Garcia de Orta (or Garcia d'Orta ; 1501–1568) was a Portuguese physician, herbalist, and naturalist, who worked primarily in Goa and Bombay in Portuguese India .
75-546: Nangka may refer to: Jackfruit Nangka (state constituency) , represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Typhoon Nangka , a name used for tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific Ocean Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nangka . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
150-617: A secret Jew and, based on her confession, his remains were later exhumed and burnt, along with an effigy, at an auto-da-fé . Memorials recognizing his contributions have been built in both Portugal and India. Garcia de Orta was born in Castelo de Vide , probably in 1501, the son of Fernão (Isaac) da Orta, a merchant, and Leonor Gomes. He had three sisters, Violante, Catarina and Isabel. Their parents were Spanish Jews from Valencia de Alcántara who had taken refuge, as many others did, in Portugal at
225-598: A Jewish believer. In 1565, an inquisitorial court was opened in Goa. Active persecution against Jews, secret Jews, Hindus and New Christians began. Garcia himself died in 1568, apparently without having suffered seriously from this persecution, but his sister Catarina was arrested as a Jew in the same year and was burned at the stake for Judaism in Goa on October 25, 1569. Garcia himself was posthumously convicted of Judaism. His remains were exhumed and burned along with an effigy in an auto da fé on December 4, 1580. A compilation of
300-475: A book on simples (herbs used individually and not mixed with others) and drugs. Published in 1563, it is the earliest treatise on the medicinal and economic plants of India. Carolus Clusius translated it into Latin , which was widely used as a standard reference text on medicinal plants. Although Garcia de Orta did not suffer the Goa Inquisition , his sister Catarina was burnt at the stake in 1569 for being
375-430: A dialogue between da Orta and a traditional doctor, Ruano. Using a dialogue form was a common literary practice when dealing with the tensions between established and new forms of knowledge. Orta's work questions assumptions made in the past with alternative hypotheses to the ideas from Ibn-Sina and Averroes . His scientific method has been suggested to be a combination of empiricism and hypothesism. Da Orta critiqued
450-403: A distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. In a study of flavour volatiles in five jackfruit cultivars, the main volatile compounds detected were ethyl isovalerate , propyl isovalerate, butyl isovalerate, isobutyl isovalerate, 3-methylbutyl acetate , 1-butanol , and 2-methylbutan-1-ol . A fully ripe and unopened jackfruit is known to "emit a strong aroma" – perhaps unpleasant – with the inside of
525-441: A few days. Later, all the male inflorescences also fall off. The greenish female flowers, with hairy and tubular perianth, have a fleshy flower-like base. The female flowers contain an ovary with a broad, capitate, or rarely bilobed scar. The blooming time ranges from December until February or March. The ellipsoidal to roundish fruit is a multiple fruit formed from the fusion of the ovaries of multiple flowers. The fruits grow on
600-427: A fleshy rachis . The male flowers are greenish, some flowers are sterile. The male flowers are hairy and the perianth ends with two 1 to 1.5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 64 to 1 ⁄ 16 in) membrane. The individual and prominent stamens are straight with yellow, roundish anthers. Pollen grains are tiny, around 60 microns in diameter. After the pollen distribution, the stamens become ash-gray and fall off after
675-411: A greater part of the world only procure a knowledge of how best to dispose of that merchandise of what they bring here and what they shall take back. They are not desirous of knowing anything about the things in the countries they visit. If they know a product they do not learn from what tree it comes, and if they see it they do not compare it with one of our Indian trees, nor ask about its fruit or what it
750-456: A laboratory and botanical garden. De Orta was influenced by Yunnani medicine as well as Ayurveda , although quoting Galen , al-Rhazi and Ibn-Sina more often. He tended to use European approaches in medicine and only when they failed did he make use of local methods. His remarkable knowledge of Eastern spices and drugs is revealed in his only known work, Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia ("Conversations on
825-737: A lectureship at the university in 1532. He also became a royal physician to John III of Portugal . Perhaps fearing the increasing power of the Portuguese Inquisition , and fortunately evading the ban on emigration of New Christians, he sailed for Portuguese India leaving the Tagus in March 1534 as Chief Physician aboard the fleet of Martim Afonso de Sousa , later to be named Governor. He reached Goa in September. He travelled with Sousa on various campaigns, then, in 1538, settled at Goa, where he soon had
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#1732854731568900-439: A long and thick stem on the trunk. They vary in size and ripen from an initially yellowish-greenish to yellow, and then at maturity to yellowish-brown. They possess a hard, gummy shell with small pimples surrounded with hard, hexagonal tubercles . The large and variously shaped fruit have a length of 30 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in) and a diameter of 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 inches) and can weigh up to 55 kg (121 pounds) –
975-442: A mild flavor and meat-like texture and is used in curry dishes with spices in many cuisines. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first, then the remaining jackfruit flesh is chopped into edible portions and cooked before serving. The final chunks resemble prepared artichoke hearts in their mild taste, color, and flowery qualities. The cuisines of many Asian countries use cooked young jackfruit. In many cultures, jackfruit
1050-468: A mild taste and meat-like texture that lends itself to being called "vegetable meat". Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines. Both ripe and unripe fruits are consumed. It is available internationally, canned or frozen, and in chilled meals, as are various products derived from the fruit, such as noodles and chips. The word jackfruit comes from Portuguese jaca , which in turn
1125-511: A milky, sweet taste often compared to Brazil nuts . They may be boiled, baked, or roasted. When roasted, the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. Seeds are used as snacks (either by boiling or fire-roasting) or to make desserts. In Java, the seeds are commonly cooked and seasoned with salt as a snack. They are commonly used in curry in India in the form of a traditional lentil and vegetable mix curry. Young leaves are tender enough to be used as
1200-580: A prominent medical practice. He was a physician to Burhan Nizam Shah I of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar , and concurrently to several successive Portuguese Viceroys and governors of Goa. While Garcia de Orta was a physician of the Sultan and teacher of Portuguese of his son, the Prince, he met and dined several times with the high ranking cavalry general of the Sultan, Firangi Khan. Garcia de Orta reports that
1275-431: A softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga , or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties. From a tree planted for its shade in gardens, it became an ingredient for local recipes using different fruit segments. The seeds are boiled in water or roasted to remove toxic substances, and then roasted for a variety of desserts. The flesh of
1350-746: A statement that the list was probably incomplete. The English translation by Clements Markham included illustrations of some of the Indian plants by Cristóvão da Costa . Markham considered da Costa's work published in Spanish in 1578, Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales ("Treatise of the drugs and medicines of the East Indies") to be largely based on that of de Orta but some others have pointed out significant differences. Garcia's travels to Portuguese Ceylon (Jaffna) on campaigns with Martim allowed him to study Sri Lankan medicinal plants. Among
1425-480: A sugary syrup (or frozen in bags or boxes without syrup) and exported overseas, frequently to North America and Europe. In Vietnam, jackfruit is used to make jackfruit chè , a sweet dessert soup, similar to the Chinese derivative bubur cha cha . The Vietnamese also use jackfruit purée as part of pastry fillings or as a topping on xôi ngọt (a sweet version of sticky rice portions). Jackfruits are found primarily in
1500-469: A sweet concoction dessert such as es campur and es teler . The ripe fruit might be dried and fried as kripik nangka , or jackfruit cracker. The seeds are boiled and consumed with salt, as they contain edible starchy content; this is called beton . Young (unripe) jackfruit is made into curry called gulai nangka or stewed called gudeg . In the Philippines, unripe jackfruit or langka
1575-416: A thin, waxy, parchment-like and easily removable testa (husk) and a brownish, membranous tegmen . The cotyledons are usually unequal in size, and the endosperm is minimally present. An average fruit consists of 27% edible seed coat, 15% edible seeds, 20% white pulp (undeveloped perianth, rags) and bark and 10% core. The fruit matures during the rainy season from July to August. The bean-shaped achenes of
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#17328547315681650-521: A type of boat lute . It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument veena and the drums mridangam , thimila , and kanjira . The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archaeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3,000 to 6,000 years ago. It has also been widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka , made of
1725-436: A vegetable. The flavor of the ripe fruit is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana. Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit flesh. In Indochina , the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety). Unripe jackfruit has
1800-543: A wealthy cousin, Brianda de Solis, in 1543; the marriage was unhappy, but the couple had two daughters. In 1549, his mother and two of his sisters, who had been imprisoned as Jews in Lisbon, managed to join him in Goa. According to a confession by his brother-in-law after his death, Garcia de Orta privately continued to assert that "the Law of Moses was the true law"; in other words, he, probably in common with others in his family, remained
1875-469: Is a species of tree in the fig , mulberry , and breadfruit family ( Moraceae ). The jackfruit is the largest tree fruit, reaching as much as 55 kg (120 pounds) in weight, 90 cm (35 inches) in length, and 50 cm (20 in) in diameter. A mature jackfruit tree produces some 200 fruits per year, with older trees bearing up to 500 fruits in a year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and
1950-568: Is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. The boiled young jackfruit is used in salads or as a vegetable in spicy curries and side dishes, and as fillings for cutlets and chops. It may be used by vegetarians as a substitute for meat such as pulled pork, though the protein content of the fruit is not significant. It may be cooked with coconut milk and eaten alone or with meat, shrimp or smoked pork. In southern India, unripe jackfruit slices are deep-fried to make chips. The jackfruit seeds are also boiled and used in sambar (stew). After roasting,
2025-809: Is derived from the Malayalam language term chakka (ചക്ക) , when the Portuguese arrived in India at Kozhikode ( Calicut ) on the Malabar Coast ( Kerala ) in 1499. Later the Malayalam name ചക്ക ( chakka ) was recorded by Hendrik van Rheede (1678–1703) in the Hortus Malabaricus , vol. iii in Latin . Henry Yule translated the book in Jordanus Catalani's ( fl. 1321–1330 ) Mirabilia descripta:
2100-413: Is exported to Europe. Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, doors and windows, in roof construction, and fish sauce barrels. The wood of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In Indonesia, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the gamelan , and in the Philippines, its soft wood is made into the body of the kutiyapi ,
2175-429: Is like. The printing press was introduced into Goa in 1556. The printer for Garcia is thought to have been João de Endem who began with Joao Quinquenio de Campania and continued after him. The rare first edition was full of typographical errors and was only the fifth European book ever printed in Goa and among the first few from India. The errata, probably the longest in printing history, ran to twenty pages and end with
2250-427: Is oblong to ovate in shape. In young trees, the leaf edges are irregularly lobed or split. On older trees, the leaves are rounded and dark green, with a smooth leaf margin. The leaf blade has a prominent main nerve and, starting on each side, six to eight lateral nerves. The stipules are egg-shaped at a length of 1.5 to 8 cm ( 5 ⁄ 8 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 8 inches). The inflorescences are formed on
2325-406: Is on restaurant menus in preparations such as taco fillings and vegan versions of pulled pork dishes. The edible raw pulp is 74% water, 23% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat. The carbohydrate component is primarily sugars, and is a source of dietary fiber (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw jackfruit provides 95 calories , and is a moderate source (10–19% of
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2400-401: Is soft. In Sri Lanka these two varieties are called waraka and wela respectively. A sweet preparation called chakkavaratti (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of muttomvarikka fruit flesh in jaggery , which can be preserved and used for many months. The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice. The juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side. The juice
2475-475: Is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice. Jackfruit may be ground and made into a paste, then spread over a mat and allowed to dry in the sun to create a natural chewy candy. In Indonesia and Malaysia, jackfruit is called nangka . The ripe fruit is usually sold separately and consumed on its own, or sliced and mixed with shaved ice as
2550-491: Is usually cooked in coconut milk and eaten with rice; this is called ginataang langka . The ripe fruit is often an ingredient in local desserts such as halo-halo and the Filipino turon . The ripe fruit, besides also being eaten raw as it is, is also preserved by storing in syrup or by drying. The seeds are also boiled before being eaten. Thailand is a major producer of jackfruit, which are often cut, prepared, and canned in
2625-563: The Daily Value ) of vitamin B 6 , vitamin C , and potassium , with no significant content of other micronutrients (table). The jackfruit is a partial solution for food security in developing countries . Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle pineapple- or banana-like flavor. It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, or mixed with shaved ice as es teler in Indonesia or halo-halo in
2700-794: The East India Company in Bengal , Sumatra , and Malaya . Nangka is another name used in Philippine English borrowing from Tagalog related to nangkà in Cebuano and in Malay , both from the same Austronesian language family . Artocarpus heterophyllus grows as an evergreen tree that has a relatively short trunk and dense treetop. It easily reaches heights of 9 to 21 m (30 to 69 feet) and trunk diameters of 30 to 80 cm (12 to 31 inches). It sometimes forms buttress roots . The bark of
2775-506: The Spanish Empire . In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed. In addition, twigs bearing fruit must be twisted or cut down to the trunk to induce growth for the next season. Branches should be pruned every three to four years to maintain productivity. Some trees carry too many mediocre fruits and these are usually removed to allow
2850-464: The "Hospital Garcia de Orta" in Almada , are named in his memory. In Goa , the municipal garden (built in 1855) in the capital city of Panjim has been named as "Garcia de Orta" in his memory. It is located facing the main city square that also houses the majestic church of Our Lady of Immaculate conception (Nossa Senhora da Concepção Imaculada) and was renovated in 2010. A postal stamp of Garcia de Orta
2925-507: The Good Life") which became a part of Bombay . This was probably somewhere between September 1554 and June 1555. The only condition of the lease was that he had to improve the place. He had a manor house with a large garden. He probably maintained an excellent library here. This manor stood not far from where the Town Hall of Bombay was built. Garcia probably let out the house to Simao Toscano. At
3000-443: The Philippines. For the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis , the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter. Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips. The seeds from ripe fruits are edible once cooked, and are said to have
3075-593: The Tractado of Cristobal A'Costa which included Clusius's abridgement and A'Costas's personal observation was published in 1578 from Burgos. Garcia's work influenced a number of later herbals and botanical works including those by Juan Fragoso , Nicolas Monardes , Hendrik van Rheede and Jacobus Bontius . The "Jardim Garcia de Orta", a public garden in Lisbon , as well the "Escola Secundária Garcia de Orta" high school in Porto and
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3150-584: The auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition from 1560 to 1812 reveal that a total of 57 persons (crypto-Jews, crypto-Muslims, etc.) were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). The fate of his daughters is not known. During his lifetime, Orta's family members, including his mother and sisters were arrested and interrogated briefly in Portugal but they were probably protected by his friend and patron, Martim Afonso de Sousa , who
3225-677: The cavalry commander sometimes violated religious directives, eating pork and drinking wine in these private dinners. Firangi Khan had converted to Islam for apparently material reasons and had a very important role in the court of the Sultanate, but subsidized charities to Misericórdias in the relationship he had with the Portuguese empire (despite serving an intermittent enemy Muslim state) and, according to Orta, "urged other Christians to never abdicate their principles." He even projected return to his home city in his country (already secretly pardoned by
3300-400: The descriptions from here are plants used in the treatment of snakebite. Some of the information is based on folklore, such as the plants that were supposedly eaten by mongoose after being bitten by cobras. Orta also described plants of forensic importance such as the use of Datura used by thieves and robbers to poison their victims. The preface of the book includes a verse by his friend,
3375-425: The eastern part of Taiwan. The fresh fruit can be eaten directly or preserved as dried fruit, candied fruit, or jam. It is also stir-fried or stewed with other vegetables and meat. In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura , or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh, and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole , or the "soft" variety, which bears smaller fruits with
3450-413: The fleshy petals of the unripe fruit are eaten. The jackfruit tree is well-suited to tropical lowlands and is widely cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the rainforests of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia. The ripe fruit is sweet (depending on variety) and is commonly used in desserts. Canned green jackfruit has
3525-435: The fly larvae and adults. In 2017, India produced 1.4 million tonnes of jackfruit, followed by Bangladesh, Thailand, and Indonesia. The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: producers, traders, and middlemen , including wholesalers and retailers. The marketing channels are rather complex. Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell
3600-399: The fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana. The species has expanded excessively because its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati . The seeds are then dispersed by these animals, spreading jackfruit trees that compete for space with native tree species. The supply of jackfruit has allowed
3675-506: The fruit directly to local markets or retailers. Outside countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at food markets throughout Southeast Asia. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where
3750-486: The fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad , and ice cream. It is also canned and sold as a vegetable for export. Jackfruit is also widely available year-round, both canned and dried. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. As reported in 2019, jackfruit became more widely available in US grocery stores, cleaned and ready to cook, as well as in premade dishes or prepared ingredients. It
3825-538: The idea for Garcia's father to send him to University. Dom Fernão's son Martim Afonso de Sousa would become a key figure in later life. Garcia studied medicine, arts and philosophy at the Universities of Alcalá de Henares and Salamanca in Spain . He graduated and returned to Portugal in 1525, two years after his father's death. He practiced medicine first in his hometown and from 1526 onwards in Lisbon , where he gained
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#17328547315683900-404: The jackfruit are coated with a firm yellowish aril (seed coat, flesh), which has an intense sweet taste at maturity of the fruit. The pulp is enveloped by many narrow strands of fiber (undeveloped perianth ), which run between the hard shell and the core of the fruit and are firmly attached to it. When pruned, the inner part (core) secretes a sticky, milky liquid, which can hardly be removed from
3975-411: The jackfruit tree is reddish-brown and smooth. In the event of injury to the bark, a milky sap is released. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged. They are gummy and thick and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in) long. The leathery leaf blade is 20 to 40 cm (7 to 15 in) long and 7.5 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) wide, and
4050-500: The largest of all tree-borne fruits. The fruits consist of a fibrous, whitish core ( rachis ) about 5–10 cm (2–4 in) thick. Radiating from this are many individual fruits, 10 cm (4 in) long. They are elliptical to egg-shaped, light brownish achenes with a length of about 3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 in) and a diameter of 1.5 to 2 cm ( 9 ⁄ 16 to 13 ⁄ 16 in). There may be about 100–500 seeds per fruit. The seed coat consists of
4125-403: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nangka&oldid=983784800 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jackfruit The jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus )
4200-602: The marmoset and coati populations to expand. Since both prey opportunistically on bird eggs and nestlings, the increases in marmoset and coati populations are detrimental to local birds. In Brazil, the jackfruit can become an invasive species as in Brazil's Tijuca Forest National Park in Rio de Janeiro or at the Horto Florestal in neighbouring Niterói . The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest , whose planting began during
4275-727: The mid-nineteenth century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since it was founded. The jackfruit was domesticated independently in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as indicated by the Southeast Asian names which are not derived from the Sanskrit roots. It was probably first domesticated by Austronesians in Java or the Malay Peninsula . The fruit was later introduced to Guam via Filipino settlers when both were part of
4350-420: The others to develop better to maturity. Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, and so play an important role in jackfruit cultivation. It seems to be the case that pollination results from a three-way mutualism involving the flower, a fungus, and a species of gall midge, Clinidiplosis ultracrepidata . The fungus forms a film over the syncarps which is a food source to both
4425-475: The poet Luís de Camões , now considered as Portugal's national poet. Luis de Camões had worked briefly in Portuguese Macau before returning to Goa in 1561. In his poem Os Lusíadas , Camões plays on the word "Orta" which refers to his friend as well as meaning "garden". The book was dedicated to Dom Francisco Coutinho, Count of Redondo, Viceroy of Goa from 1561 to 1564, and to his friend Martim de Sousa. In
4500-495: The preface he pointed out that he could well have written the book in Latin but chose Portuguese so that the traders and other locals could make use of it. Garcia de Orta's work was accidentally discovered by Clusius in early 1564 and he translated it into Latin, while also changing it from a dialogue to an epitomized form, and this was widely read across Europe and underwent several editions. The first edition of Garcia de Orta's book
4575-416: The seeds may be used as a commercial alternative to chocolate aroma. In Bangladesh, the fruit is consumed on its own. The unripe fruit is used in curry, and the seed is often dried and preserved to be later used in curry. In India, two varieties of jackfruit predominate: muttomvarikka and sindoor . Muttomvarikka has a slightly hard inner flesh when ripe, while the inner flesh of the ripe sindoor fruit
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#17328547315684650-453: The simples, drugs and medicinal substances of India"), the first edition of which was published at Goa in 1563. This book deals with a series of substances, many of them unknown or the subject of confusion and misinformation in Europe at this period. For instance, prior to his publication, tamarind was thought to come from a palm tree. He also noted many details on plants and their propagation. He
4725-477: The skin, even with soap and water. To clean the hands after "unwinding" the pulp an oil or other solvent is used. For example, street vendors in Tanzania, who sell the fruit in small segments, provide small bowls of kerosene for their customers to cleanse their sticky fingers. When fully ripe, jackfruit has a strong pleasant aroma, the pulp of the opened fruit resembles the odor of pineapple and banana. Jackfruit has
4800-418: The state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala (which hosts jackfruit festivals ) and Tamil Nadu . Garcia de Orta A pioneer of tropical medicine , pharmacognosy , and ethnobotany , Garcia used an experimental approach to the identification and the use of herbal medicines, rather than the older approach of received knowledge. His most famous work is Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India ,
4875-467: The time of Bombay's transfer to the English, the manor was occupied by Dona Ignez de Miranda, widow of Dom Rodrigo de Monsanto. It was in this house that the treaty by which Bombay was transferred to the English was signed by Humphrey Cooke on February 18, 1665. Garcia describes the people around Bassein and their traditions in his book. Contrary to some early biographical accounts, Garcia de Orta married
4950-572: The time of the great expulsion of the Spanish Jews by the Reyes Catolicos Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1492. Forcibly converted to Christianity in 1497, they were pejoratively classed as Cristãos Novos ( New Christians ) and marranos ("swine"). Some of these refugees maintained their Jewish faith secretly. A friendly neighbor at Castelo de Vide was the nobleman Dom Fernão de Sousa, Lord of Labruja, who may have influenced
5025-447: The trunk, branches or twigs ( cauliflory ). Jackfruit trees are monoecious , having both female and male flowers on a tree. The inflorescences are pedunculated , cylindrical to ellipsoidal or pear-shaped, to about 10–12 cm (4– 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) long and 5–7 cm (2–3 in) wide. Inflorescences are initially completely enveloped in egg-shaped cover sheets which rapidly slough off. The flowers are small, sitting on
5100-405: The unripe jackfruit is used to make a savory salty dish with smoked pork. The jackfruit arils are used to make jams or fruits in syrup, and can also be eaten raw. The golden yellow timber with good grain is used for building furniture and house construction in India. It is termite-resistant and is superior to teak for building furniture. The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka and
5175-603: The viceroy Afonso de Noronha). Firangi Khan was not his title (and name, which literally means "foreigner Khan") of origin. His name was Sancho Pires, a former gunner ( bombardeiro ), Portuguese, and natural of Matosinhos . He died in battle in India. The King of Portugal through the Viceroy Dom Pedro Mascarenhas granted a lifelong lease (on payment of a quit-rent ) to Garcia da Orta for the Ilha da Boa Vida ("the Island of
5250-526: The wonders of the East . This term is in turn derived from the Proto-Dravidian root kā(y) ("fruit, vegetable"). The common English name "jackfruit" was used by physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta in his 1563 book Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India . Centuries later, botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested it was named after William Jack (1795–1822), a Scottish botanist who worked for
5325-454: The wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statues in temples The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh , and
5400-521: The work of Leonhart Fuchs . Through his character he commented that Fuchs "...knew little of physic, and still less of things to save his soul, being a heretic condemned for Lutheranism. His books were put in the condemned catalogue" and "though medicine is not the science of the Christian religion, still I abhor the author". In one place he points out that the Portuguese traders took little interest in acquiring knowledge: The Portuguese, who navigate over
5475-750: Was Governor-General of Portuguese India from 1542 to 1545. Garcia de Orta's busy practice evidently prevented him from travelling much beyond the west coast of India, but in the busy market and trading hub of Goa he met spice merchants, traders and physicians from many parts of southern Asia and the Indian Ocean coasts. He was confident in Portuguese , Spanish , Hebrew , Latin , Greek and Arabic (he did not know Sanskrit ); his work shows that he gathered considerable knowledge from traditional medicine practitioners from several regions of India. Correspondents and agents sent him seeds and plants; he also traded in spices, drugs and precious stones. He evidently kept
5550-506: Was in Portuguese and published from Goa in 1563 and had 217 pages. Only about six copies were thought to exist according to Valentine Ball in 1890. A second version was published in Lisbon in 1872. An abridged Latin version was produced by Carolus Clusius in 1567 with subsequent editions in 1574, 1579, 1582, 1584, 1593, 1595 and 1605/6. A translation of the Latin version into Italian was produced by Annibal de Briganti in 1576, followed by other editions in 1582, 1589 and 1616. A Spanish version of
5625-409: Was the first European to describe the symptoms of several Asiatic tropical diseases, notably cholera ; he performed an autopsy on a cholera victim, the first recorded autopsy in India. Garcia de Orta reveals in his writings an unusual independence in the face of the usually revered texts of ancient authorities, Greek, Latin and Arabic. The Coloquios has 59 chapters and it was written in the style of
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