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117-699: Upon the surrender of Japan in September 1945, Japanese forces which retreated into the mountain areas of the Philippines under Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita laid down their arms and surrendered to American and Philippine authorities. Some 45,000 Japanese were then held as Prisoners of War in a number of camps, and were retained by reconstituted government of the Philippine Commonwealth for labor and rebuilding efforts. These were composed of 15,000 Japanese civilians, and 30,000 Japanese military personnel. Estimates of

234-470: A Scientific Panel composed of Robert Oppenheimer , Enrico Fermi , Ernest Lawrence , and Arthur Compton . In a 1 June report, the Committee concluded that the bomb should be used as soon as possible against a war plant surrounded by workers' homes and that no warning or demonstration should be given. The committee's mandate did not include the use of the bomb—its use upon completion was presumed. Following

351-522: A big meteor fall in this Barangay and native people here told to the Spanish authorities that there is a fire falling ( meteors ) but in a native Tagalog word " apoy " means fire. The Spanish authorities pronounced as Puypuy that is why people in the Spanish colony times called it Puypuy and became a barangay of Bay. In 2010, jars estimated by experts to date as far back as 800 B.C were found in Puypuy. University of

468-581: A counterbalance to the million-strong Kwantung Army . The Allied submarine campaign and the mining of Japanese coastal waters had largely destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet. With few natural resources, Japan was dependent on raw materials, particularly oil, imported from Manchuria and other parts of the East Asian mainland, and from the conquered territory in the Dutch East Indies . The destruction of

585-409: A festive place. When somebody was leaving home to go to the place and another person asked "Where are you going?", he/she will answer "doon sa masaya" and barangay Masaya was born. Named after Paciano Rizal , the eldest brother of national hero Dr. José Rizal who was said to have owned and lived at a farm in this barangay formerly known as Barrio Mainit. History of Barangay Puypuy it was told that

702-478: A large part of what is then sitio Tabon. The name was given by Donato Ople who served as a long time school principal in the town of Bay. The patron of the barangay is St. Isidore the Labrador, the patron of farmworkers known for his piety toward the poor and animals. His Feast Day is on May 15. The barangay also celebrates annual foundation day and tilapia festival in honor to its well-known tilapia cultivation within

819-555: A number of them mauling Capt. Maronilla-Seva outside of the court. Additional difficulty faced during the trial was the need for the Japanese accused to secure witnesses from Japan. This led to the establishment of the Philippine War Crimes Investigation and Coordination Panel in Tokyo early 1948, headed by Capt. Ambrosio Dolette with the assistance of three Japanese lawyers, interpreters, and clerks. They coordinated with

936-569: A particular trial, or pleaded in behalf of the convict's family. The Philippine authorities provided mechanism to review the cases, and in some instances received presidential pardons. Cases were initially reviewed by the Judge Advocate General, which now included petitions from concerned parties. This was then submitted to the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . After this,

1053-528: A postwar division of Japan similar to that which had occurred in Germany . Bay, Laguna Bay ( / b aɪ / ), officially the Municipality of Bay ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Bay ), and colloquially known as Bae ( Tagalog pronunciation: [bɐˈʔɛ] ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 67,182 people. It

1170-537: A protest by scientists involved in the project, in the form of the Franck Report , the Committee re-examined the use of the bomb, posing the question to the Scientific Panel of whether a "demonstration" of the bomb should be used before actual battlefield deployment. In a 21 June meeting, the Scientific Panel affirmed that there was no alternative. Truman played very little role in these discussions. At Potsdam, he

1287-430: A purposeful deception predicated upon a desire to play both ends against the middle. While this judgment does not accord with the much-lauded character of Admiral Suzuki, the fact remains that from the moment he became Premier until the day he resigned no one could ever be quite sure of what Suzuki would do or say next. Japanese leaders had always envisioned a negotiated settlement to the war. Their prewar planning expected

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1404-493: A rapid expansion and consolidation, an eventual conflict with the United States, and finally a settlement in which they would be able to retain at least some new territory they had conquered. By 1945, Japan's leaders were in agreement that the war was going badly, but they disagreed over the best means to negotiate its end. There were two camps: the so-called "peace" camp favored a diplomatic initiative to persuade Joseph Stalin ,

1521-408: Is situated 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Santa Cruz and 67 kilometers (42 mi) southeast of Manila . It is also located at the east of Los Baños , west of Calauan , northeast of Santo Tomas and northwest of Alaminos . The patron saint of Bay is Saint Augustine of Hippo , whose Feast Day is celebrated during August 28. Laguna de Bay , the country's largest freshwater lake, is named after

1638-576: Is the Tagalog translation of the English word "short." It is also known for its contribution to the harnessing of geothermal energy as a source of electricity in the Philippines, being the site of the Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant. The history of Barangay Calo started during the Spanish era, where the native Filipino folks lived in the jungle. The Barangay Calo is known for their bird, Kalaw or

1755-1003: The Army General Staff, and Chief of the Navy General Staff. At the formation of the Suzuki government in April 1945, the council's membership consisted of: All of these positions were nominally appointed by the Emperor and their holders were answerable directly to him. Nevertheless, Japanese civil law from 1936 required that the Army and Navy ministers had to be active duty flag officers from those respective services while Japanese military law from long before that time prohibited serving officers from accepting political offices without first obtaining permission from their respective service headquarters which, if and when granted, could be rescinded at any time. Thus,

1872-597: The Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the US and the UK at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences . On 6 August 1945, at 8:15 am local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to "expect a rain of ruin from

1989-648: The Philippine Normal School . The NWCO was initially headed by Eleuterio Fojas, but he was later succeeded by Mariano Yanko, on the demise of Fojas in 1948. The Prosecution Department was headed by Capt. Nicanor Maronilla-Seva, while the Defense Department was headed by Pedro Serran. The NWCO was also assisted by two American lawyers who coordinated with the SCAP Legal Section/Manila Branch. The first trial began on August 1, 1947, with

2106-543: The Philippine hornbill ( Buceros hydrocorax ). The Barangay Calo is a place where people often see this Kalaw bird and it is pronounce by the Spanish authorities as Calo. Its name came from Tagalog word " dila " meaning tongue because it looks like a tongue if viewed from the map of Bay. It is the end eastern part of Bay. This is the barangay where the first Jollibee in Bay was built, the "JolliBay Highway". History of barangay Maitim

2223-720: The Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States , represented by Stalin, Winston Churchill (later Clement Attlee ), and Truman respectively. Although the Potsdam Conference was mainly concerned with European affairs, the war against Japan was also discussed in detail. Truman learned of the successful Trinity test early in the conference and shared this information with the British delegation. The successful test caused

2340-775: The occupation of Japan led by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on 2 September, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS  Missouri , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , ending the hostilities. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war; however, isolated soldiers and personnel from Japan's forces throughout Asia and

2457-726: The AFWESAC and SCAP Legal Section/Manila Branch as it took over their responsibility to put on trial Class B and C accused. As soon as the American-lead trials were concluded in Manila in July 1947 the Philippine authorities took over the responsibility in putting to trial the remainder of the Class B and C war criminals. The Philippine Army tribunal was convened in the present day location of SM City Manila behind

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2574-605: The Allies, the Soviets responded with delaying tactics to encourage the Japanese without promising anything. Satō finally met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on 11 July, but without result. On 12 July, Tōgō directed Satō to tell the Soviets that: His Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greater evil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all the belligerent powers, desires from his heart that it may be quickly terminated. But so long as England and

2691-420: The Allies. His own comments at the conference of senior statesmen gave no hint that he favored any early cessation of the war ... Suzuki's selections for the most critical cabinet posts were, with one exception, not advocates of peace either. After the war, Suzuki and others from his government and their apologists claimed they were secretly working towards peace, and could not publicly advocate it. They cite

2808-491: The American delegation to reconsider the necessity and wisdom of Soviet participation, for which the U.S. had lobbied hard at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences . The United States prioritized shortening the war and reducing American casualties—Soviet intervention seemed likely to do both, but at the cost of possibly allowing the Soviets to capture territory beyond that which had been promised to them at Tehran and Yalta, and causing

2925-629: The Armed Forces Western Pacific (AFWESPAC) was the convening authority in appointing for the military commission, reviewing of the sentences, and maintained the custody of the suspects. By July 1946 the PWCC's role was taken over by the SCAP Legal Section/Manila Branch. SCAP conducted more than a hundred trials of Class B and Class C war criminals in Manila, resulting to 90% conviction and 69 executions, including those of Gen. Yamashita and Gen. Homma. Meanwhile, President Sergio Osmeña established

3042-447: The Bay parish. The powerful Gat Pangil was Datu of this already thriving community in 1571 when 18-year-old Spanish Capitan Juan de Salcedo landed with Augustinian missionaries Alfonso de Alvarado and Diego Espinar came to claim the territories for Spain. It was salcedo who took the name of the town and named the lake after it – Laguna de Bay (the Lake of [the town of] Bay). Eventually,

3159-696: The Conduct of the War," which stated that the Japanese people would fight to extinction rather than surrender. This policy was adopted by the Big Six on 6 June. (Tōgō opposed it, while the other five supported it.) Documents submitted by Suzuki at the same meeting suggested that, in the diplomatic overtures to the USSR, Japan adopt the following approach: It should be clearly made known to Russia that she owes her victory over Germany to Japan, since we remained neutral, and that it would be to

3276-635: The Emperor, were not acceptable to the Japanese leadership. On 5 April, the Soviet Union gave the required 12 months' notice that it would not renew the five-year Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (which had been signed in 1941 following the Nomonhan Incident ). Unknown to the Japanese, at the Tehran Conference in November–December 1943, it had been agreed that the Soviet Union would enter

3393-529: The Far East (IMTFE). This were to put on trial the Class A war criminals. In Manila two Class B accused war criminals had their trial, Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita and Gen. Masaharu Homma. While their trials were ongoing MacArthur already initiated the establishment of the Philippine War Crimes Commission (PWCC) to investigate Class B and C war crimes committed in the country. From 1945 to mid 1947,

3510-580: The IJA, who was assigned in Bauan , Batangas , and was accused of permitting his subordinate Lt. Saburo Owari and his men to murder 400 of the town's residences during January 1945. Ichimura claimed he was sick and was not present during the massacre of Bauan. Owari in turn claimed he stayed in the Bauan Municipal Hall, corroborated Ichimura's alibi, while arguing with his co-accused Lt. Takemoto's responsibility over

3627-746: The IJN Detachment of the Manila Naval Defense Force, and was responsible for the Infanta Massacre. The remains of the 17 executed war criminals were exhumed on July 13 from the grounds of the New Bilibid and subsequently cremated. On July 15, the ashes along with the convicted war criminals along with one who was acquitted, two civilians, and two stragglers boarded the Hakusan Maru for their repatriation to Japan. The present day location of

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3744-504: The Japanese Army and Navy effectively held a legal right to nominate (or refuse to nominate) their respective ministers, in addition to the effective right to order their respective ministers to resign their posts. Strict constitutional convention dictated (as it technically still does today) that a prospective Prime Minister could not assume the premiership, nor could an incumbent Prime Minister remain in office, if he could not fill all of

3861-479: The Japanese Imperial High Command planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū codenamed Operation Ketsugō . This was to be a radical departure from the defense in depth plans used in the invasions of Peleliu , Iwo Jima , and Okinawa . Instead, everything was staked on the beachhead; more than 3,000 kamikazes would be sent to attack the amphibious transports before troops and cargo were disembarked on

3978-684: The Japanese city of Nagasaki . Emperor Hirohito ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on 15 August announcing the surrender of Japan to the Allies. On 28 August,

4095-422: The Japanese concept of haragei —"the art of hidden and invisible technique"—to justify the dissonance between their public actions and alleged behind-the-scenes work. However, many historians reject this. Robert J. C. Butow wrote: Because of its very ambiguity, the plea of haragei invites the suspicion that in questions of politics and diplomacy a conscious reliance upon this 'art of bluff' may have constituted

4212-590: The Japanese had suffered a string of defeats for nearly two years in the South West Pacific , India , the Marianas campaign , and the Philippines campaign . In July 1944, following the loss of Saipan , General Hideki Tōjō was replaced as prime minister by General Kuniaki Koiso , who declared that the Philippines would be the site of the decisive battle. After the Japanese loss of the Philippines, Koiso in turn

4329-455: The Japanese home islands. General Marshall supported the entry of the Red Army , believing that doing so would cause Japan to capitulate. McCloy had told Stimson that there were no more Japanese cities to be bombed and wanted to explore other options of bringing about a surrender. He suggested a political solution and asked about warning the Japanese of the atomic bomb. James Byrnes, who would become

4446-489: The Japanese merchant fleet, combined with the strategic bombing of Japanese industry , had wrecked Japan's war economy. Production of coal, iron, steel, rubber, and other vital supplies was only a fraction of that before the war. As a result of the losses it had suffered, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had ceased to be an effective fighting force. Following a series of raids on the Japanese shipyard at Kure ,

4563-514: The Japanese. Of the 155 defendants, 149 received verdicts. 79 of the accused received death sentences , 31 life sentences , 28 received different degrees of prison term, while 11 were found not guilty. The reaction from the convicts came from both ends of the spectrum – for some the trials were fair, while others felt they were merely pawns in a political revenge. In a few occasions the Japanese Foreign Ministry raised their concerns on

4680-668: The Military Administration Department, and was responsible for the execution of Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos , Lt. Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama , who headed the Shimbu Group during the battles east of Manila in the early days of 1945, Maj. Gen. Kiyotake Kawaguchi , Maj. Gen. Kenichi Matsuoka who was once the Provost General and Supreme Commander of the Kempetai in the Philippines, and Rear Adm. Takesue Furuse, who headed

4797-696: The National War Crimes Office (NWCO) in August 1945 to do parallel and complimentary investigation and collect evidence of the war crimes committed across the archipelago. The NWCO was tasked to work closely with the Philippine War Crimes Commission to bring to justice those secondary war criminals. From 1945 to July 1947, the American authorities put on trial 97 individuals in Manila, with 90% conviction and 92 of these were sentenced to death, which ended in 67 of them executed. In early 1947,

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4914-707: The Pacific refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's unconditional surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on 28 April 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war. By 1945,

5031-424: The Philippines anthropologist Dr. Bonifacio Comandante, who headed the team who helped unearth the finds, suggested that the find indicates that " there was a community here and they used the pots and jars for jar-burial ", essentially confirming a human presence in Barangay Puypuy as early as 800 B.C. Named after St. Anthony , this is where the original and first church of the town was situated. Old folks says that

5148-433: The Philippines from the commencement of hostilities by Japan in December, 1941, maintain a record thereof, and bring about the prompt trial of the accused." The NWCO was tasked to form a military tribunal which would have jurisdiction over individuals who were involved: The Executive Order also outlined the members of the tribunal, prosecutors, the terms and conduct, as well as the rights of the accused. It worked closely with

5265-413: The SCAP Legal Section Tokyo to secure the Japanese witnesses and get their deposition for the use of the Defense and Prosecution in Manila. The 73 trials mainly covered war crimes raging from murder, rape, and torture of civilians, to the inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War in the Philippines. It covered crimes committed across 20 provinces, for crimes committed from December 1941 to September 1945. 6 of

5382-401: The SCAP Legal Section were already outlining the turn over of the responsibility of managing the subsequent trials of Class B and C accused. The Philippine government in turn was apprehensive given the cost of conducting the trials, as well as being distracted by the Hukbalahap rebellion. In subsequent meetings, the agreement was for the US authorities to retain the custody and cost of detaining

5499-407: The South to repel the inevitable US attack, thus leaving its Northern islands vulnerable to Soviet invasion. Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , in Moscow, and Yakov Malik , Soviet ambassador in Tokyo, went to great lengths to assure the Japanese that "the period of the Pact's validity has not ended". At a series of high-level meetings in May, the Big Six first seriously discussed ending

5616-423: The Soviet Pacific coastline— Vladivostok in particular—could be blockaded by air and sea from Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands . Acquiring these territories, thus guaranteeing free access to the Soya Strait , was their primary objective. Secondary objectives were leases for the Chinese Eastern Railway , Southern Manchuria Railway , Dairen , and Port Arthur . To this end, Stalin and Molotov strung out

5733-469: The Soviet Union could be persuaded to act as an agent for Japan in negotiations with the United States and Britain. After several years of preliminary research, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had authorized the initiation of a massive, top-secret project to build atomic bombs in 1942. The Manhattan Project , under the authority of Major General Leslie R. Groves Jr. employed hundreds of thousands of American workers at dozens of secret facilities across

5850-463: The Soviets into the war against Japan. Tōgō had been outspoken about ending the war quickly. As a result of these meetings, he was authorized to approach the Soviet Union, seeking to maintain its neutrality, or (despite the very remote probability) to form an alliance. In keeping with the custom of a new government declaring its purposes, following the May meetings the Army staff produced a document, "The Fundamental Policy to Be Followed Henceforth in

5967-433: The Spanish came to call the whole province " La Provincia de la Laguna de Bay ." In 1581, San Antonio de Bay became the capital of the Province of Laguna de Bay and remained so until 1688 when the capital was moved to Pagsanjan . Bay is politically subdivided into 15 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Bitin is in the boundary of the provinces of Laguna and Batangas. The word " bitin "

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6084-434: The United States has sustained heavy losses" in Operation Ketsugō . In June, the Emperor lost confidence in the chances of achieving a military victory. The Battle of Okinawa was lost, and he learned of the weakness of the Japanese army in China, of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, of the navy, and of the army defending the Home Islands. The Emperor received a report by Prince Higashikuni from which he concluded that "it

6201-418: The United States insist upon unconditional surrender, the Japanese Empire has no alternative but to fight on with all its strength for the honor and existence of the Motherland. The Emperor proposed sending Prince Konoe as a special envoy, although he would be unable to reach Moscow before the Potsdam Conference . Satō advised Tōgō that in reality, "unconditional surrender or terms closely equivalent thereto"

6318-430: The United States, and on 16 July 1945, the first prototype weapon was detonated during the Trinity nuclear test . As the project neared its conclusion, American planners began to consider the use of the bomb. In keeping with the Allies' overall strategy of securing final victory in Europe first, it had initially been assumed that the first atomic weapons would be allocated for use against Germany. However, by this time it

6435-439: The Vice President, Elpidio Quirino , submitted a testimony that it was Maj. Matsuzaki who listened to the Quirino family's pleading and his eventual release. Maj. Matsuzaki was later convicted to 20 years of hard labor, but would later be pardoned by Quirino when he became president. There were also whole instances were the accused received petitions from whole towns. Such was the case of Hisamitsu Shimizu, who received support from

6552-443: The accused Chusiro Kudo, who was also known as the " Butcher of Bay " who permitted his subordinates to murder and torture some residents of the town of Bay in Laguna province. Kudo was initially represented by Philippine military lawyers, but was replaced upon the arrival of Japanese lawyers. These Japanese lawyers did not last long, and by the end of 1947 all but one remained in Manila, after facing difficulty and in one incident of

6669-457: The accused were flag officers, and 37% were junior officers, while the rest were enlisted men, and 8 individuals were Japanese civilians who acted as agents of the Japanese occupation. 19 of the accused pleaded guilty. In one instance, Adm. Takeshi Furuse who lead the remnants of the Manila Naval Defense Force during the Battle of Wawa Dam , and charged for the torture, rape, and murder of civilians in Infanta , Tayabas province , pleaded guilty for

6786-419: The accused, their eventual transfer to Japan if released, while the Philippine authorities would cover the cost of the actual trails themselves. On July 29, 1947, President Manuel Roxas signed Executive Order No. 68, establishing a new National War Crimes Office, which would be under the Judge Advocate General of the Philippine Army , "to collect from all available sources evidence of war crimes committed in

6903-452: The advantage of the Soviets to help Japan maintain her international position, since they have the United States as an enemy in the future. On 9 June, the Emperor's confidant Marquis Kōichi Kido wrote a "Draft Plan for Controlling the Crisis Situation," warning that by the end of the year Japan's ability to wage modern war would be extinguished and the government would be unable to contain civil unrest. "... We cannot be sure we will not share

7020-402: The air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Late on 8 August 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on 9 August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Hours later, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , on

7137-423: The area. It is one of the fast-growing economy barangays on Bay. The land area is almost covered with commercial buildings and subdivisions (Bay Garden Homes, The Cambria, and soon Camella Homes) that contribute to the income growth of the barangay alone. This is also the barangay where the first mall in town " CityMall Bay " will be soon to rise. Named after St. Augustine , it is one of the barangays that make up

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7254-404: The barangay that makes up the town proper. Located in the shores of Laguna de Bay , the barangay is formerly a part of San Antonio which became a separate barangay the moment it became independent. Tagumpay is one of the barangays in town which does not have a school that offers secondary education . Both Tagumpay and San Antonio share the same Patron saint, Saint Anthony . In the 2020 census,

7371-422: The beach. If this did not drive the Allies away, they planned to send another 3,500 kamikazes along with 5,000 Shin'yō suicide motorboats and the remaining destroyers and submarines—"the last of the Navy's operating fleet"—to the beach. If the Allies had fought through this and successfully landed on Kyūshū, 3,000 planes would have been left to defend the remaining islands, although Kyūshū would be "defended to

7488-511: The bitter end, Japan's leaders (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the "Big Six") were privately making entreaties to the publicly neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese. While maintaining a sufficient level of diplomatic engagement with the Japanese to give them the impression they might be willing to mediate, the Soviets were covertly preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea (in addition to South Sakhalin and

7605-401: The burial grounds have been turned into the Philippine Japanese Memorial Park, also called as the Japanese Cemetery, inside the New Bilibid Cemetery in Muntinlupa south of the Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressway . Surrender of Japan The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending

7722-481: The cabinet posts. Thus, the Army and Navy could prevent the formation of undesirable governments, or by resignation bring about the collapse of an existing government. Emperor Hirohito and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido also were present at some meetings, following the Emperor's wishes. As Iris Chang reports, "... the Japanese deliberately destroyed, hid or falsified most of their secret wartime documents before General MacArthur arrived." For

7839-425: The case was submitted to Malacanang through the Department of Justice . If the sentence has been confirmed by the President, the convicted war criminal was set for death by hanging. The first execution happened on August 13, 1948, with the hanging of Chushiro Kudo in the gallows of New Bilibid Prison , after President Quirino confirmed his sentence. By the end of the year two more war criminals, Shizuo Nakano who

7956-411: The church submerged on the lake (Laguna Lake) when a Super Typhoon hit the town causing massive flooding within the town area. Saint Anthony's feast day is on June 13 Named after St. Isidore the Laborer , the patron of farmworkers known for his piety toward the poor and animals. His Feast Day is on May 15. Named after the Holy Cross . Name after St. Dominic and Don Domingo Ordoveza, who once owned

8073-573: The city of Manila on June 24, 1571, ordered the exploration and pacification of the surrounding villages and settlements. Martin de Goiti led a contingent towards Pampanga while Juan de Salcedo Legaspi's 22-year-old grandson led a contingent up to the Pasig River towards the inter lands of Laguna de Bay. With him was Fr. Alonzo Alvarado, an Augustinian who was very zealous in converting the natives. From Taytay and Cainta in Manila , Salcedo proceeded to Bay, Liliw , Nagcarlan and Majayjay and to other towns where up-on Fr. Alvarado's intercession,

8190-448: The crimes committed by his subordinates, and did his best to deflect charges against them. The tribunal took an unusual step of adjusting Furuse's sentence by hanging to musketry , given his cooperative attitude during the trial and willingness to accept command responsibility. Panels faced by the accused consisted of three to five members of the Judge Advocate. There were instances where panel members were asked to resign if and whenever

8307-422: The decisive naval Battle of Tsushima . In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe gave Emperor Hirohito a memorandum analyzing the situation, and told him that if the war continued, the imperial family might be in greater danger from an internal revolution than from defeat. According to the diary of Grand Chamberlain Hisanori Fujita , the Emperor, looking for a decisive battle ( tennōzan ), replied that it

8424-404: The defense would question if they were at some point arrested, tortured, or under arrest by the accused. One member resigned for moral reasons. Prosecution mainly built their cases based on eyewitnesses and positive identification of the accused. The Defense parried this by challenging the witnesses' recall of events, presenting counter witnesses, and alibi. In one instance, Capt. Isao Ichimura of

8541-514: The fate of Germany and be reduced to adverse circumstances under which we will not attain even our supreme object of safeguarding the Imperial Household and preserving the national polity." Kido proposed that the Emperor take action, by offering to end the war on "very generous terms." Kido proposed that Japan withdraw from the formerly European colonies it had occupied provided they were granted independence and also proposed that Japan recognize

8658-590: The formerly German islands in the Pacific and even Manchukuo . With the Emperor's authorization, Kido approached several members of the Supreme Council , the "Big Six." Tōgō was very supportive. Suzuki and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai , the Navy minister , were both cautiously supportive; each wondered what the other thought. General Korechika Anami , the Army minister , was ambivalent, insisting that diplomacy must wait until "after

8775-530: The government as well, are convinced that our war strength still can deliver considerable blows to the enemy, we are unable to feel absolutely secure peace of mind ... Please bear particularly in mind, however, that we are not seeking the Russians' mediation for anything like an unconditional surrender. In reply, Satō clarified: It goes without saying that in my earlier message calling for unconditional surrender or closely equivalent terms, I made an exception of

8892-546: The incident. Both officers nevertheless were sentenced to death by hanging by the military tribunal. On rare occasions, Filipino civilians would stand as a defense witness, and would support the claim of the good character of the accused. Such was the case of Maj. Hideichi Matsuzaki, who was assigned in San Fernando , Pampanga, as a Kempetai officer. Matsuzaki was accused of ordering the torture and murder of Filipino civilians, including 60 Filipino and American POWs, one of whom

9009-627: The independence of the Philippines , which Japan had already mostly lost control of and to which it was well known that the U.S. had long been planning to grant independence. Finally, Kido proposed that Japan disarm provided this not occur under Allied supervision and that Japan for a time be "content with minimum defense." Kido's proposal did not contemplate Allied occupation of Japan, prosecution of war criminals or substantial change in Japan's system of government, nor did Kido suggest that Japan might be willing to consider relinquishing territories acquired prior to 1937 including Formosa , Karafuto , Korea ,

9126-555: The intended recipients. Fearing heavy casualties, the Allies wished for Soviet entry in the Pacific War at the earliest possible date. Roosevelt had secured Stalin's promise at Cairo , which was re-affirmed at Yalta . That outcome was greatly feared in Japan. Security concerns dominated Soviet decisions concerning the Far East. Chief among these was gaining unrestricted access to the Pacific Ocean . The year-round ice-free areas of

9243-537: The lake had about 25,000 inhabitants when Captain Juan de Salcedo arrived in the area. Bay is one of the oldest towns in Laguna province, and was the province's first capital. Its original territory covered the areas that are now known as Los Baños , Calauan , Alaminos and San Pablo (in addition to its current territory). The Spaniards pronounced the name of the town "Bah-ee" while the natives called it "Bah-eh." Either way,

9360-524: The lake side village where it was believed that the tribunal of Ecclesiastical visitors of Bay was held. Fray Gaspar de San Agustin further wrote that in 1586, the Augustinian Fathers organized the visita into a convent with a priest. The provincial Fr. Diego Alvarez to handle the administration of the Christian natives. Thus, Sampaloc which came to be known as San Pablo de los Montes, ceased to be part of

9477-515: The last" regardless. The strategy of making a last stand at Kyūshū was based on the assumption of continued Soviet neutrality. Japanese policy-making centered on the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War (created in 1944 by earlier Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso ), the so-called "Big Six"—the Prime Minister , Minister of Foreign Affairs , Minister of the Army , Minister of the Navy , Chief of

9594-502: The leader of the Soviet Union, to mediate a settlement between the Allies and Japan; and the hardliners who favored fighting one last "decisive" battle that would inflict so many casualties on the Allies that they would be willing to offer more lenient terms. Both approaches were based on Japan's experience in the Russo–Japanese War , forty years earlier, which consisted of a series of costly but largely indecisive battles, followed by

9711-479: The most part, Suzuki's military-dominated cabinet favored continuing the war. For the Japanese, surrender was unthinkable—Japan had never been successfully invaded or lost a war in its history. Only Mitsumasa Yonai, the Navy minister, was known to desire an early end to the war. According to historian Richard B. Frank : Although Suzuki might indeed have seen peace as a distant goal, he had no design to achieve it within any immediate time span or on terms acceptable to

9828-628: The natives surrendered peacefully with Fray Diego de Espinar and 60 men. He followed the rugged trails of the mountainous village of Sampaloc towards the Bicol Region to look for gold which he found in the gold mines besides the Bicol River. In 1571, Fr. Martin de Rada, the superior of the Augustinian religious order who came with the Legaspi expedition in 1565, started to build a bamboo and nipa church under

9945-540: The negotiations with the Japanese, giving them false hope of a Soviet-mediated peace. At the same time, in their dealings with the United States and Britain, the Soviets insisted on strict adherence to the Cairo Declaration, re-affirmed at the Yalta Conference, that the Allies would not accept separate or conditional peace with Japan. The Japanese would have to surrender unconditionally to all the Allies. To prolong

10062-497: The new Secretary of State on 3 July, wanted to use it as quickly as possible without warning and without letting the Soviets know beforehand. On 30 June, Tōgō told Naotake Satō , Japan's ambassador in Moscow, to try to establish "firm and lasting relations of friendship." Satō was to discuss the status of Manchuria and "any matter the Russians would like to bring up." Well aware of the overall situation and cognizant of their promises to

10179-455: The only major warships in somewhat fighting order were six aircraft carriers, four cruisers, and one battleship, of which many were heavily damaged and none could be fueled adequately. Although 19 destroyers and 38 submarines were still operational, their use was also limited by the lack of fuel. Faced with the prospect of an invasion of the Home Islands, starting with Kyūshū , and

10296-520: The patronage of Saint Augustine along the lakeshore of Bay (i.e. Aplaya, now San Antonio). He became the first parish priest of Bay. On April 30, 1578, Fr. Joaquin de Zuniega stated in the Historical view of the Philippine Island that Bay was organized both as a town and a parish with Fray Juan Gallegos as the parish priest. On the same day, the village of Sampaloc (now San Pablo ) was made a visita of

10413-575: The prospect of a Soviet invasion of Manchuria—Japan's last source of natural resources—the War Journal of the Imperial Headquarters concluded in 1944: We can no longer direct the war with any hope of success. The only course left is for Japan's one hundred million people to sacrifice their lives by charging the enemy to make them lose the will to fight. As a final attempt to stop the Allied advances,

10530-416: The question of preserving [the imperial family]. On 21 July, speaking in the name of the cabinet, Tōgō repeated: With regard to unconditional surrender we are unable to consent to it under any circumstances whatever. ... It is in order to avoid such a state of affairs that we are seeking a peace, ... through the good offices of Russia. ... it would also be disadvantageous and impossible, from

10647-444: The rest of the archipelago, the town of Bay has no record before the coming of Spaniards in the 18th century. Bay existed long before the coming of Spaniards. The Chinese must have come to the lakeshore towns to trade as early as the 9th century. The earliest account of Bay appeared in the conquest of island of Luzon published in April 20, 1572. It was described a great lake of fresh water, 12-league wide and very deep. The villages around

10764-597: The similarity in spelling has led to the misconception that the town was named after Laguna de Bay . Instead, the Spaniards named the lake after this ancient Tagalog community. The "official" recorded history of Bay, may be gleaned from Gaspar de San Agustin's Conquestas de las Islas Filipinas of 1963 and Fr. Joaquin Martines de Zuniga's status of the Philippine Islands in 1800. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi , after establishing

10881-517: The standpoint of foreign and domestic considerations, to make an immediate declaration of specific terms. American cryptographers had broken most of Japan's codes, including the Purple code used by the Japanese Foreign Office to encode high-level diplomatic correspondence. As a result, messages between Tokyo and Japan's embassies were provided to Allied policy-makers nearly as quickly as to

10998-454: The story (including Truman's own embellishments). On 18 June 1945, Truman met with the Chief of Army Staff General George Marshall , Air Force General Henry Arnold , Chief of Staff Admiral William Leahy and Admiral Ernest King , Navy Secretary James Forrestal , Secretary for War Henry Stimson and Assistant Secretary for War John McCloy to discuss Operation Olympic , part of a plan to invade

11115-528: The suffering of the Filipinos were US$ 1 billion of damages to property, and 1 million deaths. The Philippines demanded $ 8 billion from Japan as reparation for the war. Following Japan's defeat and occupation by the Allies, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur , issued a special proclamation establishing the International Military Tribunal for

11232-596: The sympathies of the Filipino political elites whom he befriended during the occupation. On July 4, 1953, President Quirino pardoned 323 Filipino collaborators and 105 Japanese POWs who were awaiting their execution or serving their sentences. 31 of the accused Japanese war criminals were set free, 27 were to serve the remainder of their sentences in Sugamo Prison , and 57 were to serve life sentences. Five of these were of flag officer rank, Lt. Gen. Yoshihide Hayashi who headed

11349-508: The top of the list were Kyoto , Hiroshima , Yokohama , Kokura , and Niigata . Ultimately, Kyoto was removed from the list at the insistence of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who had visited the city on his honeymoon and knew of its cultural and historical significance. Although the previous Vice President , Henry A. Wallace , had been involved in the Manhattan Project since the beginning, his successor, Harry S. Truman ,

11466-420: The town. In the old Tagalog language , the name Bay derives from the same phonetic roots as " baybay " (shore) and as " babae " (woman) and " babaylan " (priestess). The name can thus be thought of either as a reference to the shore of the lake, or to a great lady (cf. Sanskrit bai ). In the case of the latter, it has been suggested that the great lady might be the same as Maria Makiling , as her mountain

11583-500: The towns proper. This is where the St. Augustine of Hippo Parish and town's Municipal Hall are situated. It is also one of the busiest barangays since a lot of convenience stores can be found here and it is near to the town's new public market, "Pamilihang Bayan ng Bay". This is the home of the Tenorio's Bakery, widely famous for their Monay Bay (Monay Bae). Named after St. Nicolas, it is one of

11700-508: The townsfolk of Bago , Negros Occidental , as well as Senator Ramon Torres. Finally, the military tribunal referring to Executive Order No. 68, rejected any alibi claimed by the defendant that they were merely following their superior's orders. Such was the case of Motoaki Deguchi, who was directed by Gen. Yamashita to execute without trial members of the Presidential Guards who were suspected of supporting guerrilla activities against

11817-497: The upper part from the railway was part of Tranca, while the lower part toward the town was part of Puypuy. When the railroad was built in the early half of the twentieth century, a train station was built in Masaya making it the center of commerce in the upland of Bay, catering five barangays. Grocery stores, dress shops, hardware and sari-sari stores sprouted surrounding the train station where people shopped their primary needs, making it

11934-491: The war . By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. Together with the United Kingdom and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945—the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". While publicly stating their intent to fight on to

12051-539: The war against Japan once Germany was defeated. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the United States had made substantial concessions to the Soviets to secure a promise that they would declare war on Japan within three months of the surrender of Germany. Although the five-year Neutrality Pact did not expire until 5 April 1946, the announcement caused the Japanese great concern, because Japan had amassed its forces in

12168-577: The war, but none of them on terms that would have been acceptable to the Allies. Because anyone openly supporting Japanese surrender risked assassination by zealous army officers, the meetings were closed to anyone except the Big Six, the Emperor, and the Privy Seal. No second or third-echelon officers could attend. At these meetings, despite the dispatches from Japanese ambassador Satō in Moscow, only Foreign Minister Tōgō realized that Roosevelt and Churchill might have already made concessions to Stalin to bring

12285-632: The war, the Soviets opposed any attempt to weaken this requirement. This would give the Soviets time to complete the transfer of their troops from the Western Front to the Far East, and conquer Manchuria , Inner Mongolia , northern Korea , South Sakhalin , the Kuriles , and possibly Hokkaidō (starting with a landing at Rumoi ). The leaders of the major Allied powers met at the Potsdam Conference from 16 July to 2 August 1945. The participants were

12402-513: The war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts made to implement them." It was agreed to solicit Soviet aid in ending the war. Other neutral nations, such as Switzerland , Sweden , and the Vatican City , were known to be willing to play a role in making peace, but they were so small they were believed unable to do more than deliver the Allies' terms of surrender and Japan's acceptance or rejection. The Japanese hoped that

12519-524: Was all that Japan could expect. Moreover, in response to Molotov's requests for specific proposals, Satō suggested that Tōgō's messages were not "clear about the views of the Government and the Military with regard to the termination of the war," thus questioning whether Tōgō's initiative was supported by the key elements of Japan's power structure. On 17 July, Tōgō responded: Although the directing powers, and

12636-483: Was called the "Beast of Cavite ," and Tokuji Teramoto also known as "Terror of the Mountain Province " were executed. Two years later, 14 Japanese war criminals were executed in one night without prior announcement. This created a furor in Japan the following day. On the other hand, Quirino has pardoned a number of convicted, one of whom was Gen. Shigenori Kuroda , who lead the 14th Army , and who found himself with

12753-482: Was enthralled by the successful report of the Trinity test, and those around him noticed a positive change in his attitude, believing the bomb gave him leverage with both Japan and the Soviet Union. Other than backing Stimson's play to remove Kyoto from the target list (as the military continued to push for it as a target), he was otherwise not involved in any decision-making regarding the bomb, contrary to later retellings of

12870-406: Was from the Spanish colonial era. The land and soil of this barangay is colored black, hence people called it " maitim " (Tagalog for black). Someone said the reason why Maitim is called Maitim because before Maitim is a forest that was burned so they called it Maitim because of coal and ashes left. The Barangay name Masaya means happy. Masaya was part of Tranca and Puypuy during the early times;

12987-437: Was increasingly obvious that Germany would be defeated before any bombs would be ready for use. Groves formed a committee that met in April and May 1945 to draw up a list of targets. One of the primary criteria was that the target cities must not have been damaged by conventional bombing. This would allow for an accurate assessment of the damage done by the atomic bomb. The targeting committee's list included 18 Japanese cities. At

13104-475: Was no other than Fred Ruiz Castro , who was the Judge Advocate General of the Philippine Army. To counter the prosecution witnesses, the defense produced Jai Alai Manager, Timoteo Evangelista, and Manila Police chief, Antonio Torres, who both testified that Matsuzaki was sympathetic to Filipinos and was instrumental in expediting the release of suspected Filipino guerrillas . To cap his defense, no other than

13221-564: Was not briefed on the project by Stimson until 23 April 1945, eleven days after he became president on Roosevelt's death on 12 April 1945. On 2 May 1945, Truman approved the formation of the Interim Committee , an advisory group that would report on the atomic bomb. It consisted of Stimson, James F. Byrnes , George L. Harrison , Vannevar Bush , James Bryant Conant , Karl Taylor Compton , William L. Clayton , and Ralph Austin Bard , advised by

13338-523: Was not just the coast defense; the divisions reserved to engage in the decisive battle also did not have sufficient numbers of weapons." According to the Emperor: I was told that the iron from bomb fragments dropped by the enemy was being used to make shovels. This confirmed my opinion that we were no longer in a position to continue the war. On 22 June, the Emperor summoned the Big Six to a meeting. Unusually, he spoke first: "I desire that concrete plans to end

13455-437: Was premature to seek peace "unless we make one more military gain". Also in February, Japan's treaty division wrote about Allied policies towards Japan regarding "unconditional surrender, occupation, disarmament, elimination of militarism, democratic reforms, punishment of war criminals, and the status of the emperor." Allied-imposed disarmament, Allied punishment of Japanese war criminals, and especially occupation and removal of

13572-591: Was replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki . The Allies captured the nearby islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in the first half of 1945. Okinawa was to be a staging area for Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of the Japanese Home Islands . Following Germany's defeat , the Soviet Union began quietly redeploying its battle-hardened forces from the European theatre to the Far East, in addition to about forty divisions that had been stationed there since 1941 , as

13689-535: Was within the scope of Bay's original territory. The municipality was first inhabited by settlers under Datu Gat Pangil. R.P. Martin de Rada's mission resulted with Gat Pangil and his three daughters converting to the Catholic faith. The colloquial name of Bay, Bae is the old name of the town which came from three daughters of Datu Gat Pangil— B asilisa, A ngela and E lena. For the modern or official name ( Bay ), it became B asilisa, A ngela and Y' llena. Just like

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