Natangian ( Natangisch ) was a Low Prussian dialect, spoken in Natangen, East Prussia .
28-505: It was spoken in Natangen around Zinten, Bartenstein , Friedland , Drengfurt and Rastenburg . Natangian has or used to have a border with Breslausch (a High Prussian dialect), Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets , Ostsamländisch , Mundart des Ostgebietes , Westkäslausch and Ostkäslausch . There was a border of Prince-Bishopric of Warmia to the state of the Teutonic Order , which also was
56-601: A compromise until his own death in 1449. The confederation lobbied for support against the Teutonic Order within the Holy Roman Empire . Ludwig von Erlichshausen , Grand Master from 1450 to 1467, took a more aggressive stance towards the confederation. He filed a lawsuit at the court of Emperor Frederick III . In response, the organization established a secret council to confer during the trial. The secret council held talks with Poland, and organized forces to revolt against
84-515: A machine factory, and a train-car factory. It was also noted for its oak trade. A garrison town for the Prussian Army , Bartenstein was the seat of the district court. Because it had grown to become the largest town in Landkreis Friedland during the 19th century, the town was made the district capital in 1902. Landkreis Friedland was renamed Landkreis Bartenstein in 1927. The foundations of
112-547: A response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Prussian Confederation The Prussian Confederation ( German : Preußischer Bund , Polish : Związek Pruski ) was an organization formed on 21 February 1440 at Kwidzyn (then officially Marienwerder ) by a group of 53 nobles and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia , to oppose the arbitrariness of the Teutonic Knights . It was based on an earlier similar organization,
140-504: Is a town on the Łyna River in northern Poland , with 22,597 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the capital of Bartoszyce County within the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . Bartoszyce lies on the left shore of river Łyna River in a valley, approximately 90 kilometres (56 miles) east of Elbląg and 55 kilometres (34 miles) south of Kaliningrad , at an altitude of 3 metres (9.8 feet) above sea level . Around 1241
168-711: The Clan of Ostoja , requested the protection of King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland, and the incorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed an act of incorporation in Kraków in March 1454. They also asked for, and received, a guarantee of their continued city rights and privileges for the nobility. Delegates and officials of the Confederation pledged allegiance to
196-745: The Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Remaining German residents who had survived were either evacuated or later expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , and the town was repopulated with Poles . As part of the repressions against the Catholic Church , the communists created a special military unit in Bartoszyce, to which they forcibly conscripted students of theological seminaries . The future priest Jerzy Popiełuszko did his military service there in 1966–1968. He initiated resistance, for which he
224-630: The Lizard Union established in 1397 by the nobles of Chełmno Land . In 1454, the leader of the Confederation, Johannes von Baysen (Jan Bażyński), formally asked King Casimir IV Jagiellon , to incorporate Prussia into the Kingdom of Poland . This marked the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War between the Order's State and Poland, with the cities co-financing the military costs of the latter. According to
252-523: The Napoleonic Wars placed Bartenstein within East Prussia's Landkreis Friedland in 1818. The town was subjected to Germanisation policies, and although the post of a Polish preacher still existed in 1829, the appointed preacher did not speak Polish. The Lyck -Bartenstein ( Ełk –Bartoszyce) train line ran through the town in 1868, leading to the establishment of industries, including an iron foundry,
280-492: The Teutonic Knights (the monastic German Order) constructed a castle on the left shore of the Łyna River on the border between the Old Prussian regions of Natangia and Bartia . The castle was part of the district ( Komturei ) of Balga . It was first composed of stone houses, palisades , and earthworks and later built of bricks. Besieged by the native Old Prussians for four years during an uprising beginning in 1260,
308-599: The 1411 First Peace of Thorn which followed the Teutonic Knights' defeat in the Battle of Grunwald , the Teutonic Order had to pay high reparations to the Kingdom of Poland. The monastic state imposed high taxes on the cities to raise the funds as well as to re-arm for another war against Poland. In the 1420s, Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf brought stability to the Order and its relations, but fighting with Poland resumed in 1431, when
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#1732858729137336-452: The 14th to the 17th century. The town's Polish residents used the Polish names Bartoszyce and Barsztyn . The town's Teutonic Order administrator (German: Komtur ), Henning Schindekopf of Balga, began construction of a wall around the town in 1353. In 1440, the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation , upon the request of which Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated
364-655: The Knights' invasion into Poland during the Lithuanian Civil War sparked another Polish-Teutonic conflict . After about three decades of growing discontent, the burghers, nobility and landowners from the Teutonic state (see Prussian estates ) organized themselves to oppose the rule of the order more effectively. The decision to establish the organization was made at a convention held in Elbląg on February 21, 1440. The convention
392-776: The Old , as a vassal state of the Polish Crown. The town converted to Protestantism in the same year during the Protestant Reformation . Bartenstein became part of the secular Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and the Prussian Province of East Prussia in 1773. During the Napoleonic Wars , Prussia and the Russian Empire signed a treaty of alliance in the town on 26 April 1807, the Treaty of Bartenstein . Administrative reform following
420-518: The Order's financial situation, the Order sold the ruined castle's farmyard and meadows to Wend von Eulenburg in 1469; the entire manor of Bartenstein was sold in 1513 to Heinrich Reuß von Plauen (not the Grand Master ). With the secularization of the Teutonic Order's Prussian territories in 1525, the town became part of the Duchy of Prussia , established with the consent of the Polish king Sigismund I
448-565: The Polish King during the incorporation in Kraków, and also in the following months. The resulting Thirteen Years' War ended in the defeat of the Teutonic Order and the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn . The Order renounced any claims to the territories of Gdańsk/Eastern Pomerania and Chełmno Land , which were reintegrated with Poland, and the region of Elbląg and Malbork, and Warmia , which were also recognized as part of Poland. These regions formed
476-607: The Polish and Teutonic sides agreed to seek the confirmation of the Second Peace of Thorn from Emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II , but they also agreed that this confirmation would not be needed for validation of the treaty. Soon after, however, a dispute about the status of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia started a smaller conflict called the War of the Priests . Towns which founded
504-572: The Prussian Confederation in Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). More towns joined later on (see Participating towns below). In Danzig, the new members signed a document which was kept in the archives of Thorn. The official representatives of the Confederation were the city councils of Chełmno and Toruń, and the knights of Chełmno Land. After Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf died in 1441, his successor, Konrad von Erlichshausen , continued to negotiate
532-481: The Prussian Confederation on 14 March 1440: Towns which joined the Prussian Confederation in 1440: Further towns joined in the following years, including Człuchów , Pasym , Nidzica , Działdowo , Dąbrówno , Olsztynek , Prabuty , Chełmża . Further nobles joined following the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War, and the towns of Dzierzgoń , Łuczany (now Giżycko ) and Nowy Staw also sided with Poland in
560-460: The Teutonic Knights. The verdict of the Imperial court of 1453 declared the confederation illegal, however, the verdict was not recognized by the organization nor by Poland. In February 1454, the Prussian Confederation rose against the Teutonic Order's rule. Gabriel von Baysen and Johannes von Baysen , now leading the confederation with the support of Jan de Jani and Mikołaj Szarlejski , both of
588-525: The border of Natangian to Ostkäslausch. In difference to Samländisch, vowel breaking of every long e to ei and every o to ou and the word dirch are characteristic. It has significant features shared with Mundart der Elbinger Höhe . A is palatal. This article about Germanic languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bartoszyce Bartoszyce ( pronounced Barto-shitse [bartɔˈʂɨt͡sɛ] ; German : Bartenstein , [ˈbaʁtn̩ʃtaɪn] )
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#1732858729137616-612: The castle was destroyed in 1264. The Order rebuilt it shortly afterward, but it was besieged by another Baltic group, the Sudovians , in 1273. After the Old Prussian uprisings ended, the Knights rebuilt the Ordensburg out of stone from 1274–80. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the castle was managed by the Komtur (administrator) of Balga. Thereafter, a settlement developed near the castle on
644-483: The new Polish province of Royal Prussia , with some local rights of autonomy. Stibor of Poniec of the Clan of Ostoja become Lord of tregality of Malbork . Much of the eastern territories, in historic Prussia , remained with the Teutonic Order, although as a fief and protectorate of Poland, also considered an integral part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland. The Prussian Confederation, with its members now practically divided, ceased to exist as such. Both
672-572: The old castle were used in the construction of the administrative seat; this building was destroyed in 1945. In January 1945 during World War II , the town was 50% destroyed in fighting between German forces and the Soviet Red Army . As a result of border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference (July–August 1945), the town and the area was assigned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime which stayed in power until
700-516: The region and town to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. At the beginning of the subsequent Thirteen Years' War , the Teutonic castle was destroyed and was not rebuilt afterward. However, the residents of Bartenstein became reconciled with the Teutonic Knights in 1460. After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466, the town became part of Poland as a fief held by the State of the Teutonic Order . To stabilize
728-637: The right shore of the Alle River opposite the castle. First documented in 1326 under the name Rosenthal , it received town privileges from the Teutonic Grand Master Luther von Braunschweig in 1332. After that the name was changed to Bartenstein and the settlement of Rosenthal below the castle on the left shore of the river was relocated, as the left side had become too endangered by warfare. Poles settled in sizeable numbers in Bartenstein from
756-506: Was attended by representatives of the cities of Chełmno ( Culm ), Elbląg ( Elbing ), Toruń ( Thorn ), Gdańsk ( Danzig ), Braniewo ( Braunsberg ), Królewiec ( Königsberg ), and Knipawa ( Kneiphof ) as well as nobles from various areas. On 14 March 1440, a group of 53 nobles and clergy and 19 cities, under the leadership of the Hanseatic cities of Danzig (Gdańsk), Elbing (Elbląg), Thorn ( Toruń ) and Königsberg (Królewiec), founded
784-614: Was repeatedly punished, affecting his health for the rest of his life. There is a memorial to Jerzy Popiełuszko in Bartoszyce. Bartoszyce was administratively located in Olsztyn Voivodeship from 1946 to 1998. It became part of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 1999. The town is the location of a scene in Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace . Bartoszyce is twinned with: On 25 March 2022, Bartoszyce County decided to terminate its cooperation with Russian city of Bagrationovsk as
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