrative institutions such as the Supreme Court . After the conclusion of the war in the north, government policy was to place a buffer zone of European settlement between the Ngāpuhi and the city of Auckland. The background to the Invasion of Waikato in 1863 also, in part, reflected
8580-586: The time he departed for New Zealand in 1845. Grey was the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand . Governor of New Zealand initially from 1845 to 1853, he was governor during the initial stages of the New Zealand Wars . Learning Māori to fluency, he became a scholar of Māori culture , compiling Māori mythology and oral history and publishing it in translation in London. He developed
8690-515: The treaty had been finalised the New Zealand Company had made several hasty land deals and shipped settlers from Great Britain to New Zealand, hoping the British would be forced to accept its land claims as a fait accompli , in which it was largely successful. In part, the treaty was an attempt to establish a system of property rights for land with the Crown controlling and overseeing land sale to prevent abuse. Initially, this worked well with
8800-496: The west to Cape Kidnappers in the east – with the north reserved for Māori and missionaries. The south would become a self-governing province, known as "New Victoria" and managed by the company for that purpose. Britain's Colonial Secretary rejected the proposal. The company was known for its vigorous attacks on those it perceived as its opponents – the British Colonial Office , successive governors of New Zealand, and
8910-599: The world's largest rivers might drain into the Indian Ocean in North-West Australia; if that were found to be the case, the region it flowed through might be suitable for colonisation. Grey, with Lieutenant Franklin Lushington, of the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot , offered to explore the region. On 5 July 1837, they sailed from Plymouth in command of a party of five, the others being Lushington; Dr William Walker,
9020-656: The young mothers, and in 1881 the Reformatory girls were moved to what had been the Boys' Reformatory at Magill. Adelaide city morgue was established in an open field behind the State Library well away from any other building, however in the ensuing thirty years the Destitute Asylum had expanded to such an extent that parts of the Asylum, notably the Lying-in wards, were uncomfortably close, calls were made for it to be replaced. In 1886
9130-626: Was John Gray , who was Owen Wynne Gray's son from his second marriage. Grey was sent to the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in Surrey, and was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1826. Early in 1830, he was gazetted ensign in the 83rd Regiment of Foot . In 1830, his regiment having been sent to Ireland, he developed much sympathy with the Irish peasantry whose misery made
9240-412: Was Tāmati Wāka Nene they approached to act as intermediary in negotiations with Governor Grey, who accepted the advice of Nene that Heke and Kawiti should not be punished for their rebellion. The fighting in the north ended and there was no punitive confiscation of Ngāpuhi land. Colonists arrived at Port Nicholson, Wellington in November 1839 in ships charted by the New Zealand Company . Within months
9350-460: Was a "great British proconsul", although he was also temperamental, demanding of associates, and lacking in some managerial abilities. For the wars of territorial expansion against Māori which he started, he remains a controversial and divisive figure in New Zealand. Grey was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the only son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, of the 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot , who
9460-569: Was appointed the third Governor of New Zealand in 1845. During the tenure of his predecessor, Robert FitzRoy , violence over land ownership had broken out in the Wairau Valley in the South Island in June 1843, in what became known as the Wairau Affray (FitzRoy was later dismissed from office by the Colonial Office for his handling of land issues). It was only in 1846 that the war leader Te Rauparaha
9570-453: Was arrested and imprisoned by Governor Grey without charge, which remained controversial amongst the Ngāti Toa people. In March 1845, Māori chief Hōne Heke began the Flagstaff War , the causes of which can be attributed to the conflict between what the Ngāpuhi understood to be the meaning of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) and the actions of succeeding governors of asserting authority over
9680-407: Was as yet no separate institution for the blind. There was a separate section for consumptives, but their building had no indoor lavatory, so commodes were used. Dr. Clindening, who found the inmates obnoxious, visited each of the tubercular patients once a week. There were three nurses for the female section: two during the day and one at night, all supervised by the matron. The men were allowed out of
9790-450: Was asked by Governor Grey how far he was expected to abide by the Treaty of Waitangi . The direct response in the Queen's name was: You will honourably and scrupulously fulfil the conditions of the Treaty of Waitangi... Following the election of the first parliament in 1853, responsible government was instituted in 1856. The direction of "native affairs" was kept at the sole discretion of
9900-427: Was buried at the West Terrace Cemetery . It was not a happy marriage. Grey, obstinate in his domestic affairs as in his first expedition, accused his wife unjustly of flirting with Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Keppel on the voyage to Cape Town taken in 1860; he sent her away. Per her obituary, she was an avid walker, reader of literature, devout churchwoman, exceptional hostess and valued friend in her life away from him. It
10010-739: Was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1848). When Grey was knighted he chose Tāmati Wāka Nene as one of his esquires. Grey gave land for the establishment of Auckland Grammar School in Newmarket , Auckland in 1850. The school was officially recognised as an educational establishment in 1868 through the Auckland Grammar School Appropriation Act of the Provincial Government . Chris Laidlaw concludes that Grey ran
10120-668: Was created to "facilitate the admission of the unsworn testimony of Aboriginal inhabitants of South Australia and parts adjacent", stipulated that unsworn testimony given by Australian Aboriginals would be inadmissible in court. A major consequence of the act in the following decades in Australian history was the frequent dismissal of evidence given by Indigenous Australians in massacres perpetrated against them by European settlers . Grey served as Governor of New Zealand twice: from 1845 to 1853 , and from 1861 to 1868. During this time, European settlement accelerated, and in 1859
10230-531: Was directed against the colonial forces with the CMS missionaries trying to persuade Heke to end the fighting. Despite the fact that Tāmati Wāka Nene and most of Ngāpuhi sided with the government, the small and ineptly led British had been beaten at Battle of Ohaeawai . Backed by financial support, far more troops, armed with 32-pounder cannons that had been denied to FitzRoy, Grey ordered the attack on Kawiti 's fortress at Ruapekapeka on 31 December 1845. This forced Kawiti to retreat. Ngāpuhi were astonished that
10340-515: Was established in the Park Lands near North Terrace in a section designated the Native Location (later the "Old Location"). It was opened in December 1940, supported by Governor George Gawler . By 1841 it had had sufficient success to establish that Aboriginal children were every bit as bright and teachable as white students; however the number attending remained small, largely due to indolence on
10450-407: Was expected to notify the hospital when a birth was imminent so trainee doctors could observe, however the exchange of knowledge which could have benefited both parties was limited due to professional jealousy. An abuse of the system, whereby a woman who after giving birth would dispose of the child then hire herself out to a well-to-do family as a wetnurse , was mitigated by requiring her to remain at
10560-498: Was first accommodated in the old Police Court, a collection of single-storey buildings around a quadrangle near the Barracks. In the early 1860s, in response to overcrowding, those buildings to the east and south of the quadrangle were given an upper storey, and a schoolroom was added. The courtroom became the children's ward; a living room with sleeping quarters at each end, and a bathroom (hot and cold water) attached. Clothing for inmates
10670-560: Was followed in June 1849 by Posthumous , Florentia , Sir Edward Parry , and Inconstant , all within a few weeks of each other, and additional accommodation for those who did not find a placement immediately was provided at the "Native Location". It was not long before a letter was published in the South Australian Register by one Michael D'Arcy, writing as "Aliquis", alleging that these women were being paid for sex by male colonists. The South Australian Government instituted
10780-426: Was founded in 1856. It housed 65 women, 30 men and 43 children. It provided government assistance to vulnerable immigrants who had no relatives in the colony." "Buildings were added over the years to accommodate the poor, infirm and orphans. Some of these buildings included a nursery, wash-house, stables and a morgue. The Destitute Asylum operated until 1926 providing financial assistance and temporary accommodation to
10890-454: Was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain just a few days before. His mother, Elizabeth Anne née Vignoles , on the balcony of her hotel in Lisbon, overheard two officers speak of her husband's death and this brought on the premature birth of the child. She was the daughter of a retired soldier turned Irish clergyman, Major later Reverend John Vignoles. Grey's grandfather was Owen Wynne Gray ( c. 1745 – 6 January 1819). Grey's uncle
11000-650: Was later renamed the Julia Farr Centre in honour of its founder . The South Australian approach to destitute relief was highly centralised, contrary to that of Britain. Membership of the first Destitute Board (1850–1859) changed frequently and consisted almost exclusively of ministers of religion, notably Dean James Farrell , the Catholic Fr Michael Ryan (c. 1808 – 24 August 1865) (not to be confused with his nephew, Msgr Michael Joseph Ryan (29 July 1847 – 30 January 1922)), and Rev. Rev. Robert Haining of
11110-541: Was made at the women's work room, and washed by the stronger women in the laundry. The Destitute Asylum was a hodge-podge of individual buildings erected as the need arose and where space was available. As a consequence for example, there were two men's dormitories, situated at either side of the complex, the centre being occupied by the females. Male inmates were exclusively aged, invalid or diseased; no able-bodied man would be admitted. However many people were admitted who were not paupers but admitted through lack of space at
11220-478: Was much more successful, and nearly 33 million acres (130,000 km ) were purchased from Māori, with the result that British settlements expanded quickly. Grey was less successful in his efforts to assimilate Māori; he lacked the financial means to realise his plans. Although he subsidised mission schools, requiring them to teach in English, only a few hundred Māori children attended them at any one time. During Grey's first tenure as Governor of New Zealand, he
11330-445: Was noted that she had keen insight into character. After their separation, Grey began the habitual abuse of opium , and struggled to regain his tenacity in maintaining peace between indigenous people and British colonisers. Grey adopted Annie Maria Matthews (1853–1938) in 1861, following the death of her father, his half-brother, Sir Godfrey Thomas. She married Seymour Thorne George on 3 December 1872 on Kawau Island . Grey
11440-408: Was opened every Thursday by Rev. Dendy, who acted as librarian. Most inmates were literate, and fresh donations were welcomed. Of course conditions for the inmates changed over time, but in the 1890s there was one nurse to attend the male inmates during the day and a (male) night attendant, also a wardsman selected from within their ranks to assist and keep order. The inmates included blind men; there
11550-576: Was reappointed as chairman. In 1886 the State Children's Council was formed to take over that part of the Destitution Board's responsibilities, then in 1888 a Commission charged with streamlining government recommended abolition of Reed's position. The five board members (Adamson, Bower, Dempsey, Smith, Gilbert) resigned in protest at not being consulted. In the meantime their work was done by Superintendent Arthur Lindsay (1828–1909) and members of
11660-552: Was resumed at the end of 1844. Gawler, to whom Grey ascribed every problem in the colony, undertook projects to alleviate unemployment that were of lasting value. The real salvation of the colony's finances was the discovery of copper at Burra Burra in 1845. In 1844, Grey enacted a series ordinances and amendments first entitled the Aborigines' Evidence Act and later known as the Aboriginal Witnesses Act . The act, which
11770-527: Was the matron in 1879 when the facility moved to the Destitute asylum, and she became matron to both institutions. The upper storey housed the most tractable and responsible women, chiefly married women and girls pregnant for the first time; those needing closer oversight (chiefly unmarried girls pregnant for the second or third time) on the ground floor, and a separate ward was dedicated to infected prostitutes; there being at that time no cure or useful treatment for
11880-470: Was the third Governor of South Australia , from May 1841 to October 1845. Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord John Russell , was impressed by Grey's report on governing indigenous people. This led to Grey's appointment as governor. Grey replaced George Gawler , under whose stewardship the colony had become bankrupt through massive spending on public infrastructure. Gawler was also held responsible for
11990-418: Was to attack the close relationship between missionaries and Māori, including Henry Williams who had relationships with chiefs. In 1847 William Williams published a pamphlet that defended the role of the CMS in the years leading up to the war in the north. The first Anglican bishop of New Zealand , George Selwyn , took the side of Grey in relation to the purchase of the land. Grey twice failed to recover
12100-409: Was within his authority, internment without trial would only be lawful if it had been authorised by statute. Te Rauparaha was held prisoner on HMS Driver , then he was taken to Auckland on HMS Calliope where he remained imprisoned until January 1848. His son Tāmihana was studying Christianity in Auckland and Te Rauparaha gave him a solemn message that their iwi should not take utu against
#90909