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39-932: NFA was created in February 2012. On 14 March 2012, the former wartime prime-minister, Mahmoud Jibril, was elected president of the alliance. NFA competed in the Libyan General National Congress election, 2012 . It fielded 70 candidates across Libya. Bucking the Islamist trend set by the Muslim Brotherhood 's victories in Egyptian and Tunisian elections , the NFA beat out the Justice and Construction Party (Muslim Brotherhood's political arm in Libya) to take first place. NFA received 48% of

78-536: A constitutional referendum and new elections on that basis, but the National Transitional Council (NTC) announced on 5 July that the Assembly would instead be directly elected at a later date. Despite threats of a boycott, a majority of Libyans (61.58%) cast a ballot. However, the election was marred by violence, protests and a number of deaths. A draft election law was published on 1 January 2012 on

117-455: A seat in the GNC. The Libyan Popular National Movement , a political party supporting the policies of Gaddafi, was banned from participating in the elections. Voting was disrupted in some parts of the country, with 6% of the 6,629 polling stations unable to open normally. However all but eight polling stations managed to open up for voters during the day and the remaining eight, including two in

156-729: A security conference that involved the ministers of defense and security in Libya's neighboring countries including Egypt , Sudan , Chad , Niger , Algeria , Tunisia , Morocco , Mauritania , and Mali . El-Keib addressed the African Union, the International Human Rights Organization, and the UN Security Council . He visited several important countries and received many foreign leaders in Tripoli to assure all that Libya

195-436: A women's quota. The age required to stand for election was lowered to 21 years, and citizens with dual nationality will be allowed to vote and run in the election. Further changes were later made, changing the ratio to 120 constituency seats and 80 list seats, reportedly in an attempt to reduce the Muslim Brotherhood 's influence in the new parliament. The 120 constituency seats would be elected from 69 constituencies, whilst

234-484: Is belonging to an economically privileged class and prominent families. Well-known representatives of the former exiled opposition are absent; instead the NFA builds on prominent local figures." The study argues that "The Alliance can best be understood as an unideological electoral coalition of those parts of the elites that remained in Libya during the Gaddafi era, and for this reason had to find some kind of accommodation with

273-592: Is obscure but the election for Prime Minister gave some indication: in the first round Mahmoud Jibril (NFA) got 86 votes, Mustafa Abushagur (independent) got 55 votes and Awad Barasi (JCP) got 41 votes. Then Abushagur defeated Jibril with 96 to 94. It is estimated that 25 independents are associated with the NFA, 17 with Justice and Construction, and 23 are Salafis . Abdurrahim El-Keib Abdurrahim Abdulhafiz El-Keib , PhD , ( Arabic : عبد الرحيم عبد الحفيظ الكيب ; also transcribed Abdel Rahim AlKeeb, Abdul Raheem Al-Keeb, etc.; 2 March 1950 – 21 April 2020)

312-578: The Kufra area, which had seen clashes between Toubous and government forces, opened the following day. In the Benghazi area a polling station was attacked by activists seeking autonomy for the east of the country and an election official was killed by a gun attack on a helicopter carrying voting materials on the day before the election. In eastern Libya former rebels closed five oil terminals at Brega , Ra's Lanuf and Sidra for 48 hours in an attempt to disrupt

351-499: The Libyan opposition , and over the years worked to help finance the movement. From a prestigious family from Tripoli with roots and part of his family in Sabratha – a coastal town 70 kilometers (45 miles) west of Tripoli – during his exile, El-Keib would meet his family, who remained in Libya, during their mutual excursions to Tunis, Morocco, and elsewhere. El-Keib died from

390-921: The United States , United Kingdom and other countries. El-Keib collaborated well with the United Nations and the European Union on issues of interest to Libya during that time, and also sought to collaborate with the Arab and Islamic world. In addition, he exerted serious effort to ensure the members of the African Union and other countries such as Russia, China and other southeastern Asian nations of Libya's interest to maintain mutually beneficial political, security, and economic relationships, and collaborations which are based on mutual respect and respect for national sovereignty and interests. His government called for and held

429-674: The University of Tripoli , North Carolina State University, and the University of Alabama. El-Keib, an expert in power system economics, planning and controls, and in strategic planning for higher education took leave from his tenured faculty position at Alabama to direct the Division of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering at the American University of Sharjah , United Arab Emirates from 1999 to 2001. In 2006 he left Alabama to chair

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468-679: The 1980s. It is led by Mohamed el-Magariaf , an intellectual based in Eastern Libya . The Justice and Construction Party is the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya. The Homeland Party is an Islamist party as well, led by the Islamic cleric Ali al-Sallabi and Abdelhakim Belhadj , the former emir of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG). The National Forces Alliance is a liberal umbrella coalition around ex-interim prime minister Mahmoud Jibril , who himself did not run for

507-493: The 80 list seats would be elected in 20 constituencies. Registration of voters, parties participating in elections and independent candidates started at 1 May, and was due to finish on 14 May. However, following a call for a boycott of the process by the Council of Cyrenaica , which is seeking autonomy for parts of eastern Libya around the city of Benghazi , the deadline was extended until 21 May. In total 2,865,937 voters, or 80% of

546-718: The 80 party list seats, together with 2,639 candidates for the 120 constituency seats. The four parties that were expected to dominate the election are the National Front Party , the Justice and Construction Party , the National or Homeland Party and the National Forces Alliance . The National Front Party is linked to the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), a former anti-Gaddafi resistance group formed in

585-655: The EE Department and to lead the effort to establish the graduate program at The Petroleum Institute in the UAE (where El-Keib remained until he joined the Libyan Transitional National Council as one of its representatives for Tripoli in 2011). He supervised many MSc theses and PhD dissertations on "capacitive compensation planning and operation for primary distribution feeders" and was the recipient of several teaching and research awards. El-Keib did research in

624-582: The Gaddafi regime as head of the National Planning Council of Libya and of the National Economic Development Board of Libya (NEDB). While there, he was a protégé of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and promoted privatization and liberalization policies. Many see Jibril's past association with the previous regime as an issue. German Institute for International and Security Affairs explains that "in line with its leaders’ own interests,

663-481: The Islamic community during his two decades in Tuscaloosa, Alabama , and was involved in informal, inter-faith dialogue. He was married to Mawia Kaddoura, who taught at The University of Alabama, American university of Sharjah, The Petroleum Institute, and Al Hosn University. Her father served as a President of The University of Libya and later as a Senator during the reign of King Idris . On 1 November 2011, El-Keib

702-471: The NFA as a moderate Islamic movement that recognises the importance of Islam in political life. A study by the German Institute for International and Security Affairs claims that "while perceived by some observers as 'liberal,' Mahmoud Jibril’s National Forces Alliance is in fact an unideological rallying point for parts of the establishment."The study further explains that what NFA deputies "have in common

741-653: The National Forces Alliance pursues a moderate line on the question of how comprehensively former regime officials should be excluded from politics and administration." While against federalism, the NFA strongly supports the decentralization of certain areas of governance such as education, healthcare and transportation. The NFA also proposes a proportion of taxes collected specifically for local councils to utilize as they see fit. On foreign policy, NFA secretary-general Krekshi said, "Definitely, we will be more open to cooperation with those countries who supported us in

780-798: The United States. He also served as a consultant to several utility companies including Alabama Power Company and Southern Company Services . He served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Arab Science and Technology Foundation from 2001 to 2007, a member of the Science and Technology Panel, the Islamic Development Bank, Senior member of IEEE , Associate Editor for the IEEE Power Engineering Society Letters, 1992–2000, and

819-860: The World Science and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS) Transactions on Power Systems, a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Korean Institute of electrical Engineers (KIEE)/Society of Power Engineering, and of the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Innovations in Energy Systems and Power (IJESP). In 2005, El-Keib founded the Libyan International Company for Energy and Technology. El-Keib lead

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858-752: The area of Electrical Power Engineering and is an author of numerous research papers. His research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the United States Department of Energy (US DoE), Southern Company Services (SC), and Alabama Power Company (APCO). He published numerous papers and research reports and a book chapter. His work on Emissions Constrained Dispatch and VoltlVar compensation on primary distribution feeders has been implemented by several companies in

897-560: The assembly appointed El-Keib's successor Ali Zeidan in October 2012. El-Keib moved to Los Angeles , California , where he earned his master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1976; he then moved to Raleigh, North Carolina where he earned his doctorate from North Carolina State University in 1984. He joined the University of Alabama as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1985 and became Professor in 1996. He has lectured at

936-478: The country as a "civil democratic" state, which respects minority groups, non-Muslims and foreigners. It doesn't believe the country should be run entirely by Sharia law, but does hold that Sharia should be "the main inspiration for legislation." NFA is eager to play down the "liberal" label in order not to scare off religious Libyans. Jibril denied the classification of the NFA as liberal, but stressed its heterogeneous composition and moderate positioning. He described

975-456: The elections. In Ajdabiya a pro-federalism protester was shot dead by locals when he tried to steal a ballot box from a polling station. Officials with the HNEC were denied access to Bani Walid by tribal Gaddafi loyalists who control the city, and could not monitor the voting process. Around 1.7 million of 2.8 million registered voters participated in the elections. According to first counts,

1014-742: The estimated 3 million to 3.5 million electorate, registered for the elections. The registration process was supervised by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya . Minority groups, such as the Tawerghans , who had been accused of supporting former leader Muammar Gaddafi, said that the election was futile as they are marginalised. They also added that voter registration was difficult. Yet about 90 percent of Tawerghans living in Janzour Naval Academy refugee camp registered to vote. A total of 374 party lists registered to contest

1053-560: The first elections since the overthrow and death of longtime ruler Muammar Gaddafi a year earlier, the first free national elections since 1952 , and only the second free national elections since Libya gained independence in 1951. Once elected, the General National Congress was to appoint a Prime Minister and Cabinet . The GNC was originally to be charged with appointing a Constituent Assembly to draw up Libya's new constitution in an interim period of 18–22 months before

1092-622: The liberal National Forces Alliance did well in the northern areas except Misrata , whereas the race was more even in the south . The other key contenders were the Islamic Justice and Construction Party , which came in second, and Al-Watan , which in the end won no seats at all. On 17 July, the High National Election Commission announced provisional results. In the 80 proportional seats, Mahmoud Jibril's National Forces Alliance (NFA) received 48.1%, winning 39 seats. This

1131-498: The official draft on four key points relating to dual nationals, lack of a women's quota, inadequate countermeasures against corruption and the risk of incentivizing tribal party formation. A new electoral law was finally drafted on 28–29 January 2012. The election system will be a form of parallel voting , with 64 constituency seats (with independent candidates only) and 136 list seats for party lists . Lists will have to alternate between male and female candidates, in effect ensuring

1170-516: The political conversations, parliament or others. The general secretariat acts like the alliance's governing body. Former interim prime-minister, Mahmoud Jibril is the leader of NFA. Abdul Rahman Al Shater was the secretary-general. As of 3 October 2012, the secretary-general is Salaheddin El Bishari. The NFA is widely considered towards the more liberal end of the political spectrum, but it does not describe itself as secularist. It has pledged to run

1209-411: The popular vote and won 39 of the 80 party-list seats. It is also estimated that 25 of the 120 independents in the GNC are associated with the NFA. Two NFA deputies were subsequently removed from the GNC by the integrity commission due to them having served as officials under the Gaddafi regime. On 14 November 2012, NFA became the largest governmental political party. The leader represents the alliance in

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1248-456: The regime." On the economy, the NFA favors globalization and attracting foreign investment. It supports privatization in principle, but says that Libya needs to first rebuild its infrastructure. It backs the idea of introducing minimum wage and expanding the Libyan social security system. NFA favors the creation of special economic zones along Libya's borders. From 2007 to early 2011, Jibril served in

1287-626: The revolution, but we will also deal with Russia and China as an interest of the state." According to a US 2011 diplomatic cable, "Jibril is a serious interlocutor who 'gets' the U.S. perspective." Libyan General National Congress election, 2012 Abdurrahim El-Keib Independent Ali Zeidan NPFDW [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League Elections for a General National Congress (GNC) were held in Libya on 7 July 2012, having been postponed from 19 June. They were

1326-446: The website of the High National Election Commission (HNEC), after which public comments were accepted. The draft law proposed electing 200 representatives, of which at least 10% should be women, unless fewer than 10% of candidates were women. Members of the NTC and Jamahiriya government members, including relatives of Muammar Gaddafi, were barred from running. The second draft abolished

1365-506: The women's quota and allowed local NTC council members to run in the election; it also changed the electoral system from countrywide to constituency -based. Following further protests against restrictions for dual nationals and other issues, the release of the electoral law was again postponed to 28 January 2012. The NTC also sought the input of the Libyan Women's Platform for Peace, who had proposed an alternative electoral law and criticized

1404-477: Was a Libyan politician, professor of electrical engineering , and entrepreneur who served as interim Prime Minister of Libya from 24 November 2011 to 14 November 2012. He was appointed to the position by the country's National Transitional Council on the understanding that he would be replaced when the General National Congress was elected and took power. Power was handed to the Congress on 8 August 2012, and

1443-630: Was followed by the Justice and Construction Party (JCP), which received 10.3% and 17 seats and third was the National Front Party with 4.1% and three seats. The Union for the Homeland and the National Centrist Party also took two seats, as did the Wadi Al-Hayah Party for Democracy and Development. Fifteen other parties won one party list seat each. The affiliation of the 120 independents

1482-524: Was named the interim Prime Minister of Libya after garnering 26 out of 51 votes from the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC). Despite repeated clashes with the NTC, his Cabinet stayed in office through the national elections , which it held successfully in a transparent, free, and democratic manner. During his tenure as Prime Minister, El-Keib's time was largely dedicated to foreign policy. Libya has restored relationships with

1521-482: Was on the right track and making progress to hold national elections, Libya's first in almost fifty years including 42 years of dictatorship and moreover following a bloody revolution. His efforts were also useful in obtaining what was needed to increase the country's oil production, which reached a level of 1.6 million barrels per day (bpd) from about 200,000 bpd as well as the release of Libyan frozen funds.         El-Keib left Libya in 1976 and joined

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